语气

一.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中

1. 表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：一般过去时(虚拟语气中be→were)主句用：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。

If we had time now, we would read it again.

If I were you, I would work hard.

2. 表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：had+过去分词;主句：would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词。

If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the test.

If I had known your telephone number then, I would have called you.

3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：①一般过去时②should +动词原形③were to+动词原形;主句：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。

If it should rain, the crops would be saved.

If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.

P.S 虚拟条件句的特殊情况

(1). 混合/错综型虚拟语气

当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为‘错综条件句’，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。

If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.(从句说的是过去，主句是现在)

If I were you, I would have taken his advice.(从句是现在，主句是过去)

(2)省略if的虚拟语气

如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时，则可以把这三个词置于句首，省略if.采用倒装语序。

If it should happen, what would you do? →Should it happen, what would you do?

If he had recognized me, he would have come over. →Had he recognized me, he would have come over.

(3) 含蓄虚拟条件句

有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。

Without your help(=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.

But for electricity(=If there were no electricity, there would be no modern industry.

He felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise he would have attended the party.

(4) 在if it were( had been )not for ….句型中的虚拟语气

虚拟语气也常用于‘if it were/(had been) not for ….’句型中，意为‘要不是由于…’。

If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.

If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.

二.虚拟语气用在名词性从句中

1.主语从句中的虚拟语气

这种虚拟语气主要用在it is+形容词(名词，过去分词)+that+主语+should+动词原形(should可以省略)这种结构中。

常见的这类形容词有：advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising, natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.

常见的这类过去分词有：decided, demanded, recommended, requested, desired, required, ordered, suggested.

常见的这类名词有：duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret, shame.

It was suggested that he(should)join the club activities.

It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) not have been invited.

It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.

2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气

①wish 后面所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气(意为要是，但愿…就好了)，其形式主要有三种：

表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish后接一般过去时的从句

表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish后接过去完成时/should，could have done

表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish后接would，could+动词原形

Iwish it were spring all year round.

I wish it would be fine tomorrow.

She wished she had stayed at home.

②在表示建议，命令，要求等动词后的从句要用(should)+动词原形。此类动词有：suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, insist(要求), order, prefer, command, ask, request.

The teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.

P.S. 当suggest表示‘暗示，说明’之意;insist表示‘坚持认为，坚持说’之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。

The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.

The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.

3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在表示建议，命令，要求的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用(should)+动词原形。常见名词有：advice, desire, request, demand, proposal, suggestion, preference, requirement, order.

He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospital entertained.

His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.

三.虚拟语气在其他情况中的使用

1.在as if/ as though引导的状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：

主语+as if/ though +主语+一般过去时(从句的动作与主句同时发生)

主语+as if/ though +主语+would/could+动词原形(从句的动作相对主句来说在将来发生)

主语+as if/ though +主语+过去完成时(从句的动作先发生于主句动作之前)

He talks as if he knew all about it.

She speaks English well as if he had studied in America.

He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad.

2.在it is (high) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，表示早该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。

It is time that we went home.

P.S.此句型中，注意与‘It/This is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式的区别。

This is the first time that I have been here.

3.would rather后接动词原形，但接从句时要用虚拟语气(宁愿，但愿)。

Would rather +主语+一般过去时(表示与现在或将来相反)

Would rather +主语+过去完成时(表示与过去相反)

I’d rather he didn’t go now.

I’d rather you hadn’t done it.

4. if only后接从句也用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的用法一致。

5. 动词hope, intend, mean, plan, want, think等词用过去完成的形式，表示的意思为‘本想，本打算，本认为’

He had meant to buy the furniture last week, but it rained.

(他上周本打算去买那件家具，但却下雨了)

1.If...did/were...， 主语+would/should/could/might do...

【用法】表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

【例句】If I were eleven years younger, I would dance as well as them.如果我年轻11岁，我会跟他们跳得一样好。

2.If...had done...，主语+would/should/could/might have done...

【用法】表示与过去事实相反的假设。从句用过去完成时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”。

【例句】If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.如果我们走了另一条路的话，或许就能及时赶到这里开会了。

3.If...did/were to do/should do...，主语+would/should/could/might do...

【用法】表示与将来事实相反的假设。从句谓语动词用过去式、“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

【例句】If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping.如果明天天气好，我就去购物。

4.If...had done...， 主语+would do...

If...should do...， 主语+would have done...

【例句】If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.如果他早点出发的话，他现在就已经到家了。

5.Should/Were/Had+(从句)主语+谓语，主句

【用法】if引导的虚拟条件句的谓语动词中含有should, were, had时，可将if省略，而将should, were, had提前，构成倒装。

【例句】Should it happen(=If it should happen), what would you do?如果真发生了这样的事，你怎么办?

6.With/Without/But for+名词，主语+虚拟语气形式的谓语...

【用法】句子的虚拟条件是通过词或短语如with， without， otherwise, but for等来表示的。

【例 句】But for the help of my English teacher, I would not have won the first prize in the English Writing Competition.如果没有英语老师的帮助，我不可能在英语写作比赛中获得一等奖。

7.主句+as if+(从句)主语+did/had done...

【用法】as if引导的从句常用虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反的情况;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。

【例句】She acted as if she had been the hostess yesterday.她昨天表现得就好像她是女主人似的。

1.wish (that)+主语+did/had done/would do...

【用法】wish后的宾语从句用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反;用过去将来时表示与将来事实相反。

【例句】I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year around.我希望北京全年都是秋天。

2.suggest/recommend/insist等+(that)+主语+(should) do...

【例 句】Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.为了安全，老师建议家长们不要让未满12岁的孩子骑自行车来上学。

3.would rather+主语+did/had done...

【用法】would rather后的从句用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。

【例句】George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I?d rather he focused more on its culture.乔治打算谈谈他们国家的地理，但是我却愿意他多谈一下他们的文化。

4.It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that+主语+(should) do...

【例句】It is strange that the girl (should) be so rude.那个女孩那么无礼，这真奇怪。

5.suggestion/advice/demand等+that+主语(+should) do...

【用法】在表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气。

【例句】My suggestion is that we (should) get started soon.我的建议是我们应该尽快出发。

使用这些句式可使文章化平淡为生动，加强语气，使评卷老师感受到作者的强烈情感。

He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.

→It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.(强调句)

→Not until he had read the news in the newspaper did he know what had happened.(倒装句)

综合使用以上句式，长短句结合，可以增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

后来小高考，她参加了留学课程，去米兰学习服装设计是夏初一直以来的梦想，全校唯一的名额落到了她的头上，录取通知书发下来的时候，她第一个想到就是去找叶启轩。

他们一起在操场漫步，看到他脸上的情绪，夏初几次欲言又止，许久，他们盘坐在草地上，坐在对面的他亲口宣布了他分手的消息。那一刻夏初的心里乐开了花似的竟有了一点小小的悸动，但看到他此刻的神情，和她即将远去米兰学习的消息，她只得硬生生的憋回去。

他低着头像她讲述了他一年来的故事，她坐在旁边静静的听着，从夕阳将至的黄昏一直陪到星辰点点的黑夜。

她清楚的看到他眸里闪烁的悲伤。

起身回去的时候，已经到了深夜，逃了整整一下午的课程，连晚自习都没去，现在是无论如何都进不去学校的，他看着她不好意思的道歉。

“叶启轩，其实我爱你。”路的尽头，拖着他们长长的影子，暧昧的气息，充斥着彼此的大脑，夏初转过身，轻轻的却又极其认真的对着他说。这种时刻夏初幻想过很久，她不希望自己的青春留下遗憾，在临走前她要告诉他。

她以为两年的关系，已经足够让他了解自己，她以为两年的关系，他们之间或许已不再是简简单单的友情，但是他震惊的神情和不知所措的步伐清楚的告诉她，她想许是自己太突然了，许是他还没有做好准备。

小朋友学写作文常常会遇到这样的情况：好不容易写下了第一句话，却不知道下一句话该写什么。于是，绞尽脑汁，冥思苦想，陷入了困境。熬到了下课，草稿本上留着的还是那么一句话。

我们知道，作文的基本要求是：语句通顺，语气连贯。那么，怎样才能做到这一点呢?办法是：我们在作文时，思想必须集中，不分散注意力，想清楚、想妥帖了再写。写好了一句话以后，多问自己几个怎么样和为什么，然后再写下去。总之，话要一句挨着一句说，不能眉毛胡子一把抓。语句要通，语气要顺，意思要表达清楚。

小朋友很喜欢巴金爷爷在年轻时候写的那篇《海上日出》的课文，我们不妨看看这篇文章的语言特点吧!

仔细分析文章第一节的文字便可以发现，它下面的话总是顺着上面的一句话说的。

比如，为了看日出，(我怎么样?)我常常早起。那时(怎么样?)天还没有大亮，(四周怎么样?)周围很静，(怎么样的静?)只听见船里机器的声音。

它一句话挨着一句话说，通畅、明达。因此，我们读起来琅琅上口，一点都不觉得拗口。

平时，我们排队要有个序，或由矮到高，或由高到矮，同样的道理，说话、写话也要有个序，一句挨着一句说。

有一位小朋友要表达我非常喜欢看书这一个意思。如果光这么说：我爱看课外书，一有空就看书，我爱看书简直到了入了迷的地步……内容既空洞，语句也不流畅。后来，他听从了老师的建议，多问自己几个怎么样，自问自答，结果写成的一段话，既通顺又连贯，效果好多了。他是这样写的

我是个小书迷，(开宗明义，点明我要告诉别人的是我爱看书这一个意思。接着，问自己：为什么会迷上书的?)书是打开知识宝库大门的金钥匙。读一本好书就好比跟一个高尚的人谈话。(从哪里可以说明你是一个书迷呢?)我看到一本好书，就会爱不释手，喜滋滋地捧着它津津有味地看了起来，有时甚至连饭也忘了吃。(有多少书?)我有好多好多的书，一个书橱都放不下。(有些什么书?)有《十万个为什么》《格林童话》《中国古代寓言》《猪八戒吃西瓜》等。(怎么爱书的?)买了一本新书，我就用书皮把它包好，翻阅的时候又十分小心，惟恐弄脏了书。(迷上书以后，带来什么好处?)自从我跟图书交上了好朋友以后，我的知识丰富多了。(能举个例子吗?)有一次，一个同学说：海洋里的鲸鱼可大呢!我马上纠正他的说法：鲸是用肺呼吸的哺乳动物，因此，不能说它是鱼。同学们好奇地问我：你怎么知道的呢?我说：《十万个为什么》里写得清清楚楚。在我的影响下，好多同学跟我一样，也跟图书交上了朋友。

你看，这一段话写得多生动、多精彩呀!达到了语句通顺，语气连贯的要求。

文章写好以后，还得认真阅读，反复修改，把不通顺的地方改通顺，把不连贯的地方改连贯。可以这么说，文章是写出来的，文章又是修改出来的。

词和句子要琢磨，连小小的标点也不能放过。你看到过78岁的孩子吗?你一定会说，天大的笑话，哪有这么大岁数的孩子?然而，一个同学确确实实写了这么一句话

毛毛是个78岁的孩子。

很明显，毛病就出在7和8之间漏了个顿号。

俄国作家契诃夫说：写作的技巧，其实并不是写作的技巧，而是……删掉写得不好的地方的技巧。哈，删还能删出好文章呢!

还是那么一句老话：作文要多动脑，多动手。

如果我们所说的不是事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。

注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟(非真实)条件句中，才用虚拟语气;而在真实条件句中,要用陈述语气.

请比较：

(1)If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.

如果明天天气好,我们将会去公园。

在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句，在本句中，适用“主将从现。”

(2)If I were you , I would go at once.

如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。

在这句话中，条件句“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示。

虚拟语气表示和现在的事实相反，从句用一般过时，主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。例如 ：

If I had time, I would go for a walk.

If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.

If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.

If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.

注意：在虚拟语气的句子中，be动词只能用were，不能用was。

如果我们所说的不是事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。

注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟(非真实)条件句中，才用虚拟语气;而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。

请比较：

(1)If it is sunny tomorrow ， we’ll go to the zoo。

如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。

在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句，在本句中，适用“主将从现。”

(2)If I were you ， I would go at once。

如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。

在这句话中，条件句“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示。

虚拟语气表示和现在的事实相反，从句用一般过时，主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。

例如 ：

If I had time， I would go for a walk。

If I were invited， I would go to the dinner party。

If I won a million dollars in the lottery， I would put it in the bank。

If I were you ， I’d wear a shirt and tie。

注意：在虚拟语气的句子中，be动词只能用were，不能用was。

1.结尾：写结尾句需注意以下几个地方：

1、 结尾句需具体，不要使用含糊、繁琐的词语或句式。

2、在结尾处提出行动的要求。

3、 在结尾处做简要的总结，尤其在内容比较多的情况下。请比较下面两句话：We hope that we have made the above alternatives clear to you and that they may help you make your choice.

b) To sum up, you can either put your money in a savings bank and receive 6 % annual interest or invest in common stocks for higher returns but also higher risk.

2.就结尾的内容来讲，书信的结尾可以包括：

(1)去函的结尾

1、 敦促：Having this input by JUNE 3 will enable us to maintain our schedule for…

2、期待：Your advice would be welcome.

3、致谢：Your prompt attention to this matter will be appreciated.

4、协助：Shortly after I receive this information, I will be in touch with you>

5、盼复：We look forward to hearing from you.

6、联络：If you have any question, please call me at…

等等……

(2)复函结尾可以涉及：

1、请求：Please indicate your acceptance of this employment by signing…and returning a copy…

2、承诺：We want to ensure that you enjoy the highest standards of service.

3、致歉：I apologize for the inconvenient.

4、 答谢：Thanks again for your cooperation.

5、祝愿：I wish you every success in your important work.

6、往来：We look forward to a very cordial relationship between our two organizations.

(三)商务用词的大写

大写字母(Capital Letters)又称“Block letters”，“Upper case/print”,

一般用于句首，此外大写首字母还出现在以下几种情况中：

(1) 专有名词(proper nouns)。

(2) 在标题(title) 中也要大写单词首字母。

(3) 用于礼貌性称呼语(即Mr.,Mrs.,Miss.,Ms.)学衔(Dr.)和军衔(General)的首字母。

(4) 职务，职称，头衔以及组织的名称也要大写首字母。

(5) 在商务书信中，重要的字词常常被大写以引起读信人的注意。

(6) 商务英语写作中的副标题与小标题也需大写。

(7) 用于缩写词，如“a SWOT analysis”, “ASEAN”, “USA”等。