雅思写作语法错误扣分【合集20篇】

小编寄语：定语从句是雅思比较熟悉也是作文中出现最多的一种语法结构,甚至有的作文中只有简单句和定语从句两种句型，但是大家都这么写或作文中出现不止三次定语从句的话，会导致句型单一。那今天我们就来说下如何变身这些定语从句。

定语从句综述：

在雅思写作这种半书面英语中，定语从句既可以修饰一个名词或部分代词，也可以修饰其前面整句话(这个时候定语从句谓语从句必须是单数哦，而且引导词必须是“，which”)。

比如：Anything which encourages language learning benefits society culturally and economically. 任何鼓励外语学习的事情有利于社会的文化和经济发展。这句话中的which 修饰不定代词anything。

再如：children spend much time watching TV,which gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.小孩花大量时间看电视，这样会引起很多健康问题，比如肥胖症以及视力下降。这里的which就在修饰其面整句话(children spend much time watching TV.)

改造定语从句的3大方法：

但是这样的句子在大部分的学员作文中出现的比较多，那怎么样让屌丝定语从句逆袭呢。其实有多种方法，今天我们先介绍大家容易掌握的3个方法。

1：如果定语从句修饰名词，而且定语从句的谓语动词是be动词，也就是N 关系代词BE 形式，这个时候我们可以把关系代词+be动词省略

比如：

A vast majority of people who are invited to the party are well-known scientists.

我们就可以把who are省略，改为：A vast majority of people invited to the party are well-known scientists.

这样我们就把原来普通的定语从句做定语改为了过去分词(非谓语结构的一种)做定语，而分词在书面英语中是一种常用而且比较书面的语法结构，所以建议想考6分以上的烤鸭们多多使用。

Employees who are from rural areas will confronted with many problems in major cities.(定语从句做定语)

Employees from rural areas will confronted with many problems in major cities.(介词短语做定语)

The number of students who cannot attend university is decreasing.

The number of students who are unable to have access to tertiary education is decreasing.

The number of students unable to have access to tertiary education is decreasing.(形容词短语做后置定语)

再比如：

Television which has been as one of the most fascinating inventions in the 20th century is now penetrating into every family.

Television, one of the most fascinating inventions in the 20th century, is now penetrating into every family.(同位语)

所以当作文中有多出类似的定语从句时，我们可以省略关系代词be动词或者把实意动词转化为be动词之后再省略，这样作文中就可以出现其他语法结构做定语，例如非谓语结构，介词短语，形容词短语，或同位语，而不单单是定语从句。那这样句型是不是就多样化了呢?

2：如果出现“名词关系代词实意动词”，这个时候我们可以替换为：n doing sth 形式。

比如：

Education, which helps children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge , is a deciding factor of ones success.

Education,helping children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge , is a deciding factor of ones success.

We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

We told them they were the victims deserving sympathy the most

3:如果作文中出现了“，which”修饰其前面整句话的时候怎么改呢?

A-非谓语结构做状语: SVO, (thus)doing sth

B-概括性同位语: SVO，a/an 概括性名词that SVO

比如刚才提到的例句：

children spend much time watching TV,which gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.

children spend much time watching TV, giving rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.

children spend much time watching TV,a bad habit that gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.

雅思大作文的写作都是议论文题材的，对写作方法和技巧方面还是有很多要求的。下面雅思就为大家整理了一个雅思大作文的写作方法，是关于根据原因和结果进行推理来写作的。大家可以在备考的时候，进行适当的参考。

雅思大作文的写作，最关键之处在于论述得当。支持句应使主题句更加令人信服，令考生的想法更加鲜明的呈现在考官面前。然而，中国考生在论述时往往存在一些误区：

一味重复主题，空洞解释。

此类段落不论字数多少，都给人空虚的感觉。考生往往为了凑足篇幅而不择手段。表面看来扩展了许多，但仔细体会永远只有一个意思。不得不让考官觉得即单调又啰嗦。

论述浮于表面，不达根源。

这类考生往往缺乏刨根究底的精神，总是在主旨周围绕圈子，不达中心。这也是中国考生的通病，看似八九不离十，却总也不愿把话点破，让考官怎能不又急又气。

在所有的扩展方式之中，因果推理法是最受用也是最透彻的方法。凡事先追溯到其原由，再扩展其结果，这是将主题阐述清晰、论述有力并且具有逻辑感的最佳手段。

例如在出国留学利弊这一题目之前，若考生单纯说有可能会使青少年学坏，难免缺乏说服力，但若紧接着扩展因为孩子高中毕业后思想上还不成熟，若认识不好的朋友会难以抵抗社会上不好的诱惑，那么此论点一定会让考官眉头舒展，点头认同。由此可见，善用此推理法会让议论文如虎添翼，事半功倍。

1.经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard .

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology.

4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges.

5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention.

8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/There is no denying that …

9.热烈的讨论/争论a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点a totally different argument

12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…

13.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in …

18.对…必不可少be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外…be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on …

22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

23.导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感/成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26.竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation

27.开阔眼界widen ones horizon/ broaden ones vision

28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration

31.从另一个角度from another perspective

32.做出共同努力make joint efforts

33.对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质comprehensive quality

37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach /above (或beyond) reproach

39.致力于/投身于be committed / devoted to…

40.应当承认Admittedly

摘要：雅思写作范文之科技发展，下面小编将为大家带来几篇雅思写作科技发展类的范文，雅思写作大作文有很多种话题素材，今天小编着重讲解一下科技发展类素材的范文，希望考鸭们关注本小编哦，我们会在第一时间公布更多最新最实用的写作素材。

雅思 写作范文之科技发展，下面是本小编带来的关于科学发展类的范文，如下：

题目：

Scientific and technological advances have changed our lives. But some scientists in some fields say that scientists are not able to find solutions to the problems they have created. To what extent do you agree or disagree

范文：

We sure live differently from our parents did decades ago. The changes are wide and profound. At the same time, we are facing challenges and problems unknown in the past. Could we find solutions to problems created by scientific developmentThe answer seems to be no.

Some of the most obvious problems caused by technological advances lie in the IT industry. At a time when we did not have computers and electronic bank services, people took money with them and paid by cash. If they were stolen, only the amount they had with them was lost. But now credit cards are more commonly used in shopping malls and other places, crimes again us have become more serious and caused greater losses to people. A thief may tape the code of your credit card and make a copy of it. Then he could safely withdraw all your money from an ATM machine. Crimes such as this are very sticky to solve because there is no witness and the surveillance cameras give little help to the police.

Another example is the issue of information control with the media industry including TV networks and Internet that give easy access to information without discrimination to people’s age. This has created a huge problem for parents and schools because teenage people are particularly vulnerable to adult materials and information violent in nature. In the past, when most information came in the form of print, it was relatively easy to control what children read. When a parent put away a book unsuitable for children, they were cut off from the source of information. With computer parents could use software to filter bad web sites but could not prevent new ones from appearing every day.

People are working very hard to solve such problems that come along with advances in science and technology, but the efforts are not sufficient and not very successful. Even with the little progress we have achieved, we find ourselves defeated by new problems with greater complexity and in wider scope.

In conclusion, developments in many fields of our life have brought us both benefits and problems. Developments in the banking industry give us greater convenience but making us targets of computer-based theft. Changes in media industry expose young people to inappropriate information difficult for parent’s control. However up until now, we have not successfully found permanent solutions yet.

以上就是小编带来的 雅思写作 科技发展类的范文，希望能对同学们有帮助，更多精彩范文请登录 小马 科技雅思频道官网。

相关字搜索： 雅思写作范文之科技发展

[雅思写作]雅思考试作文抢分秘笈

作文中常用句套：

下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),

要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.

开头：

When it comes to ..., some think ...

There is a public debate today that ...

A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点：

Now there is a growing awareness that...

It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：

... but that is only part of the history.

Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...

Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：

For example(instance),...

... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is...

A particular example for this is...

引用：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

（先说故事主体），this story is not rare.

..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因：

There are many reasons for ...

Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obiviously seen.

Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ...

Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：

>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

the conclusion that ...

In summary, it is wiser ...

In short...

在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中，

常见的使用形式如下：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

Useful quotations

逆境

by Robert Collier

In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

努力与成功

by Ann Landers

Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people dont recognize them.

坚持

by Ralph Waldo Emerson

No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.

Confucius 孔子

Our greatest glory is not in never falling...

but in rising every time we fall.

坚持

Mother Teresa

To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.

Henry Ford

Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.

Winston Churchill

Never, never, never, never give up.

Albert Einstein

In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

努力与成功

by Crassus

Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.

Thomas Edison

There is no substitute for hard work.

Leo Tolstoi

The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.

Thomas Jefferson

Im a great believer in luck,

and I find the harder I work...

the more I have of it.

Robert Collier

Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

Ray A. Croc

Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.

实际经验与间接经验

Youll learn more about a road by traveling it...

than by consulting all the maps in the world.

动机与结果

Vince Lombardi

Winning isnt everything...

but wanting to win is.

John F. Kennedy

We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.

Thucydides

The strong do what they will.

The weak do what they must.

为人态度：

John Wooden

Talent is God given--Be Humble.

Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.

Conceit is self given --Be Careful.

行动：

Theodore Roosevelt

Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.

Publilius Syrus Maxim

No one knows what he can do till he tries.

Terence

There is nothing so easy but that i

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[雅思写作]雅思考试作文抢分秘笈

t becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.

Thomas Fuller

A wise man turns chance into good fortune.

William Hazlitt

Prosperity is a great teacher;

adversity is a greater.

William Penn

No pains, no palm;

no thorns, no throne;

no gall , no glory;

no cross, no crown.

Will Rogers

Even if youre on the right track, youll get run over... if you just sit there.

Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.

Knock rather on opportunitys door if you ardently wish to enter.

成功与失败

Vince Lombardi

Its not whether you get knocked down.

...Its whether you get up again.

Winston Churchill

An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;

a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.

热情（年轻/年老）

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

信心

James Allen

The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.

Samuel Johnson

Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.

Aughey

Lost time is never found again.

Voltaire

No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.

Napoleon

Victory belongs to the most persevering.

细心

Euipides

Leave no stone unturned.

计划与工作

Norman Vincent Peale

Plan your work for today and every day;

then work your plan.

Henry Ford

Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.

Thomas Edison

I start where the last man left off.

理想与现实

What the mind of man can conceive and believe,

the mind of a man can achieve.

勤奋

Benjamin Franklin

Plough deep while sluggards sleep.

目标

Henry David Thoreau

In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.

幸运

Emily Dickinson

Luck is not chance...

Its toil...

Fortunes expensive smile is earned.

勤奋

Thomas Edison

Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.

Useful Quotations

想象力

Albert Einstein

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

挑战：

Walter Begehot

The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.

机会与准备

Abraham Lincoln

I will prepare and some day my chance will come.

信心与事实

Henry Ford

Whether you think you can or think you cant -- you are right.

English Proverb

Where theres a will theres a way.

There is no failure excepting no longer trying.

Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.

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1审错题，立意错误

我告诉你，你完了....

多读几遍题目，找找关键词，争取不要审错题

2中心论点千呼万唤始出来

简单点，提论点的方式简单直白点。老师看那么多卷子很累的。

3过于追求标新立异

年轻人，你这种做法很危险啊

4文体似是而非

不要考验老师对于文体的认识。千万别写“四不像”的文体。

5论据太多却缺乏论述

不要过多描述论据，论据要简洁有力，更多的是要对论据进行论述。要一直提醒自己啊，平时看到论据，要自己概述一下。

6论据不贴切

其实提问者的第二个例子我觉得有点不贴切。平时多注意积累论据。千万别觉得某一个论据特别好，到哪都想用它。

大作文开头段往往要包含如下几个关键内容，即，介绍背景，引出有争议的话题，阐述对立观点和陈述作者自己的观点。无论使用还是不使用模板，这几个关键信息是一定要包含在开头段落当中的，不然云里雾里，只能是适得其反。

首先It is quite common these days.。。介绍背景，或者用The issue of ... is a complex and sensitive one。这样的句型来引出有争议话题，然后千篇一律地分别介绍对立双方观点，如Some individuals believe that..., while others hold the view that....最终用Personally, I agree with....至此，内容上完美无瑕，但恐怕考官心中已经大大打下“模板”两个字的烙印，这无疑对于想取得6分及以上的同学最不利的事情。下面，我们就来说说到底应该如何突破“模板病”。

例如，一道雅思写作高频题目，讨论到底大学应该教授实用性课程（如计算机和商科课程）还是传统课程（如历史和地理）。我们依然按照开头段应该包含的关键信息开始写作，但是却可以这样轻松突破：

These day there is a growing tendency for college students to have difficulties in finding jobs when they graduate.(介绍背景)A large number of people hold the opinion that lack of practical knowledge, among other things, contributes to this situation. In light of this, they contend that college teachers should lay more stress on practical courses than on traditional ones. (引出有争议的话题，并阐述大多数人的观点)For my part, I am in favour of their viewpoint。(作者观点)

这一段写得非常灵巧，第一句结合题目背景，介绍现如今有一种趋势，即大学毕业生很难找到工作，紧接着作者陈述有许多人认为这是由于学生缺少实用性的知识，并因此提出大学应该更多关注于教授实用性的知识，这一句将有争议话题的其中一方观点用因果链条清晰阐述。最后一句表达作者自己的立场，就是支持前面大多数人的想法。总的来看，这一段只提及了对立双方的其中一方观点，然后表达自己支持这一方观点。这就是一种对于开头段模板的超越，简单可行，只对其中一方观点清晰论证，然后表达自己的立场，无需对另一方观点赘述。这固然超越了八股文一样的“一些人认为……另一些人认为……，我认为……”，而是以四两拨千斤的方式，重点讲解一方观点，然后巧妙表达支持的态度。

另一道可以参考的题目是有关人们认为对于罪犯不应该只是关在监狱里，而应该对他们进行教育和劳动改造这样一道题目。我们依然给出这样一段：

How to handle criminals is a problem that all countries and societies face。(引出有争议的话题)Traditionally, the approach has been to punish them by placing them in prisons to pay for what they have done. Some, however, advocate for trying to make them better with training and education and it seems they may have a good point.

这一段在观点描述上是“出于模板而胜于模板”的典范，范文中将观点一演变为“传统上，人们都采取关监狱这种方法”，这就用陈述事实的方式，巧妙避讳了直接表达有些人认为应该把犯人关在监狱里；而观点二以及作者观点合并为一句，用一个and巧妙连接成一个并列句。开头段关键信息一网打尽。

以下这些常见同义词替换主要用于大作文写作，不必非要选择生僻词汇或是难词才能显示自己的水平，只需要将自己一些经常反复使用的词汇多多替换，一般来说就可以起到一定的效果。

1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle

2损害： Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize

3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford

4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster

5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength

6 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness

7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle

8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative

9 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced

10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve

11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge

12 有害的： Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental

13 要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition

14 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away

15 导致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate

16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this

17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to

18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to

19保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out

20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably

21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly

22 宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim

23 发生：Happen, occur, take place

24 原因：Reason, factor, cause

25 发展：Development, advance, progress

26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous

27 影响：Influence, impact, effect

28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear

29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose

30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to

31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely

语言是评判作文的一个极其重要的因素。在实际的阅卷过程当中，语法错误，尤其是较为严重的错误，是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点”，有时甚至是惟一的点;当然那样处理是有道理的，大家可以设想一下，一篇语法上漏洞百出、严重影响表达的作文又会有什么样的好内容呢?如果因为语言上的错误而导致失分，那将得不偿失。因此，认清各种各样的语法错误，尽可能地避免少犯，对于提高作文分是有极大的帮助的。现将我们在阅卷过程当中所发现的大量语言错误逐一归类，抽出其中的典型错误，以警示大家，供参考。

1。句子成分残缺不全

we always working till late at night before taking exams。(误)

we are always working /we always work till late at night before taking exams(正)

we should read books may be useful to us。 (误)

we should read books which may be useful to us。 (正)

2。句子成分多余

this test is end， but there is another test is waiting for you。 (误)

one test ends， but another is waiting for you。 (正)

the driver of the red car was died on the spot。 (误)

the driver of the red car died on the spot。 (正)

3。主谓不一致

someone/somebody think that reading should be selective。 (误)

some think that reading should be selective。 (正)

my sister go to the cinema at least once a week。 (误)

my sister goes to the cinema at least once a week。 (正)

4。动词时态、语态的误用

i was walking along the road， and there are not so many cars on the street。 (误)

i was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street。 (正)

we have little time to read some books which we interest。 (误)

we have little time to read some books in which we are interested。 (正)

i am a student who has studying in the college for two years。 (误)

i have been studying in the college for two years(正)

5。词类混淆

it is my point that reading must be selectively。 (误)

in my opinion， reading must be selective。 (正)

honest is so important for everyperson。 (误)

honesty is so important for everyone。 (正)

the old man was hit by a car when he across the street。 (误)

the old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street。 (正)

[英语作文中常见的典型语法错误分析

对象要素法：每一个雅思写作题目都包括很多的要素，在我们准备这些雅思写作的时候，就可以从这些要素入手，逐一分析，这样就会让整个雅思写作更加的全面。

考题：air transport is increasingly used to export fruits and vegetables to some coutries where can not be grown or out of season. Some people think it is not justified. What is your opinion?

我们可从话题所涉及的各个对象出发，如空运水果蔬菜是否合理，那么空运水果蔬菜所涉及的对象就多了，包括出口国，进口国，消费者，航空公司和政府。

对各个要素的分析：

1. for consumers, they can taste some foreign foods without going to other countries.

2. for transporters, such operation can bring much income. Actually, only about 40% seats of plane are in service in off-seasons compared to offering discounted plane tickets, transporting foods may be a better choice.

3. for exporters, such orders are gold of their business. With the development of technology, the yield is increasing, but if those foods can not be sold immediately, they may decay/rot/ go bad/ moldy. The air transportation just solves this problem and brings money for them.

在雅思考试中，写作部分要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇作文。第一篇是小作文，要求考生描述图表反映的内容和问题，字数为150个词以上：第二篇是大作文，要求考生根据题目要求写一篇议论文，字数为250个词以上。写作单项的满分为9分，采取半分制：写作部分的总分是小作文分数的1/3加上大作文分数的2/3。由于分值权重方面的原因，很多考生都高度重视大作文，却忽视了小作文的重要性。这主要表现为两种情况：一是考生平时很少练习小作文，导致其在20分钟内无法完成小作文，从而挤占了大作文的写作时间：二是由于比较看重大作文，一部分考生在考试的时候会选择先写大作文，并因过于谨慎仔细而占用了很多时间，最终导致没有时间完成小作文。这两种情况都会导致考生的写作成绩被拖后腿。

根据写作部分的计分权重来算，对于写作分数目标是5.5分的考生，一般来说有以下两种方案可选：

方案A：小作文5分，大作文6分，写作成绩=5.5分：方案B：小作文6分，大作文5分，写作成绩=5.5分。这两个方案殊途同归，但是因为大作文比小作文难拿到高分，因而方案B比较容易实现。这就意味着，写作分数目标是5.5分的考生应重点提高小作文的写作水平。

要写好微电影剧本，掌握剧本写作的一些基础知识是必备的，小编收集了微电影剧本写作基础，欢迎阅读。

首先明确一点，剧本区别于任何一种文体形式，我经常看到有的朋友把剧本写成了小说或人物传记，这是不对的，至少是不专业的。剧本有自己专署的格式，写剧本从某种程度上说是个技术活。

写剧本也不是什么很崇高的艺术创作，这只是一个普通的工种，剧作家和清洁工人没什么区别，都是很普通的工作而已，所以每个人都可以写剧本，每个人都可以当导演。当然，既然是一个工种，就有自己的规范。这些规范也许不会让你迅速变成一个专家，但至少能使你看上去像一个专家。或者，不至于让你糟糕的格式成为审稿人枪毙你稿子的理由。因为一个审稿人每天要看三到四篇稿子，如果你的剧本格式看上去不怎么专业的话，他完全有理由翻上几页就把你的剧本扔在角落里凉快。

先来看看剧本写作常犯的错误：

1：把剧本写成了小说刚刚上面提到有的朋友把剧本写成了小说，不是不可以，但那个是文学剧本，根本不能用来指导拍摄和制作。举个例子，你可以在小说里花几页的笔墨来写一个人的身世，背景，家庭组成，或是用几页的笔墨来描写主角的心理斗争过程，但这些东西是无法表现在电影屏幕上的。你的剧本就是一个屏幕，你所要表现的是电影屏幕上能被观众直接看到感受到的东西。像心理活动这类东西是无法很好的表现出来的。加旁白?当然可以，除非你能忍受主角的画外音在一动不动的镜头里读几页小说。电影*画面表达情绪，你的剧本就是电影画面，要通过摄像机的角度来写，这可能引起第二个问题。

2：不必要的摄象机标注如果你这样写剧本：在5号升降台，用盘纳为升70型相机，60mm镜头，由8.5m摇至2m对焦…………如果你这样写，就算过了审稿人这一关，你的剧本也会被导演扔掉。你不需要教他怎么拍，这不是你的事。你在写剧本的时候完全不用担心相机的事。但是不是剧本就不要考虑相机了呢?也不是，你需要考虑相机的关系而不是位置。剧本里有自己的专用相机术语，多多使用这些术语，能让你的剧本很专业，至少看上去很专业。

1.Angle on 角度对准：比如BILL走出便利店，相机对准BILL。

2.Favoring 主要表现：BILL在一个大广场，人很多，但主要表现BILL。

3.Another angle 另一个角度：换个角度的相机表现BILL在大广场玩的很开心。

4.Wilder angle 更宽的角度：先表现BILL在广场的一角喝可乐，然后镜头拉远，表现BILL所在的广场。

5.New angle 新角度：换个角度表现BILL喝可乐，使镜头丰富。

6.POV 视点：从BILL的视点看东西。就是第一人称视角。

7.Reverse angle 反拍角度：BILL和SALLY在一起跳舞，先拍BILL看到的SALLY，再拍SALLY看到的BILL，通常是两人的POV互反。

8.Over shoulder angle 过肩镜头：相机越过BILL的肩头看到SALLY，BILL的肩头能把画面自然的分割，很常用的类型。

9.Moving shot 运动镜头：包括跟拍，摇移，追随等等，反正镜头是运动的，至于具体怎么动，还不是现在考虑的问题。

10.Two shot 双人镜头：BILL和SALLY在边喝可乐边交谈，这种镜头的相机不要随意移动，防止“越轴”。把BILL和SALLY两人连起来有一条轴线，相机只能在轴线一侧运动，如果越过这条轴线，在画面上BILL和SALLY的位置就会左右互换，引起观众视觉上的逻辑混淆。

11.Close shot 近景：强调SALLY美丽的眼睛，但一般少用为妙。

12.Insert 插入镜头：某物的近景，比如天色已晚，SALLY问BILL几点了，BILL抬起手来，接下来可以接一个BILL手表的特写，当然你还可以用此种镜头来换景，比如BILL移开手表时摄象机里看到的已经是夜晚的舞会了。

一、审题——若即若离

虽然近年来高考作文多以“话题作文”或是“新材料作文”出现，题目宽泛，不设审题障碍，但也并不是想写什么就写什么，想怎么写就怎么写，依然要在所给话题、材料范围内进行审题写作，不可抛开话题、另辟蹊径地“信马由缰”。否则，就会不着边际，偏离话题。比如高考作文题《必须跨过这道坎》，就应该牢牢抓住“必须”“跨”“坎”等“题眼”进行审题，还要重点关注、开掘出“坎”的引申义、比喻义。

规避：要加强审题训练，针对题目“辨字析词”，盯准“题眼”，尤其对于哲理性命题，涉及辩证关系的，更要深入分析题目的深刻内涵。审题越细、越准、越透，立意的思路就越宽、越深、越广。

二、入题——千呼万唤

高考作文因字数、时间的限制，不可能写得太多，但有相当多的考生往往出现“入题慢”的弊病，废话很多，以一当十的内容却千呼万唤不出来。引用原材料或可有可无的内容占去了很大的篇幅，重点部分无法展开。

规避：多看名家精短美文，为我所用，在“实战”中寻找不足，总结经验。

三、扣题——蜻蜓点水

有的考生写作文，从头到尾没有出现话题、话题的关键词或与话题相近的表述，犯了扣题不紧的错误，看不出是就所给特定“话题”或是“新材料作文”而写的文章，这样得分自然不会理想。

规避：在行文时牢记“考纲”中对作文扣题一项的具体要求，依照标准去做，回想老师的相关叮嘱及传授的方法。

四、立意——平庸病态

见解独到、构思新巧、主旨积极的文章无疑是任何人都梦寐以求的。可惜的是，在考场上有的学生为了追求所谓的标新立异，甚至写出了令人匪夷所思的文章。如有的学生在《假如记忆可以移植》中这样写：“我要把爱因斯坦的大脑移植过来，为自己发财致富……”由于思想格调不高，不符合高考作文“思想健康”的要求，降低了作文品位。

规避：树立正确的人生观、世界观、价值观，突破定向思维、线性思维，走向逆向思维、发散思维，视角独特，出人意料又在情理之中。

五、选材——陈旧苍白

有的学生作文材料陈旧苍白，缺乏厚重感。要么记叙一件事，有骨架没血肉;要么议论一个道理，观点+例子+结论，缺分析少论证;要么连例子都没有，翻来覆去，空谈漫议，写到哪儿算哪儿，凑够字数为原则。

规避：积累材料。一是在高三这段时间里继续收集鲜活的材料，并选记一些名言警句;二是把长期以来的“库存”分门别类筛选一下，选择出可供用于写作的精品材料列出提纲。

六、语言——艰涩难懂

有的考生喜欢使用缩写、英文单词、网络语言，其实这是要冒一定风险的。有的阅卷教师对这类语言很反感，就会对考生有害无利。高考大纲对于作文的要求是语言通顺、用词贴切，文句有表现力。因此，考生应当尽量用优美、有内涵的语言来表情达意，要用最规范、最传统的语言来写作，最好不用或少用网络语言。

规避：平时写作时尽量不使用网络语言或少数人才知道意思的语言。

七、形式——千篇一律

考场作文，事关重大，不仅内容要出彩，形式上也应该不拘一格，使内容与形式相得益彰，完美统一，方可获得高分。但教师在批改作文中却发现，形式创新的寥寥无几，多为千篇一律、似曾相识的“老面孔”，这应当引起注意，尤其是写作能力强的学生，不要因为形式的“不适宜”而失去了本不该丢的分。

规避：运用题记、后记、演讲稿、采访记录、日记体、书信体、小标题等新奇的形式来诠释思想，表达意旨。

八、文体——似是而非

有的学生写的文章好像属于“四不像”的文体，因而阅卷老师难以读懂、把握这样的文章，判分就有争议。所以，一般说来，文体还是明朗为好。

规避：就高考作文而言，最好多使用记叙文(夹叙夹议)、散文(记事、抒情)、议论文三种常见形式，少采用或不用诗歌、戏剧、文言等体裁。

九、结篇——虎头蛇尾

有的学生由于没有分配好答题时间，以致在写作文时所剩时间不够了，有的考生来不及结尾，结果或用一句话硬断，或点上一串省略号，或干脆空在那儿。无论哪一种情况，都会被视为未完篇处理。因为阅卷老师衡量一篇文章的好坏，首先是看文章的整体，虎头蛇尾的文章是要被扣分的。

规避：考生平时要训练自己在大约45~60分钟内能够写出一篇完整作文的能力，最后交上的作文无论如何都应该是一篇结构完整的作文。

十、卷面——乱涂乱改

现在是电脑阅卷，字迹模糊、扫描不清就会丢失信息，老师看得吃力无疑会影响分数。我们都有这样的感觉：书写工整、卷面整洁的作文使人赏心悦目，印象分立即增加;而字迹潦草、涂改得难以辨认的答卷，无形中就会多扣几分。高考作文如果接二连三地出现错别字，就会被认为语文基础太差，得分也会大打折扣。2008年高考作文对错别字要求更高，有的省已经规定每错一字扣一分，应予以特别重视。

规避：养成好的书写习惯，不会的字、词要查字典、词典。

1. It seems certain that they have made a series ofexperiments.

2. It is said that bats have been using radar formillions of years.

3. To tell the truth , many mistakes we made could havebeen avoided.

4. As we know, it was not until recently that the problemwas solved.

5. It must be admitted that you havent done what youpromised to do.

6. It is a common saying that man who has a settledpurpose will surely succeed.

7. It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.

8. It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to worktwenty hours each day.

9. Its hard to say whether the plan is practicable.

10. There is no doubt that you will be helped by othersif you have any difficulties.

11. The oceans do not so much divide theworld as unite it.

12. There is no denying the fact that the new managementmethod has greatly increased the production.

13. There is no denying the fact that the new managementmethod has greatly increased the production.

14. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprisedthat he couldnt utter a word.

15. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficultfor one who sets his mind to it.

16. In my opinion, this computer is different from thatone you saw.

17. It is certain that we have a long way to go.

18. All this shows that nothing can prevent us fromreaching our aims.

19. As far as we know, it took him more than a year towrite the book.

20. It has been proved that every substance, no matterwhat it is, is made up of atoms.

21. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basicState policies to control population growth while raising the quality of thepopulation.

22. It is (has been) estimated that the worldspopulation could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.

23. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret ofsuccess but hard work.

24. It can be seen from this that there is no difficultyin the world we cannot overcome.

25. As is known man is the product of labour.

26. Our goal must be attained. Our goal canunquestionably be attained.

27. Noting can prevent us from realizing the fourmodernizations.

28. Now in China, more and more families can afford tobuy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, videocorders.

29. No matter how difficult English may be, you should doyour best to learn it.

30. It can be said that without knowledge of science andtechnology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations.

31. It has been decided that we are going to build arailway whose base must be completed within this year.

32. It is obvious (evident) that the success of theinnovation depends on our concerted efforts.

33. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have noother choice.

34. It is natural that one may have trouble expressingcomplicated ideas in simple English.

35. What is more important, the agreement they havenegotiated is being carried out.

36. We will be successful as long as we persevere.

37. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may notapply to things happening here.

38. It is true that we must redouble our efforts;otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.

39. I take it for granted that they will support thisidea.

40. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is aperson who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中，才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择地背诵，是有意义地记忆，因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

雅思小作文一般都是图表作文，首先要知道的就是雅思图表作文的几种主要类型：表格图，曲线图，饼状图和综合性图表四大类，那么雅思图表作文应该怎么完成呢?下面为大家分享四类图表作文要点，希望对大家有所帮助!

一、雅思表格图图表作文的写作要点

1横向比较。介绍横向各个数据的区别，变化和趋势

2不需要将每一个数据分别说明，突出强调数据最大值和最小值

3最对比时要总结出数据对比最悬殊的和最小的

二、雅思曲线图图表作文的写作要点

1极点说明。即，对图表当中最高的，最低的点要单独进行说明

2趋势说明。即，对图表当中曲线的连续变化进行说明，如上升，下降，波动，持平

3交点说明。即，对图表当中多根曲线的交点进行对比说明

三、雅思饼状图图表雅思作文的写作要点

1介绍各扇面及总体的关系

2各个扇面之间的比较，同类扇面在不同时间，不同地点的比较

3重点突出特点最明显的扇面：最大的，最小的，互相成倍的

四、雅思综合图图表作文的写作要点

1不求甚解，不拘泥于细节

2分门别类，分段落详细介绍各个图表

3不画蛇添足，主观臆断或猜测图表之间的关系

以上就是这四类雅思图表作文的写作要点介绍，对于各个图表的特点和描写的重点的不同进行了对比，大家可以在备考自己的雅思图表作文考试的时候，提前进行适当的参考和借鉴。

注意：以上信息整理来自网络，仅供参考!

审题：议论文的基本要求是250个字，高分大多在300字左右。建议完成时间是40分钟，图标作文完成时间是20分钟。确定读者对象，应当选用正式文体，措辞礼貌，不必使用专业词汇。注意文字要求，部分作文题目有：you should use your own ideas,knowledge and experience and support your agreements with examples and relevant evidence 的字样，意思为必须用自己的想法、知识体系、经验来支持你的论点。

在题目中出现多个问号的情况一般多为报告类作文，只需要按照问号顺序依次解答问题即可。还有一些作文题目中出现多个问号连续发问式，要求辨别问句之间的主从关系。一般以后一个问题为主，前一个问题为辅。

构思：思路

第一步：在纸上记录能想起来的与作文有关主体和方向有关的所有具体信息。

第二步：根据短时间内得到的信息，决定自己的写作方向。

第三步：从已经罗列出的信息，即正反方论据中总结自己的论点，并且进行加工和排列。

第四步：在具体写作的时候，根据论点的需要，在草稿纸上挑选适当的论据。

生活化细节联想，逆向思维联想。

在拓展思路时，一定避免定向的，大而空的思维模式，尽量把作文题目大处化小，小处化细，细处才可见真情。

我们知道英语作文的生产过程，如果需要两大能力，可以简化的看成考核了两个部分，一个是你有没有思路。很多人说话写作是缺乏必要的内容的。第二个是语言表达是否能够到位、准确和丰富。现在在市面上很多的考试中，比如说文章真正有意义，能够出观点的，或者是能够有深度的文章我们能够出一个比较漂亮的写作框架的这种是比较少的。我给大家其中的一样东西是，拿到任何一个话题，一定要学会变成具体的现象，雅思的考试是国际性和非专业性，考官为了保证国际上各个地方的人都能谈出自己的东西，所以和社会上的一些热点紧密相连的。 通过一个思维的转换，把一个单纯的作文题目，把它具体化，具体化之后马上能够出具体的框架。

比如我拿另外一个环节给大家讲一下， 就是谈了观点之后，如何出问句，我们现在说举例子是最常见的方法。有一点要提醒大家，写作和口语都很欢迎具体的例证。中国人我们比较的讲究人证，西方人不能讲究法证，法政就是要尽可能的给一些具体的实例和数据。举例子的过程中，一个请你注意内容的切题，还有一个是注意语言的简洁概括。我们很多的同学例子举的不错，但是语言如果太罗嗦的话，会冲淡色彩。

要回答这一问题，首先应该从雅思主办者的地域思维特征谈起，英国人思考缜密，性格稳重，对待问题讲究客观公正，与美国人热情奔放，追求自我个性有着较大的差别。这些也同时体现在雅思考试的作文评分标准上，雅思相较于托福而言，更倾向于考察学生对于问题的全面把握与客观理解，因而从历年的雅思写作真题和其范文上分析，关于辩论型题目考官还是更青睐双边讨论型的写作方式，大多数高分作文都具备这一特点。

放下分析解决型文章不谈，辩论型文章的任务要求一般有以下几种：

1 To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

2 Discuss both these views and give your own opinions.

3 To what extent do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks? (措辞有时略有不同,但主要意思不变)

4 What is your opinion?

中国学生常常陷入对第一个指令的认识误区，错误以为只能从同意或不同意的单一角度去分析问题，一些培训机构有时也会在这些方面上误导学生。实际上，这个问题并不仅仅就是个单项选择，而是可以从正反两方面多角度去分析的，例如2008年3月13日的这道大作文考题：

People should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather than personal benefits. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

专家认为，对于该题，完全可从健康作为社会责任和个人利益时的优劣两个角度去讨论，兼顾两方面，从而可以达到写作分析阐述上的客观，避免有过于偏颇片面的看法。这在雅思作文考试中是应时刻注意的一点。

类似的思路还应用在第三个指令上，该要求的目的并非要求考生一定要得出一个“利大于弊”或“弊大于利”的狭隘观点，然后针对这一方面进行分析；而应在论述过程中，对有益和不利方面均要涉及，一同阐明，最终得出一个客观公正的结。在如2008年2月23日这道考题：

In some countries, it is now possible for people to buy a wide variety of foods transported from all over the world. To what extent do the benefits of this development outweigh the drawbacks?

人们在本国就可以买到来自于世界各地的食品，该题目要求对这一现象进行利弊的比较和讨论，考生理应要对两方面都进行阐述，才符合题目的要求。

对以上两个指令的回应很好地表明了双边讨论文章正确的立意和思路----要么从某一个问题的正反角度去比较，或者在不同事物之间寻找参照进行评述，简而言之，要尽可能客观而全面地分析讨论而不是简单地妄下定论。

相比之下，第二个指令的要求则十分明确，即讨论两方面的论点然后据此得出自己的看法，这类题目的背景往往是不同的人对于同一问题的态度，或者相互抵触，或者偏重不同领域。无论考生最后得出的结论是中立，还是偏向于某一观点，论述过程都应是兼顾两方面的。专家分析发现，仅从2008年考过的题目看来，这一类型的文题就占了40%以上，由此可见其在雅思作文出题思路所占的比重。

Some people think international cooperation has brought benefits to world environment protection, while some people think more benefits has been brought to international business. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

如例选自2008年7月26日的考试，考生就需要就题目中不同人群对国际合作在不同领域所带来的好处的看法进行论述，一个是环保方面，另一个是国际商务方面，这正好印证了双边作文类型之一，即对不同观点进行分析。

最后一个任务指令往往是要求考生自己给出观点，乍看上去发挥的自由度很大，但双边态度仍应作为一个基本准则在前期的构思阶段及后期的写作中注意。毕竟，可以得出“一边倒”的结论的题目在雅思考题中是少之又少的。

当然除了对于题目指令的正确把握之外，双边态度还应体现在行文的各个方面，如让步状语从句的使用，在承认一方存在合理性的同时，强调另一方的优点，而避免过于片面的看法。

本文中，专家仅涉及到雅思写作中很小的一部分，想要真正在雅思写作考试中取得理想的成绩，考生还应在平时多加练习。毕竟，纸上谈来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。

[双边态度在雅思作文写作中的运用分析

雅思写作考试中的Task1小作文有三种题型：图表，流程图和地图。考生们备考时多把注意力放在图表题，对后两类题目准备不足甚至无准备，一旦真遇到了流程图和地图，往往束手无策，凭自己的直觉应付写一下，凑够字数交差。流程图和地图题的写作是有一定的方法的，按照方法来写，其实并不难，小编在本文中，先来探讨流程图作文的写作。

题目给出的是流程图，就是以图示的方法把一个过程或流程清楚地显示了出来，现在要求考生做的是把该流程图还原成说明文。由此可见，我们实际上要做的就是看图作文。而大家都知道，看图作文是我们在小学最初学写作文时的入门做法。照着图来写，省却了要自己想象和构思的过程，这自然比起写议论文的挑战度要低一些。所以，大家应该更有信心去对付流程图作文，毕竟实际上所做的是“看图作文”。

流程图写作基本原则

流程图作文是以对流程的描述为主的。全文的安排通常分为两个主要部分：引言段和主体部分。引言段是用来作简介的，介绍该流程图表示了一个什么什么的过程，常用的句型为主语+谓语+宾语模式。然后视情况可以多加一句说整个过程可以分为若干个阶段。引言段只需一段，通常就是这么一二句话。

主体部分是文章的核心部分，主要是说明该流程，所以是说明文式的行文。主体部分可依照整个流程分成几个阶段而大体相应地分为几个自然段。主体部分的写作原则如下：

1. 把图看懂

这是首要前提，理解了流程图表示的是什么以及是怎样的一个过程，才谈得上用文字表达出来。能否看得懂图取决于几方面的因素：词汇量，知识面，生活经验和常识等。考生平时要有心地做一下这些方面的积累和准备。一般来说，流程图是不难看懂的。万一有些什么地方卡住了，也要大胆地合乎逻辑地去猜测，推想，判断，要灵活机敏。

2. 按图示的顺序写

流程图会表示一个过程的流向顺序。因此，不难按照图示的顺序来写。若是分成几个阶段的，就按顺序逐个阶段来描述，通常就相应地分成几个自然段落。

3. 将图所提供的词扩展(或串)成句子

流程图中会提供一些关键的说明性的词，比如步骤或环节的名称，怎样做，添加什么原料，去掉什么，输送到哪儿等等。我们就可以直接利用这些关键词写成句子，方法有两类，依照图的情况而分别采用之。如果流程图比较简短，用扩展的办法，就是以一个关键词为核心词，扩展成一个甚至两个句子，以达到字数的要求。反之，若图比较长而复杂，就采用串的办法，一句话把两个甚至三个步骤串起来，这样可以把较长的过程压缩得短一些来描述。无论用哪一种方法，都要利用流程图上所给出的词，这是图提供给我们的方便，要充分利用。在读懂图的基础上，再有这些关键词的帮助，这篇作文就不难写出来了。整篇文章字数要求是150字，图中给出的词往往就占了将近三分之一，考生要写的就只是余下的三分之二左右了。

4. 主体部分的句子多用被动语态

流程图说明文的特点是多用被动语态，主要是指主体部分对过程说明性的句子采用被动语态，这样会显得比较客观和学术性一些。

5. 注意连接词和转折词的运用

流程图说明文是按照一个流程的顺序来写的，上句和下句之间往往存在着先后次序的逻辑关系，或者意思转折的关系。因而，两句之间经常需要用到有关的连接词或转折词。考生要注重这两类词或短语的使用，而且要用得自然，合理和圆润，这样才能使全文读起来清晰流畅，一气呵成。

6. 尽量避免用词重复，做到变化，多样化

这一点其实对于所有英文写作都一样的，流程图作文当然也不例外。写作英文时要带着这个观念，善于运用同义词语。不光是同义词之间的转换使用，还要扩展到同义的词和短语，短语与句子之间的变换。养成这个习惯对写作很有益处。

当然尽量避免用词重复，并不是说绝对不可以重复，只是尽量避免。有时有些专有名词是难免重复的，但即使要重复用到，也尽可能拉远一点距离，不宜靠得太近重复。