雅思写作万能模板（汇集20篇）

小编寄语：定语从句是雅思比较熟悉也是作文中出现最多的一种语法结构,甚至有的作文中只有简单句和定语从句两种句型，但是大家都这么写或作文中出现不止三次定语从句的话，会导致句型单一。那今天我们就来说下如何变身这些定语从句。

定语从句综述：

在雅思写作这种半书面英语中，定语从句既可以修饰一个名词或部分代词，也可以修饰其前面整句话(这个时候定语从句谓语从句必须是单数哦，而且引导词必须是“，which”)。

比如：Anything which encourages language learning benefits society culturally and economically. 任何鼓励外语学习的事情有利于社会的文化和经济发展。这句话中的which 修饰不定代词anything。

再如：children spend much time watching TV,which gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.小孩花大量时间看电视，这样会引起很多健康问题，比如肥胖症以及视力下降。这里的which就在修饰其面整句话(children spend much time watching TV.)

改造定语从句的3大方法：

但是这样的句子在大部分的学员作文中出现的比较多，那怎么样让屌丝定语从句逆袭呢。其实有多种方法，今天我们先介绍大家容易掌握的3个方法。

1：如果定语从句修饰名词，而且定语从句的谓语动词是be动词，也就是N 关系代词BE 形式，这个时候我们可以把关系代词+be动词省略

比如：

A vast majority of people who are invited to the party are well-known scientists.

我们就可以把who are省略，改为：A vast majority of people invited to the party are well-known scientists.

这样我们就把原来普通的定语从句做定语改为了过去分词(非谓语结构的一种)做定语，而分词在书面英语中是一种常用而且比较书面的语法结构，所以建议想考6分以上的烤鸭们多多使用。

Employees who are from rural areas will confronted with many problems in major cities.(定语从句做定语)

Employees from rural areas will confronted with many problems in major cities.(介词短语做定语)

The number of students who cannot attend university is decreasing.

The number of students who are unable to have access to tertiary education is decreasing.

The number of students unable to have access to tertiary education is decreasing.(形容词短语做后置定语)

再比如：

Television which has been as one of the most fascinating inventions in the 20th century is now penetrating into every family.

Television, one of the most fascinating inventions in the 20th century, is now penetrating into every family.(同位语)

所以当作文中有多出类似的定语从句时，我们可以省略关系代词be动词或者把实意动词转化为be动词之后再省略，这样作文中就可以出现其他语法结构做定语，例如非谓语结构，介词短语，形容词短语，或同位语，而不单单是定语从句。那这样句型是不是就多样化了呢?

2：如果出现“名词关系代词实意动词”，这个时候我们可以替换为：n doing sth 形式。

比如：

Education, which helps children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge , is a deciding factor of ones success.

Education,helping children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge , is a deciding factor of ones success.

We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

We told them they were the victims deserving sympathy the most

3:如果作文中出现了“，which”修饰其前面整句话的时候怎么改呢?

A-非谓语结构做状语: SVO, (thus)doing sth

B-概括性同位语: SVO，a/an 概括性名词that SVO

比如刚才提到的例句：

children spend much time watching TV,which gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.

children spend much time watching TV, giving rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.

children spend much time watching TV,a bad habit that gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

雅思大作文的写作都是议论文题材的，对写作方法和技巧方面还是有很多要求的。下面雅思就为大家整理了一个雅思大作文的写作方法，是关于根据原因和结果进行推理来写作的。大家可以在备考的时候，进行适当的参考。

雅思大作文的写作，最关键之处在于论述得当。支持句应使主题句更加令人信服，令考生的想法更加鲜明的呈现在考官面前。然而，中国考生在论述时往往存在一些误区：

一味重复主题，空洞解释。

此类段落不论字数多少，都给人空虚的感觉。考生往往为了凑足篇幅而不择手段。表面看来扩展了许多，但仔细体会永远只有一个意思。不得不让考官觉得即单调又啰嗦。

论述浮于表面，不达根源。

这类考生往往缺乏刨根究底的精神，总是在主旨周围绕圈子，不达中心。这也是中国考生的通病，看似八九不离十，却总也不愿把话点破，让考官怎能不又急又气。

在所有的扩展方式之中，因果推理法是最受用也是最透彻的方法。凡事先追溯到其原由，再扩展其结果，这是将主题阐述清晰、论述有力并且具有逻辑感的最佳手段。

例如在出国留学利弊这一题目之前，若考生单纯说有可能会使青少年学坏，难免缺乏说服力，但若紧接着扩展因为孩子高中毕业后思想上还不成熟，若认识不好的朋友会难以抵抗社会上不好的诱惑，那么此论点一定会让考官眉头舒展，点头认同。由此可见，善用此推理法会让议论文如虎添翼，事半功倍。

1.经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard .

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology.

4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges.

5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention.

8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/There is no denying that …

9.热烈的讨论/争论a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点a totally different argument

12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…

13.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in …

18.对…必不可少be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外…be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on …

22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

23.导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感/成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26.竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation

27.开阔眼界widen ones horizon/ broaden ones vision

28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration

31.从另一个角度from another perspective

32.做出共同努力make joint efforts

33.对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质comprehensive quality

37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach /above (或beyond) reproach

39.致力于/投身于be committed / devoted to…

40.应当承认Admittedly

摘要：雅思写作范文之科技发展，下面小编将为大家带来几篇雅思写作科技发展类的范文，雅思写作大作文有很多种话题素材，今天小编着重讲解一下科技发展类素材的范文，希望考鸭们关注本小编哦，我们会在第一时间公布更多最新最实用的写作素材。

雅思 写作范文之科技发展，下面是本小编带来的关于科学发展类的范文，如下：

题目：

Scientific and technological advances have changed our lives. But some scientists in some fields say that scientists are not able to find solutions to the problems they have created. To what extent do you agree or disagree

范文：

We sure live differently from our parents did decades ago. The changes are wide and profound. At the same time, we are facing challenges and problems unknown in the past. Could we find solutions to problems created by scientific developmentThe answer seems to be no.

Some of the most obvious problems caused by technological advances lie in the IT industry. At a time when we did not have computers and electronic bank services, people took money with them and paid by cash. If they were stolen, only the amount they had with them was lost. But now credit cards are more commonly used in shopping malls and other places, crimes again us have become more serious and caused greater losses to people. A thief may tape the code of your credit card and make a copy of it. Then he could safely withdraw all your money from an ATM machine. Crimes such as this are very sticky to solve because there is no witness and the surveillance cameras give little help to the police.

Another example is the issue of information control with the media industry including TV networks and Internet that give easy access to information without discrimination to people’s age. This has created a huge problem for parents and schools because teenage people are particularly vulnerable to adult materials and information violent in nature. In the past, when most information came in the form of print, it was relatively easy to control what children read. When a parent put away a book unsuitable for children, they were cut off from the source of information. With computer parents could use software to filter bad web sites but could not prevent new ones from appearing every day.

People are working very hard to solve such problems that come along with advances in science and technology, but the efforts are not sufficient and not very successful. Even with the little progress we have achieved, we find ourselves defeated by new problems with greater complexity and in wider scope.

In conclusion, developments in many fields of our life have brought us both benefits and problems. Developments in the banking industry give us greater convenience but making us targets of computer-based theft. Changes in media industry expose young people to inappropriate information difficult for parent’s control. However up until now, we have not successfully found permanent solutions yet.

以上就是小编带来的 雅思写作 科技发展类的范文，希望能对同学们有帮助，更多精彩范文请登录 小马 科技雅思频道官网。

相关字搜索： 雅思写作范文之科技发展

[雅思写作]雅思考试作文抢分秘笈

作文中常用句套：

下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),

要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.

开头：

When it comes to ..., some think ...

There is a public debate today that ...

A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点：

Now there is a growing awareness that...

It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：

... but that is only part of the history.

Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...

Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：

For example(instance),...

... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is...

A particular example for this is...

引用：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

（先说故事主体），this story is not rare.

..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因：

There are many reasons for ...

Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obiviously seen.

Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ...

Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：

>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

the conclusion that ...

In summary, it is wiser ...

In short...

在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中，

常见的使用形式如下：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

Useful quotations

逆境

by Robert Collier

In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

努力与成功

by Ann Landers

Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people dont recognize them.

坚持

by Ralph Waldo Emerson

No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.

Confucius 孔子

Our greatest glory is not in never falling...

but in rising every time we fall.

坚持

Mother Teresa

To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.

Henry Ford

Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.

Winston Churchill

Never, never, never, never give up.

Albert Einstein

In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

努力与成功

by Crassus

Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.

Thomas Edison

There is no substitute for hard work.

Leo Tolstoi

The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.

Thomas Jefferson

Im a great believer in luck,

and I find the harder I work...

the more I have of it.

Robert Collier

Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

Ray A. Croc

Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.

实际经验与间接经验

Youll learn more about a road by traveling it...

than by consulting all the maps in the world.

动机与结果

Vince Lombardi

Winning isnt everything...

but wanting to win is.

John F. Kennedy

We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.

Thucydides

The strong do what they will.

The weak do what they must.

为人态度：

John Wooden

Talent is God given--Be Humble.

Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.

Conceit is self given --Be Careful.

行动：

Theodore Roosevelt

Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.

Publilius Syrus Maxim

No one knows what he can do till he tries.

Terence

There is nothing so easy but that i

[1][2]下一页

[1][2]下一页

[雅思写作]雅思考试作文抢分秘笈

t becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.

Thomas Fuller

A wise man turns chance into good fortune.

William Hazlitt

Prosperity is a great teacher;

adversity is a greater.

William Penn

No pains, no palm;

no thorns, no throne;

no gall , no glory;

no cross, no crown.

Will Rogers

Even if youre on the right track, youll get run over... if you just sit there.

Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.

Knock rather on opportunitys door if you ardently wish to enter.

成功与失败

Vince Lombardi

Its not whether you get knocked down.

...Its whether you get up again.

Winston Churchill

An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;

a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.

热情（年轻/年老）

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

信心

James Allen

The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.

Samuel Johnson

Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.

Aughey

Lost time is never found again.

Voltaire

No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.

Napoleon

Victory belongs to the most persevering.

细心

Euipides

Leave no stone unturned.

计划与工作

Norman Vincent Peale

Plan your work for today and every day;

then work your plan.

Henry Ford

Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.

Thomas Edison

I start where the last man left off.

理想与现实

What the mind of man can conceive and believe,

the mind of a man can achieve.

勤奋

Benjamin Franklin

Plough deep while sluggards sleep.

目标

Henry David Thoreau

In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.

幸运

Emily Dickinson

Luck is not chance...

Its toil...

Fortunes expensive smile is earned.

勤奋

Thomas Edison

Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.

Useful Quotations

想象力

Albert Einstein

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

挑战：

Walter Begehot

The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.

机会与准备

Abraham Lincoln

I will prepare and some day my chance will come.

信心与事实

Henry Ford

Whether you think you can or think you cant -- you are right.

English Proverb

Where theres a will theres a way.

There is no failure excepting no longer trying.

Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.

上一页[1][2]

上一页[1][2]

大作文开头段往往要包含如下几个关键内容，即，介绍背景，引出有争议的话题，阐述对立观点和陈述作者自己的观点。无论使用还是不使用模板，这几个关键信息是一定要包含在开头段落当中的，不然云里雾里，只能是适得其反。

首先It is quite common these days.。。介绍背景，或者用The issue of ... is a complex and sensitive one。这样的句型来引出有争议话题，然后千篇一律地分别介绍对立双方观点，如Some individuals believe that..., while others hold the view that....最终用Personally, I agree with....至此，内容上完美无瑕，但恐怕考官心中已经大大打下“模板”两个字的烙印，这无疑对于想取得6分及以上的同学最不利的事情。下面，我们就来说说到底应该如何突破“模板病”。

例如，一道雅思写作高频题目，讨论到底大学应该教授实用性课程（如计算机和商科课程）还是传统课程（如历史和地理）。我们依然按照开头段应该包含的关键信息开始写作，但是却可以这样轻松突破：

These day there is a growing tendency for college students to have difficulties in finding jobs when they graduate.(介绍背景)A large number of people hold the opinion that lack of practical knowledge, among other things, contributes to this situation. In light of this, they contend that college teachers should lay more stress on practical courses than on traditional ones. (引出有争议的话题，并阐述大多数人的观点)For my part, I am in favour of their viewpoint。(作者观点)

这一段写得非常灵巧，第一句结合题目背景，介绍现如今有一种趋势，即大学毕业生很难找到工作，紧接着作者陈述有许多人认为这是由于学生缺少实用性的知识，并因此提出大学应该更多关注于教授实用性的知识，这一句将有争议话题的其中一方观点用因果链条清晰阐述。最后一句表达作者自己的立场，就是支持前面大多数人的想法。总的来看，这一段只提及了对立双方的其中一方观点，然后表达自己支持这一方观点。这就是一种对于开头段模板的超越，简单可行，只对其中一方观点清晰论证，然后表达自己的立场，无需对另一方观点赘述。这固然超越了八股文一样的“一些人认为……另一些人认为……，我认为……”，而是以四两拨千斤的方式，重点讲解一方观点，然后巧妙表达支持的态度。

另一道可以参考的题目是有关人们认为对于罪犯不应该只是关在监狱里，而应该对他们进行教育和劳动改造这样一道题目。我们依然给出这样一段：

How to handle criminals is a problem that all countries and societies face。(引出有争议的话题)Traditionally, the approach has been to punish them by placing them in prisons to pay for what they have done. Some, however, advocate for trying to make them better with training and education and it seems they may have a good point.

这一段在观点描述上是“出于模板而胜于模板”的典范，范文中将观点一演变为“传统上，人们都采取关监狱这种方法”，这就用陈述事实的方式，巧妙避讳了直接表达有些人认为应该把犯人关在监狱里；而观点二以及作者观点合并为一句，用一个and巧妙连接成一个并列句。开头段关键信息一网打尽。

以下这些常见同义词替换主要用于大作文写作，不必非要选择生僻词汇或是难词才能显示自己的水平，只需要将自己一些经常反复使用的词汇多多替换，一般来说就可以起到一定的效果。

1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle

2损害： Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize

3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford

4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster

5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength

6 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness

7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle

8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative

9 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced

10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve

11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge

12 有害的： Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental

13 要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition

14 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away

15 导致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate

16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this

17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to

18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to

19保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out

20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably

21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly

22 宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim

23 发生：Happen, occur, take place

24 原因：Reason, factor, cause

25 发展：Development, advance, progress

26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous

27 影响：Influence, impact, effect

28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear

29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose

30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to

31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径：

１．问题现状

２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

高考语文作文万能开头、结尾原则一：首尾相应结构严谨

例：

1、(开头)在城市尽头，没有繁华的街市，闪亮的霓虹;在城市的尽头，只有破旧的棚户区，有饱经生活风霜的生命;在城市的尽头、有他们这样一群人。

(结尾)太阳从地平线上升起，照亮了城市的尽头，照亮了他们的生活。

2、(开头)站在塞纳河畔，可以触摸巴黎时尚而又典雅的脉搏;身处第五大道、可以感受纽约华丽而又绚烂的气息;漫步银座街头，可以领略东京古老而又现代的文化;停留黄浦江边，可以体味上海兼容而又独特的精神……

(结尾)我在无限的思考中面对都市，触摸它的外壳，也渴望触摸它的灵魂。但愿有朝一日它的内质可以像外壳一样美丽动人，但愿有朝一日那些虚假与轻浮都会变得真实与坚固，但愿是"云销雨霁，彩彻区明"，但愿我们可以重新触摸到都市那由内而外的如花般缩放的美丽。

高考语文作文万能开头、结尾原则二：自然收束

例：

(开头)人生，其实就是一次过程，很多事，很多人，失败过，经历过才会懂，才会成熟。当失败来临的时候，不要伤悲，而应该看作是一次成长的机会，一次锻炼的机会。冲过去，会更美好、更灿烂的生活等着你，更会有一番成就感;如果退而不前，那只能迎来更多的失败，更多人生的遗憾。

(结尾)当我们快要走完人生路时，回首这一生，特别是那些困难和失败时，会觉得，或许正是由于这些，丰富了我们的人生，战胜、克服了它们，才让我们的人生更加完美无瑕。

高考语文作文万能开头、结尾原则三：画龙点睛

例：

(开头)怆然的灾难，古来有之。然而历史由古而今谁可曾见过这般振奋人心，撼天动地的团结?《史记》有云：民与民同心，则家安之，君与民同心，则国兴之。在今天，这是人民与人民，人民与国家，国家与世界的携手，何愁家不安，何愁国不兴?

(结尾)青山一道，我们同历风雨，团聚一处。而将五洲四海的人们集汇在-起的纽带，也许，是这样的期望：为天下立心，为生民立命，为往圣续绝学，为万世开太平!

高考语文作文万能开头、结尾原则四：使用诗歌

例：

流光容易把人抛，红了樱桃，绿了芭蕉。走在自己生命路上，有时很难看清自己是否走了弯路。不妨跳出来，调准焦距，才能照出最好生活。

高考语文作文万能开头、结尾原则五：妙用修辞

对象要素法：每一个雅思写作题目都包括很多的要素，在我们准备这些雅思写作的时候，就可以从这些要素入手，逐一分析，这样就会让整个雅思写作更加的全面。

考题：air transport is increasingly used to export fruits and vegetables to some coutries where can not be grown or out of season. Some people think it is not justified. What is your opinion?

我们可从话题所涉及的各个对象出发，如空运水果蔬菜是否合理，那么空运水果蔬菜所涉及的对象就多了，包括出口国，进口国，消费者，航空公司和政府。

对各个要素的分析：

1. for consumers, they can taste some foreign foods without going to other countries.

2. for transporters, such operation can bring much income. Actually, only about 40% seats of plane are in service in off-seasons compared to offering discounted plane tickets, transporting foods may be a better choice.

3. for exporters, such orders are gold of their business. With the development of technology, the yield is increasing, but if those foods can not be sold immediately, they may decay/rot/ go bad/ moldy. The air transportation just solves this problem and brings money for them.

在雅思考试中，写作部分要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇作文。第一篇是小作文，要求考生描述图表反映的内容和问题，字数为150个词以上：第二篇是大作文，要求考生根据题目要求写一篇议论文，字数为250个词以上。写作单项的满分为9分，采取半分制：写作部分的总分是小作文分数的1/3加上大作文分数的2/3。由于分值权重方面的原因，很多考生都高度重视大作文，却忽视了小作文的重要性。这主要表现为两种情况：一是考生平时很少练习小作文，导致其在20分钟内无法完成小作文，从而挤占了大作文的写作时间：二是由于比较看重大作文，一部分考生在考试的时候会选择先写大作文，并因过于谨慎仔细而占用了很多时间，最终导致没有时间完成小作文。这两种情况都会导致考生的写作成绩被拖后腿。

根据写作部分的计分权重来算，对于写作分数目标是5.5分的考生，一般来说有以下两种方案可选：

方案A：小作文5分，大作文6分，写作成绩=5.5分：方案B：小作文6分，大作文5分，写作成绩=5.5分。这两个方案殊途同归，但是因为大作文比小作文难拿到高分，因而方案B比较容易实现。这就意味着，写作分数目标是5.5分的考生应重点提高小作文的写作水平。

1. It seems certain that they have made a series ofexperiments.

2. It is said that bats have been using radar formillions of years.

3. To tell the truth , many mistakes we made could havebeen avoided.

4. As we know, it was not until recently that the problemwas solved.

5. It must be admitted that you havent done what youpromised to do.

6. It is a common saying that man who has a settledpurpose will surely succeed.

7. It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.

8. It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to worktwenty hours each day.

9. Its hard to say whether the plan is practicable.

10. There is no doubt that you will be helped by othersif you have any difficulties.

11. The oceans do not so much divide theworld as unite it.

12. There is no denying the fact that the new managementmethod has greatly increased the production.

13. There is no denying the fact that the new managementmethod has greatly increased the production.

14. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprisedthat he couldnt utter a word.

15. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficultfor one who sets his mind to it.

16. In my opinion, this computer is different from thatone you saw.

17. It is certain that we have a long way to go.

18. All this shows that nothing can prevent us fromreaching our aims.

19. As far as we know, it took him more than a year towrite the book.

20. It has been proved that every substance, no matterwhat it is, is made up of atoms.

21. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basicState policies to control population growth while raising the quality of thepopulation.

22. It is (has been) estimated that the worldspopulation could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.

23. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret ofsuccess but hard work.

24. It can be seen from this that there is no difficultyin the world we cannot overcome.

25. As is known man is the product of labour.

26. Our goal must be attained. Our goal canunquestionably be attained.

27. Noting can prevent us from realizing the fourmodernizations.

28. Now in China, more and more families can afford tobuy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, videocorders.

29. No matter how difficult English may be, you should doyour best to learn it.

30. It can be said that without knowledge of science andtechnology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations.

31. It has been decided that we are going to build arailway whose base must be completed within this year.

32. It is obvious (evident) that the success of theinnovation depends on our concerted efforts.

33. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have noother choice.

34. It is natural that one may have trouble expressingcomplicated ideas in simple English.

35. What is more important, the agreement they havenegotiated is being carried out.

36. We will be successful as long as we persevere.

37. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may notapply to things happening here.

38. It is true that we must redouble our efforts;otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.

39. I take it for granted that they will support thisidea.

40. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is aperson who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中，才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择地背诵，是有意义地记忆，因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

雅思小作文一般都是图表作文，首先要知道的就是雅思图表作文的几种主要类型：表格图，曲线图，饼状图和综合性图表四大类，那么雅思图表作文应该怎么完成呢?下面为大家分享四类图表作文要点，希望对大家有所帮助!

一、雅思表格图图表作文的写作要点

1横向比较。介绍横向各个数据的区别，变化和趋势

2不需要将每一个数据分别说明，突出强调数据最大值和最小值

3最对比时要总结出数据对比最悬殊的和最小的

二、雅思曲线图图表作文的写作要点

1极点说明。即，对图表当中最高的，最低的点要单独进行说明

2趋势说明。即，对图表当中曲线的连续变化进行说明，如上升，下降，波动，持平

3交点说明。即，对图表当中多根曲线的交点进行对比说明

三、雅思饼状图图表雅思作文的写作要点

1介绍各扇面及总体的关系

2各个扇面之间的比较，同类扇面在不同时间，不同地点的比较

3重点突出特点最明显的扇面：最大的，最小的，互相成倍的

四、雅思综合图图表作文的写作要点

1不求甚解，不拘泥于细节

2分门别类，分段落详细介绍各个图表

3不画蛇添足，主观臆断或猜测图表之间的关系

以上就是这四类雅思图表作文的写作要点介绍，对于各个图表的特点和描写的重点的不同进行了对比，大家可以在备考自己的雅思图表作文考试的时候，提前进行适当的参考和借鉴。

注意：以上信息整理来自网络，仅供参考!

一、常用英语谚语

1.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩

2.All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子

3.All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马

4.A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半

5.Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊

6.A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里

7.Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母

8.Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母

9.It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老

10.Knowledge is power.知识就是力量

11.Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人

二、引出开头

1. It is well-known to us that…(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned...就我所知……)

2.Recently the problem of… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over …(最近……问题引起了关注)

3.Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)

4.Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)

5.With the rapid development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…(随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……)

6.It is a common belief that…==It is commonly believed that…(人们一般认为……)

7.A lot of people seem to think that…(很多人似乎认为……)

8.It is universally acknowledged that +句子(全世界都知道……)

三、表达不同观点

1.Peoples views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that…However, others believe that…(人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)

2.People may have different opinions on…(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)

3.Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)

4：There are different opinions among people as to…(对于……人们的观点大不相同)

四、提出建议

1.It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)

2.There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…(毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视)

3.Obviously, if we want to do something … it is essential that…(显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……)

4.Only in this way can we …(只有这样，我们才能……)

5.Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

五、预示后果

1.Obviously, if we dont control the problem, the chances are that…will lead us in danger.(很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险)

2.No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that …(毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……)

3.It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)

六、表示论证

1.From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)

2.I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…(我无法完全同意这一观点)

3.As far as I am concerned/In my opinion, ...(就我来说……)

4.I sincerely believe that…==I am greatly convinced (that)子句。(我真诚地相信……)

5.Finally， to speak frankly， there is also a more practical reason why …(最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……)

七、给出原因

1.The reason why + 句子 ...is that + 句子(……的原因是……)

2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First, ... , Second, ... ,Third, ... . 这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…

3.For one thing, ... For another thing, ... ==On the one hand, ... On the other hand…一方面……另一方面……

4.I quite agree with the statement that…The reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述，即……其主要原因如下。

八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法

1.The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……

2.As far as something is concerned,…就某事而言，……

3.It is obvious that…很显然……

4.It may be true that…but it doesnt mean that…可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……

5.It is natural to believe that…but we shouldnt ignore that…认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……

6.There is no evidence to suggest that…没有证据表明……

九、表示好处和坏处

1.It has the following advantages.它有如下优势

2.It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处

3It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处

十、表示重要、方便、可能

1.It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……

2.It plays an important role in our life.

十一、采取措施

1.We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施

2.We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难

3.We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……

4.We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难。

十二、显示变化

1.Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2.Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3.It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从……增加/减少到……

4.The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%

十三、表明事实现状

1.We cannot ignore the fact that…我们不能忽略这个事实……

2.No one can deny the fact that…没人能否认这个事实……

3.This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 4：be closely related to ~~ (与……息息相关)

十四、进行比较

1.Compared with A, B……与A比较，B…

2.I prefer to read rather than watch TV.

十五、表示结尾

1.In short, it can be said that…(总之，他的意思是……)

2.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that…(从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……)

3.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that…(把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……)

4.Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that…(因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……)

5：There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点)

6.All in all, we cannot live without…, but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)

审题：议论文的基本要求是250个字，高分大多在300字左右。建议完成时间是40分钟，图标作文完成时间是20分钟。确定读者对象，应当选用正式文体，措辞礼貌，不必使用专业词汇。注意文字要求，部分作文题目有：you should use your own ideas,knowledge and experience and support your agreements with examples and relevant evidence 的字样，意思为必须用自己的想法、知识体系、经验来支持你的论点。

在题目中出现多个问号的情况一般多为报告类作文，只需要按照问号顺序依次解答问题即可。还有一些作文题目中出现多个问号连续发问式，要求辨别问句之间的主从关系。一般以后一个问题为主，前一个问题为辅。

构思：思路

第一步：在纸上记录能想起来的与作文有关主体和方向有关的所有具体信息。

第二步：根据短时间内得到的信息，决定自己的写作方向。

第三步：从已经罗列出的信息，即正反方论据中总结自己的论点，并且进行加工和排列。

第四步：在具体写作的时候，根据论点的需要，在草稿纸上挑选适当的论据。

生活化细节联想，逆向思维联想。

在拓展思路时，一定避免定向的，大而空的思维模式，尽量把作文题目大处化小，小处化细，细处才可见真情。

我们的写作过程中怎么少的了素材呢，下面是语文迷网整理提供的高考写作万能素材，希望对你有帮助。

一、鱼儿不会说话

美国联邦议会批准了在小田纳西河上修建一座用于发电的水库，先后投入了一亿多美元。当大坝工程即将完工的时候，生物学家们发现大坝底有一种叫蜗牛鱼的珍稀鱼类，如果大坝最终建成的话，将影响这种鱼生活的环境而导致这种鱼的灭绝。于是环保组织向法院提出了诉讼，要求大坝停工并放弃修建水库的计划，但在第一次诉讼中，他们失败了：初审法院认为大坝已经接近完工，浪费纳税人一亿多美元的钱去保护一个鱼种是不明智的，拒绝判决大坝停工。环保组织又上诉到最高法院。

终于，这些小鱼儿在最高法院赢得了它们的权利，依据是联邦1973年颁布的《濒危物种法案》。这些小鱼儿可以在它们的家园自由地栖息，而它们身边是那被永久废弃的价值一亿多美元的大坝。

二、将军和驴子

古罗马皇帝哈德良曾经碰到过这样一个问题。

皇帝手下的一位将军，觉得他应该得到提升，便在皇帝面前提到这件事，以他的长久服役为理由。“我应该升更重要的领导岗位”，他报告，“因为，我的经验丰富，参加过10次重要战役。”

哈德良皇帝是一个对人及才华有着高明判断力的人，他不认为这位将军有能力担任更高的职务，于是他随意指着绑在周围的战驴说：

“亲爱的将军，好好看这些驴子，它们至少参加过20次战役，可他们仍然是驴子。”

三、马蝇效应

1860年美国总统大选结束后，林肯当选为总统。他任命参议员萨蒙?蔡斯为财政部长。

有许多人反对这一任命。因为蔡斯虽然能干，但十分狂妄自大，他本想入主白宫，却输给了林肯，他认为自己比林肯要强得多，对林肯也非常不满，并且一如既往地追求总统职位。

林肯对关心他的朋友讲了这样一个故事：

“在农村长大的朋友们一定知道什么是马蝇了。有一次，我和我的兄弟在肯塔基老家的一个农场犁玉米地，我吆马，他扶犁。这匹马很懒，但有一段时间它却在地里跑得飞快，连我这双长腿都差点跟不上。到了地头，我发现有一只很大的马蝇叮在它身上，我随手就把马蝇打落了。我兄弟问我为什么要打落它，我说我不忍心看着这匹马那样被咬。我兄弟说：“唉呀，正是这家伙才使马跑得快嘛。”

然后，林肯说：“如果现在有一只叫‘总统欲’的马蝇正叮着蔡斯先生，那么只要它能使蔡斯和他的那个部不停地跑，我就不想去打落它。”

四、大错误与小错误

日本松下公司的创始人松下幸之助以经营技巧高超，管理方法先进，被誉为“经营之神。”

后滕清一原是三洋电机公司的副董事长，后来投奔松下公司，在担任厂长时，工厂失火烧掉了。后滕清一心中十分惶恐;以为不被革职也要降级。不料松下接到报告后，只对他说了四个字：

“好好干吧!”

松下这样做，并不是姑息部下的过错。以往，即使只是打电话的方式不当，后滕也会受到松下严厉的斥责。这种作风可以说是松下管人的秘决。由于这次火灾发生后没有受到惩罚，后滕自然会心怀愧疚，对松下也会更加忠心效命，并以加倍的工作来回报。

松下的这种做法，巧妙地抓住了人类的心理。在犯小错误时，本人多半并不在意，因此需要严加斥责，以引起他的注意;相反犯下大错误时，傻子也知道自省，因此就不必要再去给予严厉的批评了。

五、大火烧出的奇迹

1933年，正当经济危机在美国蔓延的时候，哈理逊纺织公司因一场大火化为灰烬。3000名员工悲观地回到家里，等待着董事长宣布公司破产和失业风暴的来临。在无望而又漫长的等待中，他们终于接到了董事会的一封信：向全公司员工继续支薪1个月。

在全国上下一片萧条的时候，能有这样的消息传来，员工们深感意外。他们惊喜万分，纷纷打电话或写信向董事长亚伦?傅斯表示感谢。

1个月后，正当他们为下个月的生活发愁时，他们又接到公司的第二封信，董事长宣布，再支付全体员工薪酬1个月。3000名员工接到信后，不再是意外和惊喜，而是热泪盈眶。在失业席卷全国、人人生计无着的时候，能得到如此照顾，谁不会感激万分呢?第二天，他们纷纷拥向公司，自发地清理废墟、擦洗机器，还有一些人主动去南方一些州联络被中断的货源。3个月后，哈理逊公司重新转了起来。对这一奇迹，当时的《基督教科学箴言报》是这样描述的：员工们使出浑身的解数，日夜不懈地卖力工作，恨不得一天干25小时，曾劝董事长傅斯领取保险公款一走了之和批评他感情用事、缺乏商业精神的人开始服输。

现在，哈理逊公司已成为美国最大的纺织品公司，分公司遍布五大洲50多个国家。

六、发泄

一天，陆军部长斯坦顿来到林肯那里，气呼呼地对他说一位少将用侮辱的话指责他偏袒一些人。林肯建议斯坦顿写一封内容尖刻的信回敬那家伙。

“可以狠狠地骂他一顿。”林肯说。

斯坦顿立刻写了一封措辞强烈的信，然后拿给总统看。

“对了，对了。”林肯高声叫好，“要的就是这个!好好训他一顿，真写绝了，斯坦顿。”

但是当斯坦顿把信叠好装进信封里时，林肯却叫住他，问道：“你要干什么?”

“寄出去呀。”斯坦顿有些摸不着头脑了。

“不要胡闹。”林肯大声说，“这封信不能发，快把它扔到炉子里去。凡是生气时写的信，我都是这么处理的。这封信写得好，写的时候你己经解了气，现在感觉好多了吧，那么就请你把它烧掉，再写第二封信吧。”

英语写作的开头结尾是写作的重点。下面语文迷为大家带来了经典的句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

一、教育类

● And gladly would learn , and gladly teach .( Chaucer , British pot

勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人, 乔叟)

●Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune .(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher)

与其不受教育,不如不生,因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

●Genius without education is like silver in the mine. (Benjamin Franklin , American president )

未受教育的天才，犹如矿中之银。 (美国总统 富兰克. B.)

●The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet .(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher )

教育的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。( 古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德)

二、知识类

●Activity is the only road to knowledge .(George Bernard Shaw , British

dramatist)

行动是通往知识的唯一道路。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)

●A free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books .(Thomas Jefferson ,

American president)

一个自由的人除了从书本上获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识。(美国总统

杰斐逊 . T.)

●A great part to the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way .(Adams Franklin , American humorist )

我的大部分知识都是这样获得的：在寻找某个资料时意外的发现了另上的资料。(美国幽默作家

富兰克林. A.)

●If a man empties his purse into his head , no man can take it away from him , an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest .(Benjamin Franklin ,

American president )

倾已所有追求知识，没有人能夺走它;向知识投资，收益最佳。(美国总统

富兰克林. B.)

●Imagination is more important than knowledge .(Albert Einstein , American scientist )

想象力比知识更为重要。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A. )

●Knowledge is power . (Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

知识就是力量。 (英国哲学家 培根. F.)

●The empty vessels make the greatest sound . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist )

满瓶不响，半瓶咣当。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)