2017年高考英语写作指导汇编四篇 作文范文【汇编20篇】

【示例一】

①Judging from the pictures, we can clearly infer that the drawer’s intention is ________(主题句).② ________(扩展句).③For one thing/First of all/Firstly, ________(第一个层面). ④For another/Besides/Moreover/In addition/Secondly, ________(第二个层面). ⑤Thus/As a result/Therefore/Finally, ________(总结句).

【示例二】

①To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to show us that ________(主题句),yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. ② ________(扩展句)is naturally associated with, to be specific ________(第一个层面). ③Besides/Moreover/In addition, ________(第二个层面)。④As a result/Therefore, ________(总结句).

写人必须从具体的事情之中写人，写事也必须通过人的活动来写事。

人因事而鲜活，事因人而彰显。人事相因，互为依托。因此，要想写出人物的鲜明个性，就必须记述人物的二三事；而要写出事情的曲折波澜，也必须把握好人物的思想性格。

世界上没有两片相同的树叶，作为有着自然的、社会的、精神的各种属性的人那就更是千差万别、各不相同了。

一、什么是人物的个性特征?

个性特征，是指一个人在思想、品质、行为、习惯等方面异于他人的特征。由于人们的生活经历和所处的社会环境不同，因而个性的差异是普遍存在的，即使是同一种思想品质，在表现形式上也总有这样那样的区别，不会完全相同。因此，我们在作文中描写人物的时候，应该着重表现人物的这种个性特征，这样才会把人物写得栩栩如生、惟妙惟肖，才会感染读者。通过人物的心理或肖像或动作或语言等描写来刻画人物性格特征的例子可以说不胜枚举。

二、怎样才能写出人物的个性?

１．运用语言、外貌、动作等勾勒人物形象。    描写人物的语言和行动，应注意以下问题：

第一，要注意语言和行动描写必须切合人物身份，符合人物的年龄与地位，做到“言如其人”，“行如其人”。

第二，要注意语言、行动描写必须符合人物的性格。人物具有怎样的性格特征，就会有怎样的言行。要写出个性，必须抓住有代表性的言行进行描写。

第三，要注意言行往往是相关联的，有怎样的言，就有怎样的行。描写人物的语言和行动，要协调一致，共同体现人物的性格特征。

写好肖像，以形传神。写肖像，一定要学会刻画眼睛。眼睛是心灵的窗户，透过这个窗户，可以窥视人物内心的种种变化，把握人物的性格特征。鲁迅先生就说：“要极俭省的画出一个人的特点，最好是画他的眼睛。”画眼睛，就是要把人物的眼睛中最传神的特点表现出来，使人物形神兼备。怎样才能画好人物的眼睛呢？

一是要让人物的眼睛反映人物的经历、遭遇、处境和人物的内心变化。鲁迅的《祝福》多次写祥林嫂的眼睛、眼光、眼神，借以表现祥林嫂的不幸遭遇和性格的变化。

二是要让人物的眼睛反映出人物的年龄、个性和不同的情绪。人物的年龄、性格、情绪不同，他们的眼神和目光也会不同。

比如孩子的眼睛可以是“明澄得像水晶一样“，而老人的眼睛则应当留下生活刻下的印记，或是饱经沧桑，或是沉静平和慈详，或睿智深邃。刚强自信的人会拥有熠熠生辉的双眸，而脆弱自卑的人眼光是躲躲闪闪游离不定。

眼睛可写满渴望写满期待，希望工程的代表宣传画——魏明娟的大眼睛；眼睛可写满兴奋写满激动，成功者噙着泪花的眼睛；眼睛也可写满绝望，吸毒者无神的眼睛；写满忧郁感伤，刚强自信的人会拥有熠熠生辉的双眸，而脆弱自卑的人眼光是躲躲闪闪游离不定。

总之，只有写出人物的鲜明的个性特征，才能给读者留下深刻印象。似想，有这样一个人，个子不高不矮，身体不胖不瘦，脸色不黑不白，眼睛不大不小，鼻子不高不低，嘴巴不宽不窄，耳朵不圆不长-------你猜他（她）是谁？再比如有这样一个人，黑脸短毛，长嘴大耳，圆身肥肚，穿一领青不青、蓝不蓝的梭布直裰，提一柄九齿钉耙 ------你道他（她）又是谁？

对于前者，恐怕你苦思冥想也得不出个圆满的答案来，都是，又都不是；而对于后者，相信你一定会脱口而出：猪八戒！这两个人，为什么前一个猜不出，后一个一猜就中呢？关键就在于前者只简单介绍了人物的外貌，没有写出特征，更没有写出人物的个性，后者则不然。

许多同学认为要写出人物特征，最简单的方法便是从人物的肖像描写入手，千人千面，人的外表是很少有雷同的。八戒丑陋的外形下带着他的憨态，憨态的骨子里刻着“馋”、“懒”，也刻着“情”、“义”，恐怕这就是他立体生动的原因。这样看来，要真正把握人物的整体风貌，光写外貌是不行的，还需要从多方面、多角度去表现人物。

我们还是以猪八戒为例。虽然孙大圣的勇猛和机智夺走了读者许多的视线，但这不妨碍我们喜爱猪八戒。当然，他并不美，与孙悟空的小巧机灵一比，他愈发显得笨拙；他的武艺不错，但在金箍棒的威力下，他绝不敢逞强（高老庄的一场厮杀除外）；他的心眼似乎也不能说很好，在沙和尚的老实忠厚面前，他的懒惰与自私是藏也藏不住的。但就是这么一个缺点多多的人，他给我们带来了许多人间的烟火味，一种属于凡人的个性特征。他的这些特点不是三言两语所能说清的，作者就用多个事例来具体地描绘给我们看。因此，我们才看到了这样一个猪八戒：在高老庄，变身为壮汉的他食量大如牛，一人可抵好几个庄稼汉，你能说他不是一个勤劳的好农民吗？奉师命去寻找食物，他美滋滋地吃了一顿大西瓜，然后懒洋洋地睡了一个好觉，这样一个八戒，怎能逃脱“馋”和“懒”的评语！孙猴子被赶回了老家，八戒不也是依依不舍？大师兄不在的日子里，师傅有难，他不也是奋不顾身与妖魔斗得天昏地暗？这样一个八戒，不也是有情有义？当然，我们也忘不了他在三位菩萨变化而成的美女面前，丑态百出，这不又是一个活脱脱的好色之徒？--------就是通过众多的事例，从多个方面，写出了一个世俗的、有着人间男子的大多数优缺点的八戒。

２．通过细节表现人物个性    作文必须重视细节，如果不善于捕捉生活中的细节并合理利用的话，那么我们的文章可能无力承载浓厚的情感，无法很好地表达自己，更谈不上去感动别人。拿一把放大镜，定格住人物在特定情境下的瞬间表现，人物便会因此而生动立体。如我前面所举的严监生因两根灯芯不肯闭眼的例子。下面还是谈一下我们熟悉的猪八戒。当调皮的孙悟空抖出他私设“小金库”的隐私时，他嘴里嘀嘀咕咕地发着无意义的牢骚，一边很不情愿地从大耳朵中掏出几钱银子来，这样一个细节让我们无法忽视，无法不发出会心的微笑。

什么是细节描写?

细节描写是指对人物、环境的某一局部、某一特征的具体描绘，或是对事物发展中某一细微事实（事态）的形象描写。细节描写可以分为动作性细节描写、语言性细节描写、肖像性细节描写等。

如何通过生动的细节描写来表现人物的个性?

首先得选择好细节。细节叙写要力求生动、细致、传神。细节描写可以通过人物的言行、习惯、心理、服饰、行身立事的方法等方面来表现。

同学们特别要注意这些看起来好像不影响叙事的细节，正是这些细节使得文章生动自然并且有深度，内容也会很充实。而同学们写叙事记人的文章最大缺点就是容易把文章写得流水账一样:

“今天我晚了一点起床，把单车骑得飞快去上学，突然‘砰’的一声——胎爆了，只好去补胎，迟到了，被老师罚跑了两圈，今天真倒霉！”，根本没有什么细节，甚至连最基本的详略都没有。写人物忌空洞地叙说，否则，写出来的人必然是苍白的，干瘪的。描写人物须“当如镜中取影，妍媸好丑令观者自知”，要让人物自己说话，自己行动，“个个活跳”，而不是作者下评语，加论断。

通过细节描写表现人物个性的主要问题是细节选择不当，不能表现人物个性的本质方面；细节描写不生动传神，甚至给人虚假的感觉。

3.写好环境，以景写人

因为人物的言谈举止、神情心态只有在特定的环境中，才具有表现个性的意义。我们写人物的时候，也要注意运用环境，可以用环境与人物的行动肖像互相烘托，比如写一个热闹的聚会和朋友兴高才烈的言行及笑脸；同样，也可以用环境与人物的行动肖像进行对比烘托，同样是写一个热闹的聚会，你也可写发现为聚会不停忙碌的母亲白发又多几根。

4.正面描写与侧面描写相结合

写人物可以直接写他的言行举止，有时直接写人物言行举止表达不出他的精神，也可以采用侧面描写的方法。成语“沉鱼落雁，闭月羞花”用的也是侧面描写这个方法。

三、如何选材

刻画人物往往需要选取两三件事来表现人物性格特征，选材时，就要选用几件事或者表现一个人某一方面的个性特点和本质，或者从不同侧面来表现人物的几个方面的个性品质和特点。

通过二三事表现人物要注意的主要问题是必须通过精彩的片断来表现，而不要将二三事叙述得完整具体，使行文冗长平淡。要从不同的角度来选择二三事。如果表现的角度一致，事实上成了材料的堆砌。选材时要把握好二三事之间的外在和内在逻辑联系，使文章眉目清晰，形成一个有机的整体。

四、小结

一、什么是人物的个性特征?

二、怎样才能写出人物的个性?

１．运用语言、外貌、动作等勾勒人物形象。写好肖像，以形传神

２．通过细节表现人物个性。什么是细节描写。如何通过生动的细节描写来表现人物的个性。

3 . 写好环境，以景写人。

4 . 正面描写与侧面描写相结合。

三、如何选材。选取两三件事来表现人物性格特征。

见字如见人，一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感，就算文章写的不错，主题鲜明，文字优美，意境深远，但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得，书写是文章的服饰，标点是文章的呼吸，丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚。三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号，一篇文章，应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了，“感情分”也就上去了!

1、书写工整，拿到卷面分，更拿到印象分;

2、标题鲜明，不仅要扣题，更要不“土气”;

3、开篇和结尾可以根据时间状况选择先打草稿，争取简练精彩，展示扣题和文采。(不仅改卷老师印象好，更能降低偏离主题的风险);

4、文章分段比例安排好。(小编有一句：每段不要超5行，开头结尾2行半，整篇文章5、6段);

5、材料鲜活，这需要平时高质量的积累和阅读;

6、锤炼语言，要有几句精炼的有内涵的语句升华主题，增加文章的思想深度。(这需要大量的积累，和一定思辨能力)

7、时间分配要合理，要有时间观念，要留出充裕作文时间进行充足的思考。(最好确保至少几分钟的审题时间)，同时也要注意时间安排，把握节奏。

8、注意不要写错别字，按往年标准是1字1分(不重复)，扣满5分!有时间的同学要进行检查。

9、一定要满足字数条件，不足者按往年标准，是每50字1分扣的!

实在想不出来时间又紧迫的，要智取：“无病呻吟”法、”翻来覆去“法等等(多发感慨、换个语句说法来阐述同个意思);

时间非常紧迫，无计可施也只能采取下策争取：”铺天盖地法“(多用字符，数行一段)。

在考研英语的小作文部分，历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型，投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等，但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中，翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷，常常发现这些归为一大类，终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要，下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招，让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例：Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例：I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求，从中寻找名词或动词

例：Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示，把名词具体化，把动词近义词化。

例：I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例：I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名，一般格式为：Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括：说明投诉原因并表示遗憾，实事求是阐述问题发生的经过，指出问题引起的后果，提出批评及处理意见，督促对方采取措施，提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人，就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括：表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因，提出补救办法，再次表示致歉，并希望得到谅解，提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的，该书信内容通常包括：表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

在2018考研的战场上，一分意味着上线与下线，一分意味着录取与非录取，所以，拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名，取得理想佳绩!

[考研英语书信写作方法

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1.问题现状

2.怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）

In recent days，we have to face I problem——A，which is becoming more and more serious. First，——（说明A的现状）。Second，——（举例进一步说明现状）

Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，——（解决方法一）。 For another ——（解决方法二）。 Finally， ——（解决方法三）。

Personally， I believe that ——（我的解决方法）。 Consequently， I‘m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ——（带来的好处）。

我有多想，能像徐志摩一般，撑一支长篙，在星辉斑斓里放歌。

我有多想，能像易安一样，咏出“死亦为鬼雄”的壮语，一骋豪迈之情。

我有多想，能像沈从文先生那样，将灵秀展示给读者。

我又多么想，能像鲁迅先生那般，以笔为矛，直刺人间的不平。

这些都只是埋在心中的爱恋，因为我知道，这都离不开学好语文，可语文，我想说爱你，可真不容易啊!

不是说有一千个读者，就有一千个哈姆雷特吗?那为什么在学语文时，我们就不能有自己的哈姆雷特呢?而要把我们列到一千零一个上呢?语文考试时的现代文阅读理解题为什么总有标准答案?只能这样理解，不能那样理解?我们像园丁修过的花木，一个个都修圆了。还有什么个性可张扬，还有什么特长可发挥?语文老师耐心地教我们解题步骤，教我们答题技巧，还有那么多妙招、怪招、金点子、鬼点子，这不就是为了套那个标准答案吗?学会这种套标准答案的技巧，就学好了语文吗?我甚为不解。

我始终坚持笔随心动，我享受美文给我带来的快乐，我更愿意自由自在地在自己想象的蓝天里飞翔。我是风，带着自己的思考，飞出了老师的条条框框。但这是要付出沉重代价的。我如此深沉地爱着你，语文，可是打满红叉叉的试卷，让我一次又一次地陷入尴尬之中。语文，我想说爱你，真不容易。

尽管语文是我的最爱，但每到考试，语文就成了我的最怕。参加数理化外语的考试，我像一名勇士冲上了战场，有一种立功的冲动，杀敌的快感。可一到考语文，就像铁锤砸在棉包上--心里七上八下，真不知那刁钻占怪的标准答案，我能不能套得上。真是要祷告上苍，阿门。

钱钟书说：“吃了一个鸡蛋，觉得味道很好，为什么要去看下蛋的母鸡?”我想说：“吃了一个鸡蛋，觉得味道很好，为什么偏要让人人都说好得一样?”难道语文真是这么旧事吗?还是我们的语文教学，语文考试真该改一改了?

语文，什么时候能让我们说，爱你很容易呢?

导语：2017年1月10日，重庆一名老人倒地受伤。女医生谭永超正好从旁边过，马上跪地按压急救，直至救护车到来，老人最终化险为夷。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

历史无非就是问题的消亡和解决，现实也无非是问题的存在和发展。从辩证法的角度看待我们所处的世界，本身就是一个不断发现问题、解决问题的过程。关键是要把问题放在中国的现实语境中观察，与国情对接、跟现实对表。

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

2017年1月10日，重庆一名老人倒地受伤。女医生谭永超正好从旁边过，马上跪地按压急救，直至救护车到来，老人最终化险为夷。报道说，女医生的丈夫在那一瞬心里转过很多念头，老人身份不明、伤情不明、受伤原因也不确定啊!况且胸外心脏按压急救动作幅度、频率都比较大，妻子怀孕6个月了，不宜做剧烈运动……谭医生却没有丝毫犹豫，说这是做医生的习惯，见到病人就要冲上去。现场抢救的照片被人拍下上传网络，网友们点赞如潮。都夸：好医生啊!

请全面理解材料内涵，也可以选择一个角度，联系生活实际构思作文，但不可脱离材料的含意。

要求：立意自定，内容自选，题目自拟，除诗歌外，文体不限。

材料没有难度，一个身份不明的伤者，一位善良的医生，一名体贴的丈夫，一群热心的网友，一个有温度的故事。但如何让善念形成本能反应，如何挖掉恶行背后的养成土壤，值得我们深思。

站在谭永超医生的角度：①让善行成为习惯，让善念成为本能。②救死扶伤是医生的天职，恪守职责是公民基本的道德规范。

站在谭医生丈夫的角度：①小爱在左，大爱在右;患得患失，常常让人见义而不为。②见义勇为与理性同行，应建立在现实条件的基础上。

站在网友的角度：①让正能量化作时代的洪流;惩恶扬善，人人有责。②见贤思齐，见不贤而内自省也。③心存善念，爱满天下。

综合的角度：①每个公民既要守住真善，塑造自我，更要关爱他人，惠及社会。②道德选择离不开平时的养成。③勿以善小而不为，勿以恶小而为之。④铲除恶行滋生的土壤。

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

1.dogoodto(对。。。有益)，doharmto(对。。。有害）

Readingdoesgoodtoourmind.

2.Thereisnodenyingthat+S+V…(不可否认的。。。）

Thereisnodenyingthatbecomingavolunteerphasized.

20.由于这些理由，我…Forthesereasons,I….

21.总而言之…Inconclusion,…=Tosumup,…

22.因此我们能下个结论，那就是…

Wecan,therefore,cometotheconclusion(that)子句

23.如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地…

Ifwecandoasmentionedabove,therecanbenodoubt(that)子句

24.因此，这就是…的原因Thus,thisisthereasonwhy….

25.所以，我们应该了解…Therefore,weshouldrealize(that)子句

26.因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了…

We,therefore,canmakeclearfromtheabovediscussion(that)子句

27.1.从～观点来看…Fromthe～pointofview,…

2.根据～的看法…Accordingto～pointofview,….

“任性”这个词在2014年网络上出现的频率极高，成为了流行语，如“有钱就任性”、“有才就任性”、“有闲就任性”……这些词语反映了人生态度、价值追求、社会心理，引起了人们的广泛关注。上面的文字，引发了你怎样的联想和思考?请自选角度，明确立意，自选文体(诗歌除外)，自拟标题;不要套作，不得抄袭。

【范文】

有一种任性叫执着

最近，人们在网络媒体上经常看到听到最多的两个字便是“任性”。“任性”也“任性”地闯入我们的生活，渐渐成为人们的口头禅，或称为一种人生的态度、价值取向的追求……似乎我们已进入了“任性”时代。盲目地否认这种“任性”，在我看来，似乎有失偏颇。

任性是双刃剑的两面，全盘否定或全盘肯定都会有失偏颇有失公允。在某些人眼中只抓住了“任性”的负面，忽略了它的正面，把它看得一无是处，毫无可取。在我看来，一分为二的看问题，才科学合理。当某个人听凭秉性行事，率真不做作，为追求自己的理想，坚定前行，执着便是任性的代名词，应当赞扬。而恣意放纵，为达到私利不择手段的攫取，执拗使性，无所顾忌，这种任性应当否定。吸取任性好的一面，剔除错误一面，别让任性为一己私利而放纵妄为。

当你以执着的态度追逐梦想时，我想你获得成功的机率会惊人的高。当你想象自己美好的未来，追寻初衷与梦想时，我想你大可任性地按照你所想地方向，按照本心去做，又何妨? 法国前总统萨科齐，从小在贫民区长大，受人欺侮，但他不曾低头，回到家后，他任性地在纸上写下一句话：“我一定要当总统。”自此他发愤图强，为了完成追求的公平正义，始终不向困难低头。终于，多年之后他实现了自己的誓言，成为法国总统，致力于对理想的耕耘。美国有两个年轻人不顾父阻止，都任性地辍学，任性地追求着自己的梦想，一步一个脚印地前行。多年后，世界上多了两个响当当的公司“苹果”和“微软”。这两个当年任性的人，便是后来世界电子信息行业的领军人物乔布斯和比尔.盖茨。任性执着自己的梦想，诠释了任性的真谛，任性助他们圆梦。

但你为一己之私恣意妄为不择手段时，可能离失败仅有一步之遥。当你以任性的方式当你以任性的方式追名逐利时便应该立刻收手。为了攫取私利，任性地发动了二战，为人类带来巨大灾难的纳粹元凶希特勒、日本军国主义代表东条英机、墨索里尼等人，用屠杀灭种等凶残的方式荼毒地球生灵，这注定是他们进行的一场打不赢的战争，终于被钉在历史的耻辱柱上，受到正义的审判。今天日本政府中的右翼势力，不顾人民的强烈反对，执意地修改和平宪法，篡改历史教科书，否认南京大屠杀和慰安妇等历史真相，掩盖军国主义的历史罪恶，必将重蹈军国的覆辙，搬起石头砸自己的脚，为任性付出更惨重的代价。

对于梦想的追求，徐志摩先生的浪漫令我欣赏。“寻梦?撑一支长篙，向青草更青处漫溯;满载一船星辉，在星辉斑斓里放歌。” 如今我们应当充分利用自身的优势和国家“一带一路”战略的大好形势，追逐梦想，奋力拼搏，追寻中华民族的伟大复兴之梦，将个人的小梦执着地融与国家发展的大梦之中，让理想之花结出丰硕的果实，这个任性我看值得。

拓展阅读：

作文在高考语文中举足轻重，不可等闲视之。作文的备考方案，他总结称，要想征服阅卷人，先要编织“七彩环”。

第一环：书悦之

“书”指书写卷面;“悦”这里是指使动用法，使喜悦;“之”指阅卷人，就是说首先书写卷面要取悦阅卷人。

“干净、工整、美观，是得高分的王牌;潦草、不洁、应付是打不赢的官司。”崔矿山幽默地说。

第二环：形怡之

形指作文的外形也就是结构，结构上要让人感觉怡然自乐，要行云流水。以下四种结构，供考生参考：

1 并列式。这种结构，三个分论点由一个总论点统领全篇，是考生用得比较多的结构。

2.对比式。一正一反，正反对比论证，这样显得层次井然、有条不紊。

3.递进式。层层剥笋，提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。

像现在的高考，趋势是写任务驱动型作文，可以围绕这四个字来展开：引(引材料)、析(分析材料)、联(联系现实说理)、结(结尾)。

4.自由式。适用于水平比较高的考生，要求能够纵横捭阖、运用自如，能够让文章看似无法实有法。

第三环：采醉之

作文要文采飞扬，让阅卷人陶醉其中。

语言是思维的外壳，是得高分的不二法门，一定要打造好语言，从标题、开头、段首句一直到结尾，一定要有亮点，语言要锤炼。

议论文的标题，要旗帜鲜明亮观点，要彰显文采。

第四环：情动之

考生要以真情去打动阅卷人。

像现在时评类的作文，都是针对热点、焦点设置材料，我们一定要带着温度、带着情感去写。

第五环：技迷之

考生行文时要用修辞、对比、欲扬先抑、抒情议论相结合、引用等表达技巧，使阅卷人沉迷其中。

第六环：意喜之

作文立意要让阅卷人惊喜、拍案，这样才能在众多作文中脱颖而出。

第七环：识服之

考生的见识让阅卷人佩服得五体投地，这种见识就表现在字里行间。

有位同学写奋斗。他开篇这样说：“每一个不曾起舞的日子都是对生命的辜负——尼采。”引用尼采这句名言，使整篇文章的见识高人一等，他这篇作文得了58分。还有一位同学，写自己要有用武之地，他说：“离开了船，船帆上的帆布只不过是一张破布。”说得非常好。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

许多同学都想把作文写得好一点，但总觉得学好作文不容易，有什么办法使作文的水平提高快一些呢?许多文章写得好的人都有这样一点经验：写作文要三“多”。

首先是：多阅读。就是要大量地广泛地阅读。阅读愈多愈广、愈认真，就愈有助于写作能力的提高。阅读可以开阔眼界，扩大知识面，阅读可以增加自己的知识和丰富自己的材料仓库。多阅读可以使我们学习如何选材立意、布局谋篇、选词炼句和不同的表现方法。汉代杨雄说：“能读千赋则善赋。”唐代大诗人杜甫曾说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”清代大小说家蒲松龄在《聊斋志异·阿宝》曾说：“书痴者文必工。”意思说，沉迷阅读的人他的文章必定会写得好。《唐诗三百首》的编者也曾说：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。”我们阅读犹如蚕吃桑叶，蚕不吃桑叶，就吐不出丝，人不阅读，也写不好作文。博读广览对于丰富写作题材也是极有帮助的。俄国作家高尔基说：“我觉得，当书本给我讲到闻所未闻、见所未见的物、感情、思想和态度的时候，似乎是每一本书都在我面前打开了一扇窗户，让我到一个不可思议的新世界。”读得多了，积累必然丰富，思想也就开阔。有些学生作文语言枯燥、词汇贫乏，初看似乎是语法修辞的毛病，实际上是读得太少，腹中空空是一个重要的原因。

第二个是：多观察。多观察是很有好处的，一是可以培养自己认识外界事物的能力;二是可以积累许许多多真实的写作素材。有经验的猎手，看一看地上的脚印，他就能推测出是什么野兽;老中医看一看病人的脸与舌，他就能大体知道你的病情。这是什么原因?因为他们在长期观察中积累了许多经验，已经找出了规律。我们与作文也一样，要细致观察，才能看到看清看懂外界的事物，这样写起作文既有具体又能真实生动。比如唐代诗人王维写过一首《出至塞上》的诗，诗中有“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”两句。后来有些读者认为用“直”字描写“孤烟”似不真实。如《红楼梦》中香菱说：“想烟如何直，日自然是圆的。这‘直’字似无理，‘圆’字似太欲。”宋陆佃《埤雅》中说：“古之烽火用狼粪，取其烟直而聚，虽风吹之不斜。”赵殿臣注解说：“边外多回风，其风迅急，袅烟沙而直上，亲见其景者，始知直字之佳。”可见这诗句中用“直”字是王维细致观察边塞生活得来的真实的奇观异景。我们平时要留心观察，如观察人时，应观察人物的行为、对话、外貌等方面的特点;观察物时，要观察它的形状、颜、质地、构造和用途等方面的特点。大作家巴金说：“不管熟悉或者不熟悉的，我开始写小说以来就不曾停止观察人……我养成了观察人的习惯。”我们若也能养成观察人的习惯就好了。

第三个是：多动笔。我刚才说了多观察。我们会发现每个人的外表、性格、思想等都是不相同的。我们要把观察到的及时记到笔记本里，也可以说写点观察日记吧。勤练多写，刻苦实践，这可以说是学好作文的诀窍之一。犹如学游泳，不多下水游泳是学不起来的，学作文也要多动笔，才能笔下生辉。如蒲松龄，就是多动笔的典型。他“每峨冠博带，日游于田野间，遇乡人则扯之谈鬼为乐。乡人谈甫终，而先生已下笔如风，记载一悉矣。”乡人刚刚讲好，他已很快地把故事全记在本子上了。俄国作家果戈理也是多动笔的人，他会把所见所闻一一记入随身带的笔记本里。甚至到菜馆里吃饭，他也会急忙把菜单抄到笔记本里。后来那张菜单就被用到他写的小说里了。所以你能不怕苦不怕烦，能多动笔，经常写点，日积月累，你的笔头就“灵活”起来。同学们，你们若能保持一股热情，努力做到多阅读、多观察、多动笔，你们的作文水平就会在不知不觉中提高起来。

假设你是李华，你的英国网友Peter希望了解一下我国高考英语试卷（NMET）中的“短

文改错”（Error Correction）题型的情况。请你写一封回复邮件。并特别强调自己某一次因为没有严格按照要求答题被扣掉了本可得到的7分。

注意：1．词数100左右

2．内容请参照本卷该大题内容。

3．生词：（打）勾：tick 分：point 逻辑（的）：logic

Hi, Peter:

Thanks for your e-mail. Here I’m going to tell you what you asked about.

Error Correction, as the 1st section of Written Part of NMET, mainly tests the mastery of the use of words and grammar of English. The understanding of the given text is course important to the performance.

There are 10 numbered lines, each of which may have one mistake. You have to decide firstly whether there is a mistake or not. If not, put a tick in the numbered blank. If there is a mistake, you may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change word. You have to find out the mistakes in the use of words and/or grammar. Sometimes there may be a logic problem, which would be the most difficult.

Last time I got 7 points less than expected. Why? I didn’t put the answers strictly following the rule, although I did know how to do it.

Anything still unclear? Just write to me.

嗨，彼得：

谢谢你的邮件。在这里我要告诉你，你问。

误差校正，作为高考英语笔试部分第一部分，主要测试词汇和语法的掌握英语的使用。对文本的理解是很重要的。

一共有10株，其中可能有一个错误。首先你要确定是否有错误。如果没有，空格的空白。如果有一个错误，你可以添加一个词，划掉一个字，或改变的话。你要找到的词语或语法错误使用。有时可能会有一个逻辑问题，这将是最困难的。

上次我得了7分，比预期的少。为什么？我没有把答案的严格规则，虽然我不知道如何去做。

还不清楚什么呢？就给我写信。

良好的开端等于成功的一半，下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一. 开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.

D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again!

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.

(词典例子：Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.

(词典解释：be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸

例子：I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，真是荣幸。)

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

(词典解释：extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予

例子：I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)

(词典解释：allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

(词典：contray to sth 与之相异的，相对的，相反的

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

高考语文作文名师点津系列――记叙文运思

从小学二、三年级开始学写作文就写记叙文，写到高中了，还是解决不了记叙文的"疑难杂症"：

1.行文拖沓，故事感不强；

2."流水帐"结构，缺乏思想性；

3.平淡无味，缺乏鲜明、生动的意象。

【实用兵法】

写"标准的记叙文"，把握三个词：故事、思想、描写

1."故事"就是"出事了"。

◇"出事了"，出什么事了？谁家出事了？在哪儿出事了？因为什么出事了？什么时候出事了？……记叙要素全了。

◇"出事了"，是因为有矛盾冲突，利益的、情感的、性格的……越错综复杂越有看头。

◇"出事了"，就得解决，解决就有个过程--精彩的情节渲染点儿，扣人心弦的"疙瘩"吊着胃口慢慢解。

个性化，是创新思维的一个最基本特征。半命题作文获得高分，固然像其它形式的作文考题一样，取决于考生的作文是否有多个“亮点”，小编收集了2017年高考作文指导：半命题作文命题技巧有哪些，欢迎阅读。

半命题作文是作文考题的一种常见形式，由于其处在“命”与“非命”，“限制”与“非限制”之间，考生对题目还具有“一半”，甚至是“一多半”的自主选择权，自主发挥、自由驰骋的空间还相当大。此外，有的话题作文其“话题”本身就包含了太多的“半命题元素”，实际上可称为“准半命题作文”，如以“感悟”、“渴望”、“珍惜”、“关爱”等为话题的作文，考生只需在“话题”前后补上一个巧妙新颖的词或短语即可动笔成文。

由于半命题作文有“限”的一面，考生中最常见的毛病便是拟题雷同。拟题雷同的现象在半命题作文中十分突出，写出的作文“撞车机率”也相当高。比如，半命题作文《难忘的》，极易雷同的拟题是《难忘的一天》、《难忘的假期生活》等，相当多的考生似乎只有“一天”、只有“假期生活”是“难忘的”;写《当我面对的时候》这一半命题作文时，题目拟为《当我面对挫折的时候》、《当我面对成功的时候》的作文便会成批出现，要“面对”的似乎不是“挫折”就是“成功”。试想，思维闭塞，缺乏创新，都是按照同样的思路去命题，岂有不出现“千人一面”、千“空”一“词”的拟题雷同现象!

其次是拟题宽泛，难以下笔。以《感悟》这一半命题作文来说，《感悟大自然》、《感悟青春》这类既无新意、涵盖范围又过大的拟题比比皆是，要“感悟”的惟“大自然”、“青春”是大。显然，拟出这样的题目，写起来不易把握，只能泛泛而谈，要写深写透很难，且不说内容的创新，连“标题”这一被称为作文的“第一张示人的面孔”也未能画好，实在可惜。

再次是考生对原题“补词”的随意性。半命题作文的拟题之所以会出现上面提到的“一窝蜂”的拟题现象，一个很重要的原因是不少考生看到半命题作文题时，不能根据所选材料确定一个最佳的词语或短语来将题目“补充完整”，也就是不能很好地将“选材”与“补词”同时加以考虑，而是匆匆提笔信手“补词”，前面提到的在半命题作文《难忘的》、《当我面对》后补上“一天”、“假期生活”和“成功”、“失败”这类词，不难看出“补词”的随意性。

总之，考生在拟题时不能充分利用半命题作文具有的“自我命一半题”这一有利条件，因“势”利“导”，仅仅着眼于内容是否“好写”，是否“耳熟能详”，而不是是否“写得好”，是否“能出新”，这种“先天不足”，势必导致自己拟的题目反“将”了自己“一军”，不是所拟题目限制了自己的手脚，思路打不开，就是拟题涵盖宽泛，想写的内容太多，不知从何入手。

个性化，是创新思维的一个最基本特征。半命题作文获得高分，固然像其它形式的作文考题一样，取决于考生的作文是否有多个“亮点”，是否张扬了个性，而拟一个切旨、切体，又求真、求趣的“亮丽”标题是十分重要的。拟标题，是考生遗词造句、概括能力等语文素质和能力的重要体现，要拟出富有创意的标题，必须打破惯有的思维定势，积极进行发散思维、逆向思维，必须多方位、多角度“出击”。常见的有如下几种拟题法：

一、抽象事物拟题法。这种拟题方式是化具体为抽象，便于抒写自己内心复杂的情感。以《当我面对的时候》为例，可以《当我面对虚荣的时候》为题，敞开心扉抒写自己对心灵的拷问;可以《当我面对他*的唠叨的时候》为题，叙写自己对母爱的独特感受。《感悟》则可以《感悟初三生活》为题，抒写对紧张、忙碌的“冲刺阶段”的学习生活的种种体验;可以《感悟春天》为题，豪情满怀地谱写充满勃勃生机的春的乐章。此外，像《寻找心灵的伊甸园》、《寻找人生的方程解》、《我好想有一片蓝天》等用的也是此种拟题法。

二、具体事物拟题法。这种以具体事物入题的方式可以以小见大，使选材新颖具体。如上面提到的半命题作文《难忘的》，可填上“一条红丝带”，叙写关爱他人，关注生命的动人一幕;《当我面时候》，可填上“那片绿叶”，托物言志，抒写自己愿做绿叶、无私奉献的情操;也可填上“那座荒山”，呼吁绿化荒山，爱护家园，加强环境保护。此外，像《我好想早点结束这堂课》、《我好想有一个温暖的家》、《寻找爱的猪》等，均为具体事物拟题法。

三、特定情景拟题法。这种拟题方式新颖别致，能创设一种特定氛围，给人一个让思絮飘逸、遐想的空间，极易引发人们丰富的联想。如《我好想再看你一眼》、《我好想当一天老师的“好学生”》、《当我面对心灵的抉择的时候》、《当我面对寒风凛冽的时候》、《我梦见范进参加中考》、《我梦见妈妈下岗》等标题采用的便是此种拟题法。前面提到的《当我面对的时候》这一半命题作文，若一定要选“成功”或“失败”的作文材料，采用特定情景拟题法，将题目拟为《当我面对掌声响起的时候》、《当我面对鲜红的“58分”的时候》等，便会获得另外一种奇妙的效果。

四、条块分割拟题法。这种拟题法是从形式上来说的。为避免半命题作文拟题或内容上的严重“撞车”，不妨依据所选的体裁，将内容“裁”成几个小“条块”，犹如裁缝剪布料一样，样式剪裁得新颖得体，穿起来就会赏心悦目，使人获得美的享受。如某考生的半命题作文《寻找失落的昨日》，将“昨日”一分为三，用小标题“镜头一”、“镜头二”、“镜头三”逐一“回放”给读者。另一考生的《感悟生活中的美》，则是先设一“题记”，下拟三组小标题：“母爱之美”、“劳动之美”、“运动之美”，截取生活的三个画面，表现对美的热爱和感悟。再如《关注我们的家》这一关注大自然、抒写环保之歌的半命题作文，巧妙借用马致远《天净沙?秋思》中“枯藤老树昏鸦”、“小桥流水人家”、“古道西风瘦马”三句写秋景的名句做小标题，这种拟题形式富有创意，实在是新得“逼你的眼”。此外，“病历杂文体”、“几何证明式”、“访谈体”、“日记体”等体裁形式的作文，在拟题上也是大有文章可作。

五、特殊符号拟题法。此法是借用数学、物理和化学等学科特殊符号或公式来拟题，适合于涉及几种因素、内容上相互关联的作文。这类标题的作文在行文中必须恰当地体现公式符号与社会现象、某种道理的契合点，使形式和内容统一。如以《当我面对“?”的时候》为题，来表达自己对社会上种种时弊的质疑;以《当我面对“A”、“B”、“C”的时候》为题，抒写自己对学习英语的乐趣和享受;以《当我面对“1”(哆)、“2”(来)、“3”(咪)的时候》为题，抒写自己对立音乐的感悟。此外，《我好想得到一个“A+”》、《感悟8—1>8》、《明天，我飞向β行星》等，这类题目形象生动，醒人耳目。

总之，题贵新颖，半命题作文的拟题追求的同样是务求准确、生动而有魅力。只要平时注意积累文化知识，正确理解半命题作文的“另一半”提示、“另一半”导引的内涵，并且掌握一定的拟题技巧，就能拟出让读者“怦然心动”、击节叫好而一见钟情的好标题。

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一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织，这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式，供大家参考。

1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

46) This issue has caused wide public concern.

47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文，下面是小编整理的散文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活、精干的文学体裁。作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明。正像巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。

同时，这也就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。也如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”，写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在，这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有的教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人、写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者的业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。感情体验，是散文的内在结构，有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。

有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

记叙散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述“我”和该人，重点在后，介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】一种情况:一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。另一种情况:几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起，以对该人的感情体验及整体议论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。抒情散文模式

【开头】①叙述自己与景物的关系。②议论景物和自己。

【中间】①描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。②发挥联想。

【结尾】感慨

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project