英语议论文的写作技巧(实用20篇)

散文是所有文学样式中最自由活泼、无拘无束的体裁。轻便灵活,战斗性强,便于及时反映迅速变化的事物,富有现实性。报刊杂志最喜欢此类及时反映生活,短小隽永的文章。

它有时似银光闪闪的匕首,直刺敌人心脏;有时象抒情诗,抒发内心深处的思想感情;有时如娓娓动听的故事,叙述人世间的悲欢离合;有时若一幅水墨画,描绘山光水色、花鸟鱼虫。

它体积小,容量大。宇宙之大,草虫之微,均可包容。可以“小题大作”,也可以“大题小作”,一事一物,抒发开去,感情的溪流,汩汩流出,想象的翅膀,振翅飞翔,思想的火花,迸溅生辉。它可以写景、叙事、抒情、议论,也可以时而写景,时而叙事,时而抒情,时而议论,溶为一体,更见多采多姿。善于驾驭者,往往把风景、人物、议论、思想组织在一个题目下,象灵巧的蜘蛛网一样,熔炼成一篇情致隽永的散文。

散文的题材无限广阔,不应划地为牢,规定这应该写,那不应该写,应以作者的个性、爱好、素质、经历、思想感情而定。在这急遽变化的现实生活里,应加强作品的时代感,投身到当前大变革的洪流中去。用散文轻便灵活的形式,兴改革之风,赞创业之人,抒时代之情,绘神州之美。要把人民最关心的事情和愿望反映出来,体现时代的精神,开阔自己的视野,扩大自己的胸怀,与时代精神同步,和人民群众共呼吸。

无庸讳言,眼下有的散文写个人生活的抒情咏叹,往往沉迷于身边琐事,抒发自己胸臆里的那一点喜怒哀乐,而不能把个人感情的漪涟融汇于时代洪流中去,激起飞溅的浪花,反映时代的色泽。有的游记散文,大同小异,就是跳不出前人的臼巢,抒情写景没有新鲜感。有的知识性散文,老生常谈,找不到新的发现,论知识不如专家,谈文采又觉逊色。有的史料性散文,介绍的是人所熟知的史料,给人一种陈芝麻料谷子印象。有的时事性散文(杂文),缺乏“匕首”和“刀枪”的锐利,缺乏睿智和幽默,读来如报纸上平板的短评……所有这一些,就是缺乏强烈的时代感,和人民最关心的事物与愿望相游离。

鲁迅先生说:“生存小品文,必须是匕首,是投枪,和读者一同杀出一条生存的血路的东西。但自然,它也能给人愉快和休息。然而这不是小摆设,更不是抚慰与麻醉。它给人愉快和休息是休养,是劳作和战斗之前的准备。”鲁迅所处的时代是黑暗的旧中国,在那“风雨如磐”的日子里,他的笔象匕首和投枪,和读者一起杀出一条生存的血路,不愧是一个战士。今天,我们正全力以赴向信息化进军,我们的笔要为之谱写战歌,也要横扫进军路上的绊脚石。当然,也欢迎“给人愉快和休息”的美妙作品。

有人说鲁迅的散文看起来没有一篇紧扣题目,就题论题,散得很。实际上,他用自己精深的思想红线把生活海洋中的贝壳珠粒,穿缀成闪光的项链。虽然色彩斑驳,但却粒粒如数,虽然运思落笔似不经心,但字字珠玑,环扣主题。形“散”,而“神”不散。这种“散”与不散互相统一,相映成趣,是“神”与“散”兼备的佳作。

散文要有思想的光辉。散文家不仅应是美文家,更应是思想家。凡是读者赞叹击节,印象深刻的散文,大都含蕴着鲜明的立意,闪耀着思想的火花。

散文须有敏锐的思想,思想越是崇高,作品的艺术光辉就越强烈,越有艺术生命力。范仲淹的《岳阳楼记》是一篇不到五百字的散文,而文中“不以物喜,不以己悲,居庙堂之高,则忧其民。处江湖之远,则忧其君。是进亦忧,退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶?其必曰:先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐欤。”就闪烁着永不磨灭的思想光辉,传颂千古,后人把它奉为一种崇高的思想境界,作为宝贵的精神财富继承下来。

我们正处在新世纪大变革、大建设的崭新时代,五彩缤纷的现实生活正在发生历史性的深刻变化。新的人物,新的问题,新的思想,新的感情,新的道德观念,新的审美观念……要求散文作者去体验、观察、思索、反映,写出象鲁迅与范仲淹那样带有时代色彩的散文。写出为人民喜爱的佳作。

考试的时候作文是其中比例最大的，今天小编整理了考场写作九大得分技巧，欢迎大家查阅。

1.作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

3.开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

4.动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

5.作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。

希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

6.动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

7.想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

8.适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，可以翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》或者一些作品集，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

9.篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小学高年级作文要求在400-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

作文写作离不开多写多看多练，尤其在考场，时间有限的情况下构思出一篇精彩的文章更需要功底深厚，素材积累多。多写考场作文会更好的锻炼自己。

在考研英语的小作文部分，历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型，投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等，但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中，翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷，常常发现这些归为一大类，终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要，下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招，让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例：Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例：I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求，从中寻找名词或动词

例：Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示，把名词具体化，把动词近义词化。

例：I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例：I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名，一般格式为：Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括：说明投诉原因并表示遗憾，实事求是阐述问题发生的经过，指出问题引起的后果，提出批评及处理意见，督促对方采取措施，提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人，就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括：表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因，提出补救办法，再次表示致歉，并希望得到谅解，提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的，该书信内容通常包括：表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

在2018考研的战场上，一分意味着上线与下线，一分意味着录取与非录取，所以，拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名，取得理想佳绩!

[考研英语书信写作方法

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

导语：2016年高三开学已经一个星期了，高三的同学们是不是又投入了紧张的高考一轮复习中，下面小编整理了一些高考满分作文写作技巧，供大家鉴赏!

1、随时随地记下你的灵感 随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你的构思小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听到别人谈话的只言片语所有顿悟时，看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝的，你及时的记录下来，可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

2、专门的写作时间 每天找一段没有任何打扰的时间作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。如果你跟我一样，是一个全职的作家，你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

3、读优秀作家的作品 这是显而易见的，但却是立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读著作吧，再看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

4.好开头和结尾 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始吸引读者，他们很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

5、采用对话式的文体 很多人写的很正式，但是我发现最好是写得像我们说话一样会更流畅，更通俗。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。但是如果没有其他原因，不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么，为什么这样做.

6、集中精神 写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干别的事情，是不可能写的好。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。那怕是最低要求，你需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子一样，没有任何打扰地进入写作状态。

A good laugh is sunshine in a house.令人愉快的欢笑是房间里的阳光。(英国小说家萨克雷。W.M.)

A man who is never satisfied with himself and whom therefore nobody can please.人要是从来不满意自己，就不会有人能够使他满意。(德国诗人歌德.J.W.)

A smile is ever the most bright and beautiful with a tear upon it. What is the dawn without its dew? The tear, by the smile is made precious above the smile itself.笑容带上泪珠总是最鲜艳、最娇美的。正如没有露水，还算什么清晨?而泪珠带上了笑容，就变得甚至比笑容还珍贵。(美国哲学家、教育家兰格。S.K)

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不娱乐使人愚钝。(英国作家贺维尔.)

Anticipating pleasure is also a pleasure.预期快乐本身也是一种快乐。(德国剧作家、诗人席勒.F.)

Better by far you should forget and smile than that you should remem-ber and be sad.笑一笑而忘掉，比愁眉苦脸地记住要好得多。(英国女诗人罗塞蒂.C.G. )

But headlong joy is ever on the wing. 轻率的快乐总是瞬息即逝。(英国诗人 弥尔顿.)

Energy is eternal delight.精力充沛是永恒的快乐。(美国诗人、艺术家布莱克.W.)

Everything considered, work is less boring than amusing oneself.不管怎样，娱乐比工作更令人乏味。(法国诗人 查尔斯.B.)

Human felicity is produced not so much by great pieces ofgoodfortune that seldom happen , as by little advantages thatoccurevery day.(Benjamin Franklin ,American president).与其说人类的幸福来自偶尔发生的鸿运，不如说来自每天都有的小实惠。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)

Most folks are about as happy as they make up their mindstobe.(Abraham Lincoln ,American president)对于大多数人来说，他们认定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。(美国总统 林肯.A.)

The secret of being miserable is to have leisure to botheraboutwhether you are happy or not.(George Bernard Shaw ,Britishdramatist)痛苦的秘密在于有闲功夫担心自己是否幸福。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that weareloved.(Victor Hugo , French novelist)生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。(法国小说家 雨果.V.)

There is no dise on earth equal to the union of loveandinnocence.(Jean Jacques Rousseau, French thinker)人间最大的幸福莫如既有爱情又清白无暇。(法国思想家 卢梭.J.J.)

To really understand a man we must judge himinmisfortune.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。(法国皇帝 拿破仑.B.)

We have no more center to consume happiness without producingitthan to consume wealth without producing it.(George Bernard Shaw,British dramatist)正像我们无权只享受财富而不创造财富一样，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

A lifetime of happiness ! No man alive could bear it ; it wouldbehell on earth.(G.Bernard Shaw ,British dramatist)终身幸福!这是任何活着的人都无法忍受的，那将是人间地狱。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

Happiness is form courage.(H.Jackson , British writer)幸福是勇气的一种形式。(英国作家 杰克逊.H.)

Happy is the man who is living by his hobby.(G.Bernard Shaw,British dramatist)醉心于某种癖好的人是幸福的。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money ; it liesinthe joy of achievement , in the thrill of creativeeffort.(FranklinRoosevelt , American president)幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。(美国总统 罗斯福.F.)

He laughs best who laughs last.远行者见闻多。(英国科学家雷伊.J.)

He who can conceal his joys is greater than he who can hide his griefs.能隐藏欢乐的人比能隐藏悲痛的人更了不起。(瑞士作家 拉瓦特)

I like the laughter that opens the lips and the heart, that shows at the same time pearls and the soul.我喜欢能不开启双唇和心扉的笑声，喜欢能展示皓齿和灵魂的笑声。(法国作家雨果)

I never condider ease and joyfulness as the purpose of life itself.我从来不认为安逸和欢乐就是生活本身的目的。(美国科学家爱因斯坦)

I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life.我愿宣扬的信条是艰苦奋发的生活，而不是卑微低下的安逸。(美国政治家罗斯福.T.)

It is a curious fact that in bad days we can very vividly recall the good time that is now no more; but that in good days we have only a very cold and imperfect memory of the bad.奇怪得很，人们在倒楣的时候，总会清晰地回忆已经逝去 快乐时光，但是在得意的时候，对恶运时光只保有一种淡漠而不完全的记忆。(德国哲学家叔本华)

It is a poor heart that never rejoices.永远不快乐的心很可悲。(英国小说家马里亚特)

Joys are our wings, sorrows are our spurs.欢乐是人们的双翼，哀愁是人们发愤的动力。(法国作家里克特.J.P)

Labor is often the father of pleasure.劳动常常是快乐之父。(法国哲学家、历史学家伏尔泰)

One of the greatest pleasure in life is conversation.生活中最大的乐趣之一是交谈。(美国作家史密斯L.P.)

Perfect understanding will sometimes almost extinguish pleasure.完全的理解有时几乎会使乐趣消失。(英国学者、诗人豪斯曼.A.E.)

Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly alone.要清闲就完全清闲，要清静就完全清静。(英国诗人克莱尔J.)

People who cannot find time for recreation are obliged sooner or later to find time for illness.腾不出时间娱乐的人，早晚会被迫腾出时间生病。(美国商人 霍梅克.J.)

Pleasure is nothing else but the intermission of pain, the enjoying of something I am in great trouble for till I have it.快乐不过是痛苦的间歇，享受之前要进行艰苦的努力。(英国法学家 塞尔登.J.)

Praise is ilde sunlight to the human spirit, we cannot flower and grow without it.对于人的精神来说，赞扬就像阳光一样，没有它我们便不能开花生长。(英国作家 格林.G.)

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

1：排比入题，先声夺人

生活如酒，或芳香，或浓烈，因为诚实，它变得醇厚;生活如歌，或高昂，或低沉，因为守信，它变得悦耳;生活如画，或明丽，或素雅，因为诚信，它变得美丽。

(《因诚信酿造生活》)

排比，能增加文章气势，朗朗上口，使文章富有节奏感和音韵美。用来状物，能景象纷呈;用来叙事，能酣畅淋漓;用来说理，能气势磅礴;用来辩论，能排山倒海;用来抒情，能汪洋恣肆。

2：整散交错，灵巧入题

若能掬起一捧月光，我选择最柔和的;若能采来香山红叶，我选择最艳丽的;若能摘下满天星辰，我选择最明亮的。也许你会说，我的选择不是最好，但我的选择，我相信。

(《我的选择，我喜欢》)

整散句结合，能使句式灵活多变，增添文章旋律感和音韵美，给人一种审美感受。开头用"月光"—"柔和"、"红叶"—"艳丽"、"星辰"—"明亮"构成铺排，色彩鲜明，有先"色"夺人之妙，兼具音韵之美。

3：引文入题，典雅厚重

清代张潮《出梦影》中有言："菊以渊明为知己，梅以和靖为知己，竹以子猷(yǒu)为知己。"当面对大海;面对着这片蔚蓝;我不禁想到：海以何人为知己呢?(《面对大海》)

引用前人文句，顺着引文的文气，巧妙引出话题。

4：细腻描绘，形象入题

我曾用水的眼睛审视生活，生活也曾如秋水般阴郁、遥远。阳光透过枫林洒下来，我顺着光束向上望，却似乎又看到一望无际的蒹葭，雾雪般的白色，水草般的柔软。在一片渺渺中我看到了妈妈的眼睛，看到了当年妈妈做出选择的那一刹那。(《让睫毛载来爱，载来幸福》)

中描述性语言往往容易流于刻板和平淡，但如果考生能巧妙抓住特征，注意借鉴，灵活地加以创新，则能打破描绘的刻板和叙述的平淡，让形象的描述飘逸出令人心荡神驰的诗情画意

5：警句突现，启迪入题

生是偶然，死是必然。生与死，除了那几声欢呼，几阵痛哭外，便再没了别的。那么，生与死之间的——生命呢?(《生命是什么》)

警句式的开篇令人注目。"生是偶然，死是必然，生死之间是生命"。凝练、平易、深刻、精辟。

6：对话开篇，引人入胜

一代高僧弘一法师涅磐前对从弟子说："你看看我的牙齿，怎么样?""都掉光了。""那以舌呢，还在吗?""还在。""所以说，坚韧的东西总是比坚硬的东西强"。(《坚韧——我追求的品格》)

一则深透禅机的对话，引出了"坚韧"的内涵，推出了文章的观点

7：事例开篇，简洁铺陈

选择是难的，更何况是心灵的选择。高渐离为了荆轲，他选择了死;马本斋的母亲为了革命，她选择了牺牲;祝英台为了真挚的爱情，她选择了化蝶。在这友情、亲情与爱情之间的选择，他们是这样做的——(《生死之间》)

文章开头以名人事迹简洁铺陈：高渐离为友情选择了死亡，用自己的头颅捍卫了"士为知已者死"的至理名言，成为千古奇士;马本斋的母亲选择献身，用自己的至情——博大母爱以殉人间大义，为儿子也为后人树起一座人格丰碑;祝英台选择了化蝶，用自己的灵魂升华了梁山伯的爱情，为有情人的天长地久树立了楷模。

8：对称开篇，整齐明快

在蝶的眼中，花是天使，因为花给予她生命的甘露在花的眼中，蜂是挚友，因为蜂给予她生命的延续。(《学会历史般的旁观》)

文章开头用一组对称句子，赋予蝶、蜂、花人的性情，通过生动贴切的拟人手法，形式与内容达到完美的统一。体现了考生高超的语言技巧。

9：诗词开篇，凸显底蕴

"剪不断，理还乱，是离愁，别是一番滋味在心头"，这是李后主的感悟;"莫道不销魂，帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦，"这是李清照的感受;"轻轻地我走了，正如我轻轻地来，我轻轻地挥手，作别西天的云彩"，这是徐志摩的不舍;"人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺，此事古难全"，这又是苏东坡的坦荡……(《美丽的离别》)

申论考试中，不少考生对拿高分没有办法，其实申论从本质上来说还是写作，所以常见的写作手法在申论中也可以适当运用。小编收集了三种申论高分写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、运用排比，增强气势，提升作文新高度

排比是作文中常见的修辞手法，不但能增强气势，还能解决考生无话可说的难题，还以“朋友圈”为例：

打开微信“朋友圈”，就能看到一个完整的文化微缩景观：既有“小清新”，也有“情怀党”;既有痛心质问“传统文化怎么了”，也有娓娓道来“告诉你一个真实的美国”;既能看到古典乐迷的“高大上”，也能看到各种“非主流”、“脑残体”……，文化其实已经写进了每一个人的生活里。

从这个案例可以看出，透过“朋友圈”这样一个生活常见的案例，可以引起阅卷人的共鸣，增加亮点，同时也增强了气势，提升了文章的高度，突破了无话可说的瓶颈。

二、巧用设问，切入主题，优化作文旧模式

修辞手法有很多，设问也是常见的一种。很多考生常常提出一个设问就草草了事，没有案例支撑，这样的设问比较单薄，其实结合一个反面案例，就会达到不一样的效果。以今年比较火的电影《小时代》为例：

去年以来，《小时代》系列电影持续掀起话题，抛开其内容不论，这票房和舆论的“双重风暴”也让人思考：电影创新该如何传递正能量、讲述好故事?电影产业如何营造一种正面的文化氛围?文化的发展应该是社会中每一个人，肩负起来的责任，其中媒体人要树立起弘扬中华文化的意识。

这个案例中的电影只是一个切入点，估计《小时代》很多人都看过，但是能否通过电影，发出一种设问，上升一定高度，看到事件后面的本质，其实也是体现考生能否深入论证的能力。

三、活用白描，承接地气，凸显作文个性化

白描的写法其实在我们的高中时代就很常见，在散文中的使用尤为突出。白描就是对于某一行为或者细节进行突出的描写，这种方法能够凸显考生文采，但是在议论文中，最好使用在开头和结尾，不要用在论述部分，因为会影响文章的论证效果，以如今的书店为例：

暮春，子夜，北京一角。毗邻王府井大街、24小时营业的三联韬奋书店内，依然灯火通明。几张书桌，数盏灯光，秒针滴答有声，手指划过书页，颇有“夜深还照读书窗”的意境。一些学者感慨：“找到阅读的价值，才有文化的回归。”

这样的写法尽量是引出总论点的时候使用，读起来能够让人心中沉静，“接地气”，也是个性化表达的较好方式之一。

考生对于如何获得好的作文分数一直较为困扰，关心身边每一个人、每一件事，从简单的写法开始，加强练习，不断增加亮点，凸显个性，论证深入，凸显新写法、新思路、新内容，高分其实已经在慢慢向你靠近!

导语：议论文，又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。下面是小编整理的议论文的答题技巧，希望对大家有所帮助。

1、说明文的类型：事物、事理说明文（从内容角度，根据说明的对象和目的）。  事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象；  事理说明文找准开头结尾的总结句。  因为说明对象是一篇文章所要介绍的事物或事理，一般是一个名词或名词短语，可以从两个方面入手：一看文题二看首尾段。事物说明文指出被说明事物即可。事理说明文指出说明内容，形成一个短语：介绍了……的……(对象加内容) 。

2、说明文的语言：平实、生动说明文（语言表达角度） 。

3、说明方法： 一般回答三个字，要掌握几种常见的说明方法，会分析在文中的作用：  ①．举例子：具体真切地说明了事物的××特点。  ②．分类别：条理清楚地说明了事物的××特点。对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。  ③．列数字：具体而准确地说明该事物的××特点。使说明更有说服力。  ④．作比较：突出强调了被说明对象的××特点（地位、影响等）。  ⑤．下定义：用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。  ⑥．打比方：打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的××特点，增强了文章的趣味性。  ⑦．画图表：使读者一目了然，非常直观形象地说明的事物的××特点。  ⑧．作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。  下定义与作诠释的区别是：定义要求完整，而诠释并不要求完整，对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。可以颠倒。  ⑨．摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹，使说明更具体生动形象。  ⑩．引资料：能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力，如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。

4、说明顺序：时间顺序（程序顺序）、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。在答题时可答得具体些。  如：空间顺序（从上到下，从里到外，总到分，外到内，前到后，左到右，整体到局部，都可反之等，常用方位词如介绍建筑物或实体）。  逻辑顺序（先结果后原因，层层递进，现象到本质，因到果，果到因，主到次，浅入深，个别到一般等，常用表因果、表事理顺序的词，如“因为、所以”“首先、其次”）。  时间顺序则是说明事物发展、演变，例如介绍工作程序的文章。  掌握答题格式：本文使用了的说明顺序对加以说明，使说明更有条理性，便于读者理解。（第一空应该填具体的说明顺序，第二空应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。如果是事理性说明文，但又不能准确表述，可用“事理”、“科学事理”等模糊性的语言表述。）

5、说明对象：指文章说明的主要人或事物（一般不必答人或事物的特点）。

6、说明文的结构常见的形式有：“总——分”式（或由总到分，或由分到总，或总分总）、并列式、递进式等。分析文章结构，抓中心句及连接词，如“首先”“其次”“还”“也”“此外”等词语

7、中心句：出现的位置开头或结尾，有时在句中。判断，多为概括性较强的句子。叙述句、描写句、阐释句、疑问句一般不宜作中心句。  其他文体文章也如此。  ü 概括文段的中心句。  对策：

（1）思考该段说明的内容，不仅要注意主要的，还要注意次要的。

（2）紧扣表秩序的词语，如“首先”“其次”“还有”等词语，参照上下段落的中心句的句式进行概括。

8、说明语言

类型1、加点字词有何作用？抓住说明文语文准确这一特点答题。  对策：答：准确/生动形象/ 地说明了事物“……”的特征/事理。

类型2、能否替换为另一个词语？并说明理由。  对策：答：（1）不可以。  （2）原词的意思或内容。  （3）所换词语的意思或内容。  （4）换了后意思有何改变，与不符合实际。

类型3、限制性词语能否删去？  对策：答：（1）表态（删还是不删）。  （2）定性。如：“比较”“几乎”“相当”等词表程度修辞；“大约”“可能”“左 右”等表估计，“多”“有余”等表数量。  （3）若删去，原来什么样的意思就变成了什么样的意思了，不符合实际，太绝对了。  （4）xx词体现了语言的准确 性、周密性、科学性。

类型4、从文章中找出一个能体现说明文语言“准确”特点的词句，并体会。

类型5：指代——“这些条件”、“这种现象”“同样道理”等在文中具体指代什么。  对策：一般指的就是代词前面的那句话，找最近的一句话。有时要注意可能不是整句话，而是其中的一部分。

9、常见考点：

1、对说明对象及说明特征理解。

2、对说明方法辨识与理解。

3、对说明顺序的分析与理解。

4、对文章段落结构特点的分析。

5、对文意、层意、段意的概括。

6、对关键词语、重点句子含义及其表达作用的评析。

7、对说明语言准确性的体会。

导语：任何时候都不要看轻了自己。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

战后受经济危机的影响，日本失业人数陡增，工厂效益也很不景气。一家濒临倒闭的食品公司为了起死回生，决定裁员1/3。有三种人名列其中：一种是清洁工，一种是司机，一种是无任何技术的仓管人员。这三种人加起来有三十多名。经理找他们谈话，说明了裁员意图。清洁工说：“我们很重要，如果没有我们打扫卫生，没有清洁优美、健康有序的工作环境，你们怎么能全身心投入工作?”司机说：“我们很重要，这么多产品没有司机怎么能迅速销往市场?”仓管人员说：“我们很重要，战争刚刚过去，许多人挣扎在饥饿线上，如果没有我们，这些食品岂不要被流浪街头的乞丐偷光?”经理觉得他们说的话都很有道理，权衡再三决定不裁员，重新制定了管理策略。最后经理在厂门口悬挂了一块大匾，上面写着：“我很重要!”从此，每天当职工们来上班，第一眼看到的便是“我很重要”这四个字。不管一线职工还是白领阶层，都认为领导很重视他们，因此工作都很卖命。这句话调动了全体职工的积极性，几年后公司迅速崛起，成为日本有名的公司之一。

【温馨提示】这个故事冲击我们眼球、触动我们心灵的就是“我很重要”这四个字。是啊，任何时候都不要看轻了自己。在关键时刻，你敢说“我很重要”吗?试着说出来，你的人生也许会由此揭开新的一页。简单的四个字，却蕴含着丰富的内涵，有自信、有勇气、有意志，这些都可以成为你作文的话题或主题。

良好的开端等于成功的一半，下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一. 开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.

D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again!

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.

(词典例子：Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.

(词典解释：be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸

例子：I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，真是荣幸。)

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

(词典解释：extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予

例子：I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)

(词典解释：allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

(词典：contray to sth 与之相异的，相对的，相反的

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

第一步：“装”。我这里所说的“装”，也可以理解为“装傻”，指的是我们明明知道某一样事物的存在，但在写作时却要表现出完成不知道或者是没有发现的样子。以《美，就在身边》或者《原来，这也是一种美》为例，我们身边的一处美景、一件好事、一个心灵美的人物等凡是可以挖掘出“美”的特点的都可以成为我们写作的对象。但在确定好写作对象之后，我们先不要急着去阐述这一种“美”，而是有意地采用对比或者欲扬先抑的表现手法，反映出我们认为它不美或者根本就没有觉察到这一种美的存在，甚至还可以表现出自己对身边的美视而不见，反而苦苦地去追寻所谓的“美”。

第二步：“转”。我这里所说的“转”，包含两个方面：一是在行文结构上的过渡，也就是承上启下;二是因为某一件事情的发生促使我在认识或是思想上有了根本性的转变。也就是要告诉读者：前面所写的是我对某一样事物最初的认识或是它给我留下的坏印象，而这些都因为接下来发生的这件事情使我在认识或是思想上发生了重要的转变。这一步是文章的重点，除了要处理好过渡句或是过渡段之外，重中之重还是要写好这一件令我发生转变的非比寻常的事情，因此最好能够在这一件事情上交待清楚记叙文的六要素。

第三步：“醒”。我这里所说的“醒”，指的是在经历了第二步所写的某件事情之后，在认识上的颠覆或者是思想上的醒悟，或者说是由此开始“卖乖”。具体说来，就是要交待清楚自己对第一步所提到事物(写作对象)有了什么不一样的看法或是新的认识?获得了什么样的启示?明白了什么样的道理或是思想上有了什么样的转变?从“卖乖”的角度来说，就是要告诉读者你从此变得懂事了、变好了、积极向上了，目光不会再像以前一样短浅、人也不会再像以前一样不懂事了。

一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织，这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式，供大家参考。

1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

46) This issue has caused wide public concern.

47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

一、认真审题，切中题意

《中考考试说明》指出，书面表达要切中题意。看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容，在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面，确定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下笔，看懂题意，审清格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。

二、围绕中心，拟定提纲

书面表达评分原则有四条：(1)内容要点;

(2)运用词汇和结构的数量;

(3)运用语法结构和词汇的准确性;(4)上下文的连贯性。

由此可见，要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐条列出。注意短文字数不要低于或超过规定的字数太多。

三、语言通顺，表达准确

(1)避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用

自己熟悉的句型。几种句型可交替使用，以避免重复和呆板。

(2)多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当地使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或情态动词等较复杂的句型。

(3)注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。(4)描写人物时，要生动具体，例如：①外表特征：tall，short，fat，thin，strong，weak，ordinary-looking等;②内心境界：

glad，happy，sad，excited，anxious，interested等;③感情描写：love，like，hate，feel，laugh，cry，smile，shout等;④动作描写：come，go，get，have，take，bring，fetch等。

(5)上下文要连贯。上下文的连贯性也是评分的一条原则，同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：①表示并列关系的过渡词：and，aswellas，or等;②表示转折关系的过渡词：but，yet，however等;③表示时间关系的过渡词：first，andthen，

finally，after，before，atlast，atthattime，later，inthepast，immediately，inthe

meanwhile等;④表示空间关系的过渡词：near(to)，far(from)，inthefrontof，beside等;⑤表示比较关系的过渡词：inthesameway，justlike，justas等;⑥表示对照关系的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，ontheotherhand等;⑦表示递进关系的过渡词：also，and，then，too，inaddition，moreover，again等;⑧表示因果关系的过渡词：because，since，then，thus，otherwise，so，therefore，asaresult等;⑨表示解释说明的过渡词：forexample，infact，inthiscase，for，actually等。

四、不会表达，另辟蹊径

中考作文给分是以要点和语言准确度而定，不以文采打分。造句越简单准确越好，造复合句容易出错，容易被扣分，阅卷场上有句话：“错误面前人人平等，文采好不加分。”如遇到个别要点表达不出来或难以表达，可采用变通的办法，化难为易，化繁为简。总之，所造句子要正确、得体、符合英语表达习惯。

五、锦上添花，量力而行

如果你还有时间和精力，想把书面表达写得更好，那么，请注意以下几点：(1)句型多样化，不要i(we)……到底，使人觉得乏味;(2)适当使用一些并列句或主从复合句;(3)进一步描绘人或事物时，适当使用定语从句;(4)适当使用分词或分词短语，烘托谓语动词;(5)偶尔使用一下倒装句，增加新鲜感;(6)适当调换一下状语在句子中的位置，使句子不雷同;(7)上下句子紧接时，其中完全相同的成分可以省略，以节省篇幅。

六、书写工整，卷面整洁

字迹要清晰，让阅卷人看得清楚，不可字迹潦草，难以辨认，要保持卷面的整洁。

七、检查错误

检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：(1)格式是否有错;(2)拼写有无错误;(3)语言是否用错;(4)时态、语态错误;(5)标点错误;(6)人称是否用错。

总之，只要平时同学们多练习写作并有意运用上述方法和技巧，合理分配时间，在中考时一定能写出高质量的作文，得到令人满意的考分。

1、线形结构模式

所谓“线形结构的记叙文”就是全文只写一件事情的记叙文形式。就是将一件事情从开端、发展、高潮到结局一条线写下来。这种形式的记叙文从小学写到初中，又写到高考考场。这种形式的记叙文内容很单纯，不容易出彩，在高考考场很难得高分。要想写出代表高三水平、符合高考作文评分标准“发展等级”要求的优秀的“线形结构的记叙文”必须至少做好以下三个方面的工作：符合记叙文文体特征——善于描写，有意识使用各种修辞手法——使语言生动有表现力，适当的环境描写——渲染气氛增加文学意蕴。

下面我们就以高考“心灵的选择”话题优秀作文山西考生的《大米饭的洗礼》来谈谈这篇“线形结构的记叙文”得高分的原因。

大米饭的洗礼

(高考“心灵的选择”话题优秀作文)

幸福如一抹浅浅的雾，淡淡地飘在天涯，飘在村东的路口，与那个破旧的屋子里的大米饭的香味融合，弥漫在我的心窝。为了它，我曾等了一个夏天，等老了一个童年。而此刻，它竟像一笛箫音，轻轻回响在我心灵的深处……

小时候，家里很穷。穷人的天空在记忆中是灰白色的，而穷人总是有一双哀伤的眼睛，那是在他的孩子们咕噜咕噜地喝稀饭的时候。

那年，外婆害病了，为了外婆，母亲借了一升大米，细粮在当时是很奢侈的东西。每天早晨，母亲蒸一碗白稠稠的大米饭，然后一口一口给外婆喂下。每到此时，我就蹲在墙角咽口水。孝敬的定义就是把好东西留给外婆吃吗?那时，我常常这样想，直到有一天……

那天，天气晴朗得可爱。早上，照例是一碗大米饭和我们的稀饭，而外婆因身体不舒服没有起来吃饭，母亲急着去地里，临走时叮嘱我喂外婆。望着端过饭碗的瘦瘦的我，外婆说：“乖囡，外婆不想吃，你去吃了吧，啊?”外婆和蔼地抚着我的头。“哎!”我满心欢喜，忙不迭地端走了那碗我梦寐以求的大米饭。但就在这时候，一种莫名的感觉涌上心头，简单的思维告诉我：“这是外婆的饭，我不能吃!”就这样，我痴痴地盯着那碗大米饭，窗外的阳光，小鸟的鸣啾，全都变成了一碗碗的大米饭，在我眼前晃动。有好几次，我都差点忍不住了，一碗大米饭的诱惑力当时真是不亚于吸引一根针的那块大磁铁，而它又仿佛一个女妖，美丽地谄媚地笑着，想要一口把我吸进去似的。而我就端坐在那儿，在吃与不吃之间徘徊，耳边不断地响着一句话：外婆的饭，我不能吃……

门“吱”地被母亲推开了，我扭过头去，看着母亲：“娘，外婆的大米饭我没吃。”我的嘴一撇，想哭。母亲怔怔地看着，突然像明白了什么，紧紧地抱着我，大滴大滴的泪水滴在我的脖子上。那一刻，我知道，我做对了，那一刻，我好像突然长大了，因为我终于可以承载母亲的眼泪了。窗外的阳光斜射进来，暖暖地照在我和母亲的脸上，屋里一片淡淡的红色，在这静谧中，我尽情地分享着母亲的泪光……

那一年，我8岁。小小的我，像是经受了一次灵魂的洗礼，没错，就是这样的。我清楚地记得，外婆世的那天晚上，我梦见外婆就站在我面前，手里捧着一碗香喷喷的大米饭……

点评：

文中划线三句分别使用了比喻的修辞手法，使语言生动形象有表现力;文中的斜体红字部分使用了语言描写和表情描写，斜体蓝字部分使用了幻觉式的心理描写，斜体绿色部分是语言描写和表情描写，生动形象富于文采;文中的黑体字部分使用了环境描写更渲染了气氛，增加了文学意蕴。正是这些优点使得这篇内容单纯的“线形结构的记叙文”形象感人，给阅卷者留下了深刻的印象，成为一篇成功的考场作文。

2.块状结构的记叙文

所谓块状结构的记叙文就是指一篇记叙文可以分割成几个相对独立的单位，有明显的层次结构，是学生在特定场合——高考考场——易于结构的作文形式，也是易于被特殊读者——阅卷老师——在极短的阅卷时间里理解并产生好感的记叙文作文形式。块状结构的记叙文又可以分成以下两种：

(1)无标志块状结构记叙文

这种形式的记叙文一般又称为复杂的记叙文，每篇文章由多件事或多个人物组成，用来塑造同一人物和表达同一主题。这组成一篇文章的多件事中的每一件事和多个人物中的每一个人物片断就构成一篇记叙文块状结构中的一个板块，自然形成清晰的结构层次，让读者一目了然。这种形式的记叙文和线形结构的记叙文相比，其优势在于它容量大，内容复杂。在形式和内容两方面都给同学们提供了巨大的创造空间，易写出代表高三水平的复杂的记叙文来。当然它首先是记叙文，要求突出记叙文的文体特征——善于描写。这一点同上线形结构记叙文的要求，不再赘述。举例说明：

母 爱

(“答案是丰富多彩”话题作文)

二十年前父亲家很穷，只好娶了邻村的一个哑女为妻，这个哑女后来便成了我的母亲。

小的时候，同村的小伙伴在一起玩耍时，只要一见到我，便一哄而散，还丢下一句“他妈是哑巴，咱不跟他玩”。每当这时我只有哭着跑回家，将满肚子委屈全撒向无辜的母亲。她总是听完我的哭诉后默默地走开。从那时起我就开始埋怨老天对我的不公，也渐渐对我的哑母产生了一种厌恶。

调皮大概是所有顽童的天性吧。孤独的我惟一的爱好，便是“筑长城”：排满一长串的砖头，然后一推，便顺次倒下去，只有听见那轰轰烈烈的砖声时，我才能得到短暂的欢乐。有一次，我将邻居家的新砖砸断了好几块，邻居怒气冲冲地揪起我的耳朵将我拎到母亲的面前。她见到我在邻居手下揪得通红的耳朵，顿时眼泪像断了线的珠子直往下掉，用他公鸭般的嗓子训斥母亲：“不会说话，当然不会教导孩子。”只见母亲在他的训斥下，变得更加手足无措，最后“扑通”一下跪在地上。邻居见这架式，只好放开我，讪讪地离去了。当时我只觉得母亲的软弱对我是一种耻辱。

为了证明我这哑巴的儿子也能有出息，我一直发奋地读书。当我收到县重点中学录取通知书时，母亲的举动让我惊异：一直很沉默的她，拿着我的录取通知书横颠竖倒看了一遍又一遍：每看到一个村里人就拿出它兴奋地“嗷嗷”直叫，还手舞足蹈。我想她真的挺高兴，也许她只是想证明她哑巴的儿子不比别人差，她儿子的成功弥补了她的缺憾。看到她那副手舞足蹈的样子，我第一次觉得母亲其实也挺可爱的。

在县中念书挺不容易，为了不给原本就不富裕的家庭造成负担，我很少回家，只有父亲偶尔送些鸡蛋和自家的咸菜给我加加菜。那是一个数九天气的夜晚，上完晚自习往宿舍去，发现路边蜷着一个人。本来倒没注意，但当眼光触及那双破棉鞋时，我定住了脚步，是母亲!她抬起头抖了抖身上的雪，用笨重的步伐走到我身边，冻得伸不直的指头还死死扣住一个包。我打开包一看，一双新棉鞋和一些鸡蛋。我用手一摸，鸡蛋上还留有余温。她开心地拿出一个鸡蛋，剥开送到我的嘴边，看着她请求的目光，我含着泪咬下了一口。当知道她在雪地里等了我近两个小时后，我心疼地怒斥她：“为什么不到班级里来找我?”她委屈地低下头，用手语告诉我：“我不想让人知道你母亲是哑巴，他们会笑话你。”这时我再也不能抑制自己的感情，一把搂住了现在只及我肩高的母亲。她的表情更让我惭愧，她先是惊恐，后又转为高兴，最后试探性地搂住我。

世界上母爱的方式何止千万种，但我独爱母亲对我的爱，因为它是默默地。

点评：

这就是一篇典型的无标志块状结构的记叙文。全文由四件事情组成。每件事前后没有明显的结构上的标志。但四件事有一条感情线索串联：“也渐渐对我的哑母产生了一种厌恶”，“当时我只觉得母亲的软弱对我是一种耻辱”，“我第一次觉得母亲其实也挺可爱的”，“这时我再也不能抑制自己的感情，一把搂住了现在只及我肩高的母亲”。由“厌恶”“耻辱”到理解、感激形成一条感情线索。还有一个统一的主题：“世界上母爱的方式何止千万种，但我独爱母亲对我的爱，因为它是默默地”——歌颂母爱。这样这篇文章虽然“形散”但“神聚”。四件事自然形成块状结构，层次清晰，一目了然。当然，这篇记叙文也突出了记叙文的文体特征——善于描写，从而让读者充分体会到作者要传达的深挚感情并留下了深刻的印象。这是一篇成功的考场作文。

(2)有标志块状结构记叙文

这类记叙文每篇文章不仅由几件事或几个人物构成一个个板块，组成一篇完整的文章，而且有这样那样的明显的标志，使得原本自然、原始、界线模糊的几个板块，层次更加清晰，形式更加美观，考场作文的特点表现得更加鲜明，更易被阅卷老师接受和青睐。

按“标志”的不同可将有标志块状结构记叙文再分成四种形式，下面分别举例说明。

①数字小标题标志 如下文：

06年湖北作文题：

阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。(60分)

在汉语里，“三”是个有意味的数词，构成了很多词语。比如：“三思而行”，“三省吾身”，“举一反三”,“三人行，必有我师”，“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”等等。这些词语既是社会生活现象或人生经验的概括，又隐含着一定的文化意蕴和人生哲理。

请根据你对上述词语或你所熟悉的其他带“三”词语(注意“三”在词语中的含义)的联想与感悟，写一篇文章，可以就某一个词语联想思考，也可以把几个词语联系起来思考。

要求：自定立意，自拟标题，自选文体，不少于800字。

三岔口

三个我分别守在三个不同的岔道口，前两个渐渐绝望，只能选择逃避，一起逃向第三个岔口，三个我同时汇合，去作出郑重的抉择。 ─题记

一

“快考试了吧?”老妈坐在沙发上询问我。

“明白!”我起身回到自己的房间，重重关上门，背靠着门，深呼吸。

为什么我可以不做自己喜欢的事，而偏偏学习是个例外呢?

我总对自己说，既然不喜欢，难道就不能选择放弃?时间上的距离，使我除了彷徨，还是彷徨。我变得固执偏激，抉择着前行的路口。我喜欢文学和音乐，夜深人静的时候，戴上随身听，伏在我一个人的书桌前，放飞心情，让灵魂徜徉，享受自由的我的快乐;但这并不能长久，岔路口上的“我”总被现实中的我拉了回来，走向比我还高的作业。我只好祈求幸运之神，可是在学习上，一直是被动、消沉的我，总是抱有能够侥幸过关的心理，但哪能每次都那么幸运啊!

我变得莫名的恐慌，来自无形的压力。

我开始选择逃避，逃窜出第一个岔口，我变得不像是本我了……

二

“很久没见了吧……现在怎么样了?”渐渐我害怕听到从前的老友的这句话，总是觉得彼此的距离越来越远了。我恨透了那个叫作距离的抽象的东西，它让我们彼此变得陌生，变得不再像从前的我们自己。

“改天一起出去玩吧?”

“嗯。”

没过几天又是一个短信，“对不起，那天我们不休息了，去不了”。“呵──没事。”其实长大后，越来越觉得约定有时候不太需要遵守，不再像小时候一样，两个小拇指勾在一起，就允诺一百年不许变，现在想想的确可笑。

落寂的心情没人理解，我黯然地离开第二个岔口，漫无目的，就那样游走。

三

一个人的时候，变得出奇的安静，害怕吵闹，觉得吵闹后隐藏着的都是一个个空虚的灵魂。

我游走到三岔口，看着三个失落的自己，一样的感伤，一齐的抱怨，与平时每一个守在不同岔口的自己似乎总有差距。我面向三岔路口，尽量让三个我归于平静。

如果要真正走出那个彷徨、绝望的三岔口，必需先认清不同的自己。我再次来到三岔口的中心，审视着其他的岔口，我不再让那两个我游走，我似乎看到用书籍铺就的道路上，长满了知识之树，盛开着睿智之花，哦，那才是我的抉择，闻着书香，伴着动听的音乐，我迈步前行……

点评：

文章有三个片断，每个片断上标有一个数字作标志。层次非常清晰，形式非常美观。这是文章结构上的特点。当然，它首先是一篇记叙文，突出了记叙文的文体特征——善于描写。每个片断都有生动细致的语言描写和心理描写，这是另一个关键所在。

②文字小标题标志

这类记叙文在组成记叙文的每个片断前都有一个文字小标题作标志，使得文章层次更加清晰，形式更加美观。对文字小标题的要求：语言简洁，结构一致。对组成记叙文的每个片断的要求：夹叙夹议。“叙”要用描写的表达方式，力求描写生动具体、语言形象优美;“议”要承担两个任务：一方面要揭示所叙片断的中心意思，另一方面要用简洁的语言，议论或抒情的表达方式，把“叙”的内容和话题恰当挂钩。这类文章的结尾要有总评，将几个片断所写的分散的内容统一到一个主题上来，并再次巧妙照应话题或命题，既做到形散神聚，又做到符合话题或命题。举例说明。

爱是什么

(“答案是丰富多彩”话题优秀作文)

也许，当亚当和夏娃从伊甸园中走出的那一天起，爱就与人类结下了不解之缘。人从诞生的那一天起，他的成长，死亡、与爱都如影相随。爱是人类永恒的话题，但是这一个简简单单的字，却很难给它一个准确的定义。因为，不同的人会见有不同的理解。

公园里

草地上，一个小宝宝正在学走路。他蹒跚地向不远处正伸开双臂的妈妈走去。一不小心。宝宝跌倒了，妈妈飞快地跑过去，将宝宝紧紧地抱在怀中，轻轻地揉着他的痛处。轻轻地安慰着他。不久，宝宝用挂着泪珠的小脸冲着妈妈乐了。妈妈将他抱得更紧了……

也许，在妈妈看来，爱是一种无私的给予，全心的奉献。

捐款处

1998年的洪水来势迅猛。前方的人民抗洪抢险，后方的人们用捐款捐物来尽自己一份绵薄的力量。一大早我就来到捐款处，谁知门口已经排起了长长的队伍。这其中有白发苍苍的老者，也有天真活泼的孩子;有衣着鲜艳的青年，也有衣着朴素的中年;有“大款”，也有下岗职工。大家为了共同的愿望，走到一起。只愿我们的心意能够快快送到远方受灾的亲人手里。

也许，捐款的人们认为，爱是一种及时，无私的援助。

深夜里

灯下，妻子正不停地织着毛衣。她的眼睛里布满了血丝，她已经连续几天几夜了。丈夫明天就要出差了，她想赶在丈夫走之前为他织好御寒的衣服。丈夫心疼她，让她不要织了，旧的还能穿。可妻子却依旧坚持，她要把无尽的关怀和浓浓的思念织进衣服里，伴他远行，盼他早归。

也许，妻子觉得，爱是一种不尽的关怀和无悔的付出。

爱，是一个具体而又抽象的概念。一千个会对它有一种不同的解释。但，我们没有必要为它下一个固定的定义，因为不同的心灵对爱的体会也不是相同的。

点评：

这篇块状结构的记叙文有文字小标题作标志，三个小标题“公园里”、“捐款处”、“深夜里”，语言非常简洁，结构保持一致，使得文章层次更加清晰，形式更加美观;夹叙夹议，三个片断中的斜体红字部分的“叙”是生动具体的描写，三个片断中与正文字体相同部分的“议”能够揭示片断中心，照应话题;总评，最后一自然段将三个材料母子之爱、友爱、夫妻之爱——“形”统一到本文主题“爱的答案是丰富多彩的”“神”上来了，做到了形散神聚。这是一篇内容丰富充实，又符合题意的成功的考场记叙文。

③空格标志

给块状结构的记叙文加数字标题或文字标题也许考场功利色彩太浓，有时也让有的阅卷老师反感。怎样做到既让记叙文层次结构清晰，读者一目了然，易于接受，又不让读者因文章结构的功利色彩太浓形式主义色彩太重而产生反感呢?有办法：既让记叙文的块状结构有标志，又不那么明显，不那么功利。片断与片断之间有内在的、相似的、大致同一的结构形式，又以“空格”将各片断自然分开，形成相对清晰的块状结构层次。从标志的角度讲，显得含蓄，有分寸感，度拿捏得好。适合更多不同个性和年龄特点的人的欣赏口味。

八·十八·二十八

(福建漫画材料优秀作文)

啪!”一巴掌猛地打在屁股上。我大哭起来。“老师怎么教你的，小草是绿的，太阳是红的。看看你，怎么画的?”我透过泪眼，看着那张被撕掉的画：小草是黄的，太阳也是黄的。为什么非要把小草画成绿的，把太阳画成红的?我戴爸爸那个太阳镜，看到的小草和太阳就是黄的。我不解。

“还有你的作文，”老师的喊声把我拉回现实，“让你写爸爸、妈妈，你怎么写的?妈妈是书童，爸爸是车夫。”“本来就是嘛，妈妈陪我读书，爸爸背我上学，不是书童、车夫，是什么?”我不服，和老师顶嘴。(语言描写和心理描写)

那年我八岁，还是一个不规则的多边形，新颖、多变，极富想象力。周长长，面积小，人生阅历浅。(议论)

“太过份了。”我回到家，把书包一扔，坐在沙发上生闷气。“怎么了?”爸爸关切地问。“今天考试，居然有人作弊，老师也没看到。”“他有没有抄你的?你有没有受影响?”说到作弊，父母如临大敌，紧张地问。“那倒没有。只是这样对努力学习的同学太不公平了。我要去举报。”“别傻了，没影响到你不就行了。举报，万一人家报复怎么办?再说了，那么多作弊的，你举报得过来吗?”听听父母的话，有道理，于是打消了举报的念头。

回到房间，我想起刚刚被老师读过的作文.写友情的.只是我所描述的友情与我遇到的相差甚远。文中用了很华丽的辞藻，而我拥有的友情都是简简单单，平平淡淡，却又很温馨的。“文章很唯美，但很违心。”我苦笑着对自己说。(语言描写和心理描写)

那年我十八岁，已经被渐渐改造成规则的图形，只是棱角还在，不新颖也不规范，不多变也不稳定。周长不长，面积也不小。(议论)

“我的这件衣服怎么样?”女伴向我展示她新买的衣服.“很不错，和你很配，你穿上它年轻了十岁.”我赞不绝口，其实那件衣服很难看，但我在‘赞美’的时候，竟没有任何感觉。全然没有第一次说违心话时的慌张.老板刚刚批评了我，说我工作的方法不对，并告诉我另一种工作方法。于是我很听话地按老板介绍的方法去工作，尽管方法更不对。但管他那么多，这是老板交待的工作方法，出了问题不关我的事。再说了，和老板顶嘴没好下场.多年的经历，已经让我有经验了。(语言描写和心理描写)

这年我二十八岁，已经被打磨成了一个圆了，我稳定，我周长短，我面积大。我的人生阅历丰富了，我变得世故圆滑了……(议论)

一天，去幼儿园接女儿，女儿哭着扑过来。“老师说太阳是红的，小草是绿的。可我戴爸爸那个黄黄的眼镜看到的太阳和小草就是黄的，老师说不行，还打我。”女儿哭哭啼啼地讲完。这些话猛地击中我的心，尘封已久的记忆大门猛地打开。我想起了那黄的草，黄的太阳，妈妈是书童，爸爸是车夫，想起那个未经世俗打磨的不规则的多边形。我的泪水悄然滑落，为不再拥有的那个不规则的多边形……

点评：

这篇块状结构的记叙文的结构标志体现在三个方面：一方面是题目的提示“八、十八、二十八”，提示主体内容有三块构成;另一方面是夹叙夹议，各片断内在的、相似的结构提示;再一方面是作者有意识在各片段之间设置的“空格”提示。当然，这篇文章首先是记叙文，有鲜明的记叙文的文体特征，描写生动具体，议论简洁精当，照应话题巧妙活泼细致贴切。(注：文中括号部分是点评老师加的)

④过渡句标志

这种块状结构的记叙文的标志形式是最美的记叙文结构形文。过渡句或领起句的标志有一石三鸟的作用：既在文章内容上有过渡作用或领起下文的作用，又在结构上有标明层次、美观形式的作用，还有统一主题、增加文学意蕴的作用，再次就是有娱人耳目，悦人身心的美妙的艺术效果。举例说明。

人与路

小时候，路是一条羊肠小道，你在这头，我在那头。

还记得么?那时的我，小小的，瘦瘦的，你从我妈手中接过我说：“这孩子，瘦成这样难养啊!”于是，你省吃俭用，把攒下来的钱给我买奶粉，买糖葫芦。渐渐地，我胖了，会走路了，一张小嘴甚是乖巧，一有空就跟在你后面，一个劲地叫“奶奶，奶奶”。而你却瘦了，村上人见了说：“老太婆怎么这么瘦啊?”你笑呵呵地抚摸着我的脑袋说：“千金难买老来瘦啊!”每到周末，你牵着我的手，走过那条羊肠小道来到村口等我妈来接，把我“归还”后你折身就走;奈不住我一再对你的呼唤，在小道的尽头，你转身再朝我挥挥手。我模糊地看到，你用袖子使劲地擦着自己的脸。

那条羊肠小道，如今已铺上水泥了罢?那些你踩过的脚印，早已不在了，可是，却深深地刻在我的心里。

再大些，路是一根电话线，你在家里，我在远方。

就像鹰要成为翱翔苍穹的使者，就必须离开母亲的怀抱，用双翅开拓出属于自己的蓝天，我离开了家，去远方念书，独自一人。背着沉甸甸的书包和你早就准备好的大袋水果，还有更沉的，是你的千叮咛万嘱咐。身处异地，成绩的不理想，以及同学关系的难处，让我屡次垂泪。于是打电话给你，向你倾诉，你的话语如涓涓细流，洗涤着我浮躁的、不安的心灵。慢慢的，我适应了环境，也很少想起你。偶尔打电话给你，听你用高兴而微颤的声音，叫我注意身体云云。我呢，总是用不在乎的口气应和着，老忘了提醒你不要吃热过几遍的菜。我知道，你一直在攒钱，为我。我听到你对隔壁的李婶说过：“俺孙女聪明着，俺现在多攒点钱，供她上大学!”

那根电话线，也许是天下最“窄”的路吧，可它却承载着天下最阔大的爱。

后来啊，路是一张张冥币，你在天上，我在地上。

你说，你要等我回来再走，可是你忍了三天三夜，念叨了一个礼拜，我还是没回来。看到你时，你那双在田间耕作了半个世纪的手凉了。我问自己，上哪找你?唯有借着这些冥币，让它们为我铺一条“心路”，寄托我的深情，问候天堂里的你……

点评：

这篇块状结构记叙文用三个过渡句“小时候，路是一条羊肠小道，你在这头，我在那头”、“ 再大些，路是一根电话线，你在家里，我在远方”、“ 后来啊，路是一张张冥币，你在天上，我在地上”串联起文章的三个片断，既提示结构层次，又丰富文章韵味。对过渡句或领起句的要求：尽量做到结构一致，尽量做到与上下文实际内容切合无际，逻辑上有并列关系或层递关系。结构构成一致，内容前后呼应本身就有内在地含蓄地提醒和标明层次的作用。妙就妙在这里，有提醒但很含蓄，有标志但很内在，很中国化，受众易理解，乐接受，老少皆宜。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文，下面是小编整理的散文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活、精干的文学体裁。作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明。正像巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。

同时，这也就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。也如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”，写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在，这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有的教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人、写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者的业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。感情体验，是散文的内在结构，有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。

有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

记叙散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述“我”和该人，重点在后，介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】一种情况:一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。另一种情况:几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起，以对该人的感情体验及整体议论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。抒情散文模式

【开头】①叙述自己与景物的关系。②议论景物和自己。

【中间】①描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。②发挥联想。

【结尾】感慨

要写出一篇好文章，必须具备多方面的因素，以下是小编整理的关于小学作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读参考。

一、提高认识事物和表达事物的能力。

我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生指出：写任何东西决 定于认识和经验，有什么样的认识和经验，才能写出什么样的东西来。反之，没有表达认识的能力，同样也写不出好作文。

二、把认识结构作为作文的核心。

包括学习知识，观察积累，记忆储存，训练思维，丰富 想象，培养情感，锻炼意志；从说到写，推敲修改，多读勤写。

三、树立大作文观，听、说、读、写有机结合。

一要注重审题；二要明确写作目的，立意要新；三是选材要有根据；四要讲究谋篇技巧，安排好篇章结构；五要注意文章分段，事先列小标题，作文提纲；六要注重文章写法，因文用法；七要妙用语言，用思想调遣语言。

学会五种立意法：以事赞人，直抒胸臆，借物喻理，触景生情，托物言志。

四、作文大目标的逐年级分解。

一年级字词，二年级句子，三年级片断，四年级篇章，五年级综合，六年级提高。

五、实施五项训练。

根据认识是作文的核心这一原则，围绕这个发展学生心理机制的核心，扎扎实实地进行了五项训练：

（一）字词训练。

学习掌握大量字词。掌握运用字词的金钥匙：联系自己熟悉的事物； 联系自己生活实际；联系自己学会的语言及字词知识。

运用十引说的方法，把字词学习与说话训练相结合。十引说是：1、分析字形； 2、利用教具；3、凭图学词；4、组词扩词；5、选词填空；6、词语搭配；7、调整词序； 8、触景用词；9、词语分类；10、联词成句。

丰富了说话训练内容，使自己积累大量会说会用的字词，为写作文打下坚实基础。

（二）句子训练。

只要是一个句子，都包括两个方面：一是说的人、事、物、景， 二是说目的。

可有些教师指导学生说一句话时，没有很好凭借图画和事物，认真教学生观察、认识、分析、表达的方法，只是拿出一张图或一事物让学生说写一句话，学生不知道为什么要说写一句话，怎样说写一句话，说写一句什么句型、什么句式的话， 导致作文中语调单一、呆板、不活泼生动。

可以改让学生凭图、看物、对话、练习说 写一句时间、地点、人物、事件四要素完整的话，四种句型，九种句式的话。学生 才会在作文中运用不同句型、句式，表达不同的思想、感情、态度、目的。

（三）段的训练。

结合八种段式：以事物发展为序段，时间先后为序段，空间变换为序段，总述、分述结构段，因果段、转折段，递进段，并列段。

以此认识客观事物的发生、发展规律。不论哪种段式，都是记叙事物的发展和人们对事物的认识，即段的内容，段的中心。

它和一句话一样，也是对人、事、物、景的叙述，也是表达一 个意思。只不过是把一句话进一步说得更清楚、更深刻。

（四）篇章训练。

篇是由段组成的。通过对审题、立意、选材、谋篇、定法、用 语的知识与方法，通过记叙、描写、抒情、议论四种表达方法，文章开头与结尾、过渡 与呼应方法，各种文章体裁的知识与方法。学会写中心明确，意思完整，详略得当的记 叙文和应用文。

（五）生活现场训练。

采用生活现场训练，更好地体会从内容入手写作文。 通过各种作文教学活动，如确定中心讨论会、选材讨论会、作文会诊会、 小诸葛审题会、妙用词语比赛会，从活动中生动具体地学到作文知识与写作文 的方法。

另外，还可开展各种校内外活动，如跳绳、拔河、踢毽、球类、背书比赛，从而学会如何写比赛作文；开展校内外义务劳动，学会如何写劳动场面；举行诗歌朗诵、 讲演会，学会如何写会议场面及会议上的见闻；通过参观访问，浏览名胜古迹，学会如 何写参观访问记、游记。学习观察方法，留心周围的事物、事件，处处留心皆学问， 人情练达即文章。

通过现场生活作文，进一步认识到：生活是作文的沃土。从而学会 写真事、抒真情，陶冶真、善、美的情操，培养良好的文风。 实行互评互改，培养学生思维独立性和创造性。

学生作文写好后，组织在小组内讲评。先学习别人作文的优点，再用批评的眼光互相指出作文中的缺点，并指出改进意见。在此基础上重新再写，从而使学生每写一篇都有收获。

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project