中考英语写作万能模板20篇

导语：一个不懂宽容的人，将失去别人的尊重，一个一味地宽容的人，将失去自己的尊严。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

宽容，可以用爱和真诚来温暖他人的心灵，能帮助我们做一个和和气气、大大方方的人。

曾经，我在一本书上面看到过一个寓言故事：是说有一个人骑着一匹骏马，另一个骑着普通的马的人一起行走。普通的马不知为何咬了骏马一口，骏马血流不止，但若无其事行走自如，并没有和普通的马一起撕咬。后来普通的马回到家中，不吃草，也不饮水，浑身颤颤巍巍。骏马主人知道后说：“他可能是因为咬了骏马而感到羞愧，不如把它牵来，让它们相互理解就好了。”把普通的马牵来后，让它们共同饮食，共同奔跑，不多会，普通的马就好了。这只是一个小故事，却揭示了宽容的基本含义。

在人生的道路上，我们人与人之间发生的不仅仅是马与马之间简简单单的事。在学校打架斗殴的事件基本都是一件小事引起的。在寓意中，那匹骏马没有以同样的方式来还击普通的马，而是明智的选择了宽容，最终它们和好如初。相反，如果骏马同普通的马一起撕咬，那么结果就有可能是头碰血流，两败俱伤。而我们和马不同，我们可以达到马达不到的境界。既然如此，我们为什么不能多多的理解他人，宽容他人哪?

宽容，还代表着对日常生活事件的处理上，而且不计较个人过失。从古至今，没有一个心胸狭窄的人能成大事。宽容，应是每个人都遵循的原则。拥有一颗宽容的心，可以让人进入一个神清气爽的境界，让人拥有乐观的人生。

安德鲁~马修斯说过：“一个人脚跟踩扁了紫罗兰，而它却把香味留在脚跟上。”这就是宽容。让我们告别狭隘之心，用宽容之心包容一切，学做那留人清香的紫罗兰。

关于宽容的名人名言

1、最高贵的复仇之道是宽容。——法雨果

2、最高贵的复仇是宽容。——雨果

3、自出洞来无敌手，得饶人处且饶人。——(宋)善棋道人《绝句》

4、开诚心，布大度。——康有为《上清帝第一书》

5、宽宏精神是一切事物中最伟大的。——欧文

6、宽容并不是姑息错误和软弱，而是一种坚强和勇敢。——中国周向潮

7、与人为善就是善于宽谅。——(美)弗罗斯特《新罕布什尔》

8、遇方便时行方便，得饶人处且饶人。——(明)吴承恩《西游记》

9、宽容就如同自由，只是一味乞求是得不到的，只有永远保持警惕，才能拥有。汪国真《宽容与刻薄》

10、宽容就像天上的细雨滋润着大地。它赐福于宽容的人，也赐福于被宽容的人。——莎士比亚名剧《威尼斯商人》

11、只有勇敢的人才懂得如何宽容;懦夫绝不会宽容，这不是他的本性。——美斯特恩

12、紫罗兰把它的香气留在那踩扁了它的脚踝上。这就是宽怒。——马克吐温

13、宽容意味着尊重别人的任何信念。——爱因斯坦

14、宽容与刻薄相比，我选择宽容。因为宽容失去的只是过去，刻薄失去的却是将来。——佚名

15、人们应该彼此容忍：每一个人都有弱点，在他最薄弱的方面，每一个人都能被切割捣碎。——济慈

16、人心不是靠武力征服，而是靠爱和宽容征服。——(俄罗斯)斯宾诺莎

17、世界上最宽阔的是海洋，比海洋更宽阔的是天空，比天空更宽阔的是人的胸怀。——法·雨果

18、生活中有许多这样的场合：你打算用忿恨去实现的目标，完全可能由宽恕去实现。西德尼·史密斯

19、如果别人已不宽容，就不要去使劲儿乞求宽容，乞求得来的宽容，从来不是真正的宽容。——佚名

20、忍一句，息一怒，忍一事，少一事。——中国谚语

散文是所有文学样式中最自由活泼、无拘无束的体裁。轻便灵活,战斗性强,便于及时反映迅速变化的事物,富有现实性。报刊杂志最喜欢此类及时反映生活,短小隽永的文章。

它有时似银光闪闪的匕首,直刺敌人心脏;有时象抒情诗,抒发内心深处的思想感情;有时如娓娓动听的故事,叙述人世间的悲欢离合;有时若一幅水墨画,描绘山光水色、花鸟鱼虫。

它体积小,容量大。宇宙之大,草虫之微,均可包容。可以“小题大作”,也可以“大题小作”,一事一物,抒发开去,感情的溪流,汩汩流出,想象的翅膀,振翅飞翔,思想的火花,迸溅生辉。它可以写景、叙事、抒情、议论,也可以时而写景,时而叙事,时而抒情,时而议论,溶为一体,更见多采多姿。善于驾驭者,往往把风景、人物、议论、思想组织在一个题目下,象灵巧的蜘蛛网一样,熔炼成一篇情致隽永的散文。

散文的题材无限广阔,不应划地为牢,规定这应该写,那不应该写,应以作者的个性、爱好、素质、经历、思想感情而定。在这急遽变化的现实生活里,应加强作品的时代感,投身到当前大变革的洪流中去。用散文轻便灵活的形式,兴改革之风,赞创业之人,抒时代之情,绘神州之美。要把人民最关心的事情和愿望反映出来,体现时代的精神,开阔自己的视野,扩大自己的胸怀,与时代精神同步,和人民群众共呼吸。

无庸讳言,眼下有的散文写个人生活的抒情咏叹,往往沉迷于身边琐事,抒发自己胸臆里的那一点喜怒哀乐,而不能把个人感情的漪涟融汇于时代洪流中去,激起飞溅的浪花,反映时代的色泽。有的游记散文,大同小异,就是跳不出前人的臼巢,抒情写景没有新鲜感。有的知识性散文,老生常谈,找不到新的发现,论知识不如专家,谈文采又觉逊色。有的史料性散文,介绍的是人所熟知的史料,给人一种陈芝麻料谷子印象。有的时事性散文(杂文),缺乏“匕首”和“刀枪”的锐利,缺乏睿智和幽默,读来如报纸上平板的短评……所有这一些,就是缺乏强烈的时代感,和人民最关心的事物与愿望相游离。

鲁迅先生说:“生存小品文,必须是匕首,是投枪,和读者一同杀出一条生存的血路的东西。但自然,它也能给人愉快和休息。然而这不是小摆设,更不是抚慰与麻醉。它给人愉快和休息是休养,是劳作和战斗之前的准备。”鲁迅所处的时代是黑暗的旧中国,在那“风雨如磐”的日子里,他的笔象匕首和投枪,和读者一起杀出一条生存的血路,不愧是一个战士。今天,我们正全力以赴向信息化进军,我们的笔要为之谱写战歌,也要横扫进军路上的绊脚石。当然,也欢迎“给人愉快和休息”的美妙作品。

有人说鲁迅的散文看起来没有一篇紧扣题目,就题论题,散得很。实际上,他用自己精深的思想红线把生活海洋中的贝壳珠粒,穿缀成闪光的项链。虽然色彩斑驳,但却粒粒如数,虽然运思落笔似不经心,但字字珠玑,环扣主题。形“散”,而“神”不散。这种“散”与不散互相统一,相映成趣,是“神”与“散”兼备的佳作。

散文要有思想的光辉。散文家不仅应是美文家,更应是思想家。凡是读者赞叹击节,印象深刻的散文,大都含蕴着鲜明的立意,闪耀着思想的火花。

散文须有敏锐的思想,思想越是崇高,作品的艺术光辉就越强烈,越有艺术生命力。范仲淹的《岳阳楼记》是一篇不到五百字的散文,而文中“不以物喜,不以己悲,居庙堂之高,则忧其民。处江湖之远,则忧其君。是进亦忧,退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶?其必曰:先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐欤。”就闪烁着永不磨灭的思想光辉,传颂千古,后人把它奉为一种崇高的思想境界,作为宝贵的精神财富继承下来。

我们正处在新世纪大变革、大建设的崭新时代,五彩缤纷的现实生活正在发生历史性的深刻变化。新的人物,新的问题,新的思想,新的感情,新的道德观念,新的审美观念……要求散文作者去体验、观察、思索、反映,写出象鲁迅与范仲淹那样带有时代色彩的散文。写出为人民喜爱的佳作。

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that …

= (It is) needless to say (that) ….

= It is obvious that ….

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A) 如果你不……，你就会…… If you don’t ..., you’ll ...

例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

C) 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I don’t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

You are writing a complaint to the manager about the hotel.

题目：你向饭店经理写信投诉酒店服务。

(以e-mail的形式出现)

On the whole, my stay here was satisfactory. The hotel was comfortable and the room was bright, but it was too dirty. Whats more the food was compeletely awful and the service was really terrible. I have stayed in your hotel for several times and everything is getting worse, though the price is fair.

总体而言，我在这边住得比较满意。酒店很舒服，房间也很明亮，但是太脏了。另外，这儿的食物太糟糕了，服务也很差。我已经在这里住过好几次了，虽然价钱还不错，但每件事都越来越糟糕。

Please try to clean the room a bit more often and find someone who is capable of cooking and who knows how to talk friendly to others.

请时常打扫一下房间，找个真正懂烹饪的和懂得跟别人和睦相处的员工!

在考研英语的小作文部分，历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型，投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等，但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中，翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷，常常发现这些归为一大类，终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要，下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招，让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例：Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例：I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求，从中寻找名词或动词

例：Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示，把名词具体化，把动词近义词化。

例：I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例：I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名，一般格式为：Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括：说明投诉原因并表示遗憾，实事求是阐述问题发生的经过，指出问题引起的后果，提出批评及处理意见，督促对方采取措施，提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人，就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括：表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因，提出补救办法，再次表示致歉，并希望得到谅解，提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的，该书信内容通常包括：表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

在2018考研的战场上，一分意味着上线与下线，一分意味着录取与非录取，所以，拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名，取得理想佳绩!

[考研英语书信写作方法

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

A good laugh is sunshine in a house.令人愉快的欢笑是房间里的阳光。(英国小说家萨克雷。W.M.)

A man who is never satisfied with himself and whom therefore nobody can please.人要是从来不满意自己，就不会有人能够使他满意。(德国诗人歌德.J.W.)

A smile is ever the most bright and beautiful with a tear upon it. What is the dawn without its dew? The tear, by the smile is made precious above the smile itself.笑容带上泪珠总是最鲜艳、最娇美的。正如没有露水，还算什么清晨?而泪珠带上了笑容，就变得甚至比笑容还珍贵。(美国哲学家、教育家兰格。S.K)

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不娱乐使人愚钝。(英国作家贺维尔.)

Anticipating pleasure is also a pleasure.预期快乐本身也是一种快乐。(德国剧作家、诗人席勒.F.)

Better by far you should forget and smile than that you should remem-ber and be sad.笑一笑而忘掉，比愁眉苦脸地记住要好得多。(英国女诗人罗塞蒂.C.G. )

But headlong joy is ever on the wing. 轻率的快乐总是瞬息即逝。(英国诗人 弥尔顿.)

Energy is eternal delight.精力充沛是永恒的快乐。(美国诗人、艺术家布莱克.W.)

Everything considered, work is less boring than amusing oneself.不管怎样，娱乐比工作更令人乏味。(法国诗人 查尔斯.B.)

Human felicity is produced not so much by great pieces ofgoodfortune that seldom happen , as by little advantages thatoccurevery day.(Benjamin Franklin ,American president).与其说人类的幸福来自偶尔发生的鸿运，不如说来自每天都有的小实惠。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)

Most folks are about as happy as they make up their mindstobe.(Abraham Lincoln ,American president)对于大多数人来说，他们认定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。(美国总统 林肯.A.)

The secret of being miserable is to have leisure to botheraboutwhether you are happy or not.(George Bernard Shaw ,Britishdramatist)痛苦的秘密在于有闲功夫担心自己是否幸福。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that weareloved.(Victor Hugo , French novelist)生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。(法国小说家 雨果.V.)

There is no dise on earth equal to the union of loveandinnocence.(Jean Jacques Rousseau, French thinker)人间最大的幸福莫如既有爱情又清白无暇。(法国思想家 卢梭.J.J.)

To really understand a man we must judge himinmisfortune.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。(法国皇帝 拿破仑.B.)

We have no more center to consume happiness without producingitthan to consume wealth without producing it.(George Bernard Shaw,British dramatist)正像我们无权只享受财富而不创造财富一样，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

A lifetime of happiness ! No man alive could bear it ; it wouldbehell on earth.(G.Bernard Shaw ,British dramatist)终身幸福!这是任何活着的人都无法忍受的，那将是人间地狱。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

Happiness is form courage.(H.Jackson , British writer)幸福是勇气的一种形式。(英国作家 杰克逊.H.)

Happy is the man who is living by his hobby.(G.Bernard Shaw,British dramatist)醉心于某种癖好的人是幸福的。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money ; it liesinthe joy of achievement , in the thrill of creativeeffort.(FranklinRoosevelt , American president)幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。(美国总统 罗斯福.F.)

He laughs best who laughs last.远行者见闻多。(英国科学家雷伊.J.)

He who can conceal his joys is greater than he who can hide his griefs.能隐藏欢乐的人比能隐藏悲痛的人更了不起。(瑞士作家 拉瓦特)

I like the laughter that opens the lips and the heart, that shows at the same time pearls and the soul.我喜欢能不开启双唇和心扉的笑声，喜欢能展示皓齿和灵魂的笑声。(法国作家雨果)

I never condider ease and joyfulness as the purpose of life itself.我从来不认为安逸和欢乐就是生活本身的目的。(美国科学家爱因斯坦)

I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life.我愿宣扬的信条是艰苦奋发的生活，而不是卑微低下的安逸。(美国政治家罗斯福.T.)

It is a curious fact that in bad days we can very vividly recall the good time that is now no more; but that in good days we have only a very cold and imperfect memory of the bad.奇怪得很，人们在倒楣的时候，总会清晰地回忆已经逝去 快乐时光，但是在得意的时候，对恶运时光只保有一种淡漠而不完全的记忆。(德国哲学家叔本华)

It is a poor heart that never rejoices.永远不快乐的心很可悲。(英国小说家马里亚特)

Joys are our wings, sorrows are our spurs.欢乐是人们的双翼，哀愁是人们发愤的动力。(法国作家里克特.J.P)

Labor is often the father of pleasure.劳动常常是快乐之父。(法国哲学家、历史学家伏尔泰)

One of the greatest pleasure in life is conversation.生活中最大的乐趣之一是交谈。(美国作家史密斯L.P.)

Perfect understanding will sometimes almost extinguish pleasure.完全的理解有时几乎会使乐趣消失。(英国学者、诗人豪斯曼.A.E.)

Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly alone.要清闲就完全清闲，要清静就完全清静。(英国诗人克莱尔J.)

People who cannot find time for recreation are obliged sooner or later to find time for illness.腾不出时间娱乐的人，早晚会被迫腾出时间生病。(美国商人 霍梅克.J.)

Pleasure is nothing else but the intermission of pain, the enjoying of something I am in great trouble for till I have it.快乐不过是痛苦的间歇，享受之前要进行艰苦的努力。(英国法学家 塞尔登.J.)

Praise is ilde sunlight to the human spirit, we cannot flower and grow without it.对于人的精神来说，赞扬就像阳光一样，没有它我们便不能开花生长。(英国作家 格林.G.)

如果你是有心人，就会发现“春城无处不飞花”。

(一)课本素材的积累与运用。

从小学到初中，我们学过数十册语文、政治、历史、地理等教材，它们理应成为我们作文素材的“天然粮仓”。2011年绍兴一位考生的作文《微笑着，去唱生活的歌谣》，借高尔基笔下海燕的“微笑”立意，请欣赏：

……那是一个怎样坚毅的微笑啊!灰色的头颅上一双机敏的眼睛，燃烧着热情的火焰。黑色的喙透着不屈，突然，它的嘴角好像微微翘起。或许是被海风吹得麻木了，或许是被浪花打得疲惫了，但我更愿意相信这正是海燕的微笑……

作者机智地对课本素材进行拓展，把高尔基笔下海燕的飞行姿态“加工”得无比英武，并从拟人化的“微笑”中抽象出“坚忍不拔”作为自己的精神追求，恰到好处。

(二)经历素材的积累与运用。

个性化的经历是宝贵财富，积累经历丰富库存是选材出新的必备。考场上这类独特素材的运用方法有：

1.从群体性生活中提取个性化感悟。例如2012年长春文题“留得往事成回味”，有位考生从生活库存中迅速提取寄宿生活的苦事、趣事、乐事，奏响了一曲来自自身经历、不可“复制”的“交响乐”。

2.精心选取“物”为线索，连接生活片断，演绎主旨。例如2012年南通文题“就这样慢慢长大”，一考生精心选取3件物品——“一岁时穿的衣服”“跳芭蕾时穿的舞鞋”“装满玩具的小包”，叙述自己的成长经历，颇有新意。

3.从生活中提炼让自己动心的“情”为线索，穿越时空，连接场面。例如2012年天津市一考生的作文《以微笑珍藏曾经》，文章以“忧伤惆怅”“留恋伤感”“兴奋幸福”“微笑前行”作为情感脉络，选取紫色小花、老班训话、窗外蝉鸣、微笑往事、临别赠言作为情感依附，构思成文。请看片段：

随着6月25日的临近，我的初中生活，在某种意义上就要结束了。

听老班最后的训话，每个人都默默无语，仿佛都希望安静地记住也许下一秒便要失去的东西。窗外的阳光很灿烂，还有那夏天特有的蝉鸣。老师停下来时，偌大的教室显得出奇地静。

在这片难耐的安静中，我细细地重温了记忆中的初三。每天都在书山题海中埋头奋斗，偶尔抬头时与同桌相视一笑，胸口总有一种暖暖的感觉;每个清晨大家都带着黑眼圈互相打招呼，有时拍拍对方的肩膀说句“别累坏了，身体是革命的本钱哦”，脸上便会浮现出幸福的微笑……那些如夏日树叶般翠绿的日子，如今回想起来，都会升腾起透过阳光看清楚叶脉的那种兴奋，那种幸福。

站在开满紫色小花的树下，看树叶飘然落下，想起同学录上的那段话：“当未来的某一天我们各奔东西，也要记得彼此。因为那是属于我们的记忆，独一无二。”

……

微笑着回首，把记忆珍藏;微笑着前行，没有了忧伤。

(三)名著素材的积累与运用。

名著素材的运用主要有“缩写”(用于议论文例证)“改写”“续写”等形式。无论采用哪种形式，都需与原著中的人物“接通”，都要与时俱进，彰显时代气息。例如2012年青岛作文题为以“自我反省”为话题写作，一考生取题“反省殿”，讲述的是取经归来后3个徒弟的老毛病复发，唐僧要建“反省殿”约束他们，于是引出趣味横生的故事。文中，“下岗”“粉丝”“签名售书”“国家级贫困县”“肚皮舞”“公开招标”“豆腐渣工程”“拖欠农民工工资”等新词运用贴切，人物描写符合其性格特征，体现出针砭时弊、幽默风趣的特点，具有普遍的警示意义。

(四)名人素材的积累与运用。

这包括名人的经历、成就、精神、言论、诗句等，对此类素材的运用要把握三点：

1.引入古人素材要有新视角。2012年铜仁市作文题为“这也是一种美”，有位考生以“告别为美”立意，用3个小标题展开：“文成入蕃——告别不是悲伤，是和平的彩桥”;“勾践离国——告别不是悲伤，是坚毅的奋起”;“屈原投江——告别不是悲伤，是感人的忠心”。小作者所引历史名人虽人所共知，但融入了自己独特的思考，令人耳目一新。

2.当代名人的新鲜材料更能引人入胜。2012年安顺市作文题是以“心”为话题作文，有位考生以“享受心理平衡”为题写议论文，其中的一个分论点是“外在平衡决定于内在平衡，第一‘享受’的，应该是内心平衡”，论据引入平衡木世界冠军刘璇的答记者问，刘璇说：“16年中有成功，但更多的是失败。我得到的最大财富是学会了失败后怎样平衡心理，只有心理平衡，才能在平衡木上平衡。”切合论题，巧妙机智。

3.引入名人言论诗句要恰到好处，对诗词名句的“改装”需服从主题需要，体现个性。2012年连云港市作文题为“道路前面还是道路”，一考生选取的论据是：获得过两次诺贝尔奖的居里夫人把成功当做过眼烟云，将金质奖章给小女儿当做玩具，她说“我要让孩子知道，这一切并不是永恒的”。这样的名句与论点高度契合，说服力极强。又如2012年六盘水市作文题为“一路上有你陪伴”，一考生将陪伴者“你”定为“精神食粮”——书籍，“我”则是一个“书虫”，开篇为“‘懒虫，起床了，都8点了!’妈妈使劲推醒我。‘昨夜月朗星稀，沉读不知疲倦。试问催我人，却道懒虫一个。知否知否，读书趣味多多。我非懒虫，书虫也!’”作者摹仿李清照的《如梦令》，笔调轻快诙谐，在自我调侃中，一个以读书为乐的初中生形象跃然纸上。

(五)热点素材的积累与运用。

时代活水浪花飞溅，社会热点吸引眼球。热点素材的积累与运用应做到以下几点：

1.热点素材与题目的关联度要高，切入点要新。2012年遵义市作文题为“伸出我的手”，有位考生把目光投向抗灾英雄一双双“传递”的手，3个小标题是“传递温暖”“传递真情”“传递关爱”。精选雪灾、震灾和洪灾中“伸出我的手”的感人事例，对有些虽然精彩但与考题关联度不大的材料敢于“忍痛割爱”，从而使热点素材的运用紧扣文题，又有新意。

2.人有我新，同中见异，彰显个性。还以2012连云港市作文题为例，一考生在亮出“成功永远站在失败的背后”这一分论点后，亮出新意迭出的论据：“一次，被寄予厚望的西班牙球队在球场上失利，队员们垂头丧气地回到祖国，一下飞机便看见热情的球迷打出的横幅——‘这一切都会过去’，让他们无比感动。几年后，当他们从国外凯旋，迎接他们的依然是那些热情的球迷，只不过横幅上的字变成了‘这一切也会过去’。睿智的球迷用这种方式激励他们的偶像。是啊，一切都会过去，不论是成功还是失败，当一切繁华浮尘散尽，等待我们的又是一个新的开始。”崇拜足球明星的初中生很多，能选用“两个横幅，仅改一字”为论据的却不多见，这充分体现出“人有我新”个性化热点素材运用的作用。

3.合理想象，变“共性热点”为“个性热点”。在事件真实的基础上，要走进故事，情系人物，急人之所急，爱人之所爱，忧人之所忧，痛人之所痛，总之，你就是故事中的主人公。为此，可以运用多种表现手法，使人物“活”起来，情感“火”起来。这样的文章远离“复印”和“克隆”，震撼性和可读性肯定胜人一筹。2012年福州一位考生以农民工子女学校生活为题材的作文《爱，还要会爱》，先引用农民工子女朗诵的3句话，表现他们的求学困境——“我们的校园很小，放不下一个鞍马。”“我们的教室很暗，灯光只有几瓦。”“我们的桌椅很旧，坐上去吱吱哑哑。”作者据此真诚地自我反省，心情内疚而沉重，筹划帮扶活动……农民工子女继续朗诵：“但是，我们的作业工整，学习不差!”“别人与我比父母，我与别人比明天!”此时“我”为之一震，心潮澎湃——“物质支持是爱，学习、弘扬他们的精神才是最好的爱!”这样的素材运用使大家熟悉的素材个性化，“共性热点”成了“事件细节化，人物真情化”的“个性热点”。

4.发挥长处，创新形式，“另类”构思也精彩。2011年广东茂名文题为“2011年的春天，我真____”，在众多考生以“高兴、烦恼”等词补题时，有位考生别出心裁地补入“飒”字，以书信体作文，拟题“给企业家马云的一封信”，文章写了读马云的《活着努力，远比死后裸捐重要》《做一个内心强大的女子》等文章的体会，诉说了把马云误作女性的尴尬，表达了对马云精神的敬佩。小作者对热点素材进行创新处理，赢得了阅卷老师的青睐。

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

2015年中考临近，小编在这里把中考作文写作中的几个技巧汇总分享给大家。

一. 审题技巧

1. 重视概念的内涵。话题有时是以一个概念形式出现的，比如“诚信”“欣赏”“选择”等。概念都具有特定的内涵，忽视了概念内涵就有走题之虞。

如以“风”为话题作文，提示语中已经列举了“哈韩风”“武侠风”“学风”“校风”等例子，指的是一种社会现象，就不能将“风”理解为一种自然现象，如果错误理解内涵，作文之始就误入歧途了。

2. 重视背景语的指向。背景语往往是命题者着意营造的一种情境，不同的背景语引发的思维走向是不同的。只有审清了背景语的思维指向，才能保证写作中的思维模式与文章内在文脉的贯通。

3. 重视提示语的暗示。作文一般都有限制，这些限制多出现在提示语中。

二. 扣题技巧

我们都要明确，任何题目都有限制，扣题是写好作文的第一要务。实现扣题写作，可以从如下方面人手：

1. 标题嵌入法。所谓标题嵌入法，就是指在文章的题目中嵌入或体现话题的字眼。命题作文不存在这个问题，但话题作文、材料作文需要我们自己拟题，半命题作支需要我们自己填写题目，所以我们在拟题或填题的时候就要将题目限定在命题者设定的范围内。

2. 开篇切入法。所谓开篇切入法，就是指在文章的开头部分就点明话题或文章的主旨。清人李渔《闲情偶寄》中言：“场中作文，开卷之初，当以奇句夺目使之一见而惊，不敢弃去。”这里的“开卷之初”即开篇，这里的“奇句”，或是点明“话题”的词语，或是鲜明的观点、明确的主旨 。如议论文的开门见山提出论点(论题)，记叙文的开篇点题，散文的开篇“文眼”等。

4. 结尾回归法。所谓结尾回归法，就是指在文章结尾处对“话题”进行归纳概括或深化。像议论文结尾处的归纳总结观点或深化观点，或解决问题，或提出希望等;记叙文结尾处的画龙点晴的议论或抒情;散文结尾处含蓄深刻，言尽意犹未穷的语句等。

三、语言表达技巧

中考作文语言要精彩，首先要灵活地调动语言的表现力;其次是运用好的修辞，把生动的比喻，大气磅礴的排比，风趣幽默的仿词，语意含蕴曲折的双关等穿插全文;再次是用心调配句式，将长句短句、整句散句巧妙配合，营造音韵美。

1. 精心锤炼词语。要使语言鲜明生动，新颖脱俗，应尽可能选用那些具体、形象、内涵丰富的词语来写景状物、表情达意，尤其要重视对动词、形容词的锤炼。

2. 巧用修辞。巧妙运用修辞手法，可化抽象为具体，变枯燥为生机，化腐朽为神奇。如比喻的巧妙运用：

“如血的残阳像一位戴着红斗笠的侠客。”“晚霞飘落在天边，宛如一匹红丝绸，召唤着从远古走来的吹箫人。”这是描写“飞天”壁画而运用的绝妙比喻，不能不佩服作者比喻的新奇，想象力的丰富。又如比喻加排比：

生活如海，宽容作舟，泛舟于海，方知海之宽阔;

生活如山，宽容为径，循径登山，方知山之高大;

生活如歌，宽容是曲，和曲而歌，方知歌之动听。

3. 独创巧妙佳句。这是根据文章表达的需要创新语言的一种方法。比如：“班主任老师又在喋喋不休地向我们批发人生意义的补充版。”

“天醉了，映红了天边，云是山的使者吧，把风扯来醒酒，却弄醒水波粼剡。”上述创新出来的佳句妙语，读后如饮醇酒，给人以极美的艺术享受。

4.力求含蓄蕴藉。含蓄的语言耐人寻味，含英咀华，如嚼橄榄。

比如：“海浪不回避礁石的撞击，才得以壮观;人生不拒绝遗憾的存在，才得以明达。”

“认识自己是每个人的必修课，否则我们就会像乌云下生长的花儿，失去了充满阳光的世界。请牢记：是鱼儿，就不要向往天空;是鸟儿，就不要留恋海洋。”这类警策性的话语，于形象中蕴涵哲思，含蓄隽永，优美凝练。

试想，阅卷老师看到有如此成熟思想的文字，怎能不为之动情呢?

5.巧妙引用活用。名言名句，是语言的精华，对于文章创作有着非凡而绝妙的效用。适当引用能使文章意蕴深厚，神采飞扬。如：

李商隐有诗日：“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。”我惊讶于他的洞察力，然而，夕阳下互相搀扶的老夫老妻却是天底下最美的风景。

在这个充满活力的岁月里，好想好想划着竹筏，迂回于“山如碧玉簪，水作青罗带”的绮丽风光，穿梭于“两岸猿声啼不住，轻舟已过万重山”的画廊，或许这里的某个地方会出现“天街小雨润如酥，草色遥看近却无”的奇丽景象，或许还有人愿再作一次“只缘身在此山中”的妙论。

“黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐”，这是五柳先生心中和谐美丽的桃源美景;“舍南舍北皆春水，但见群鸥日日来”，这足杜陵野老浣花溪畔的安宁生活;“浓妆淡抹总相宜”，这是东坡居士留给西湖的最和谐、最完美的评价。

6.凸显个性特色，写出自己的个性如果你是多愁善感的人，那么尽量写诗意的文字;如果你以能言善辩见长，那你不妨多些议论;如果你天性活泼幽默感强，那也不要浪费自己的特点，就多些生动的叙述和描写吧。

总之，每个人都是不一样的，要写出自己跟别人不一样的地方来。

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart)， ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases)，significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____。 From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart， it goes without saying that ________。

There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______。 On the one hand， ________。 On the other hand， _______ is due to the fact that ________。 In addition， ________ is responsible for _______。 Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________。 But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

As far as I am concerned， I hold the point of view that _______。 I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

导语：任何时候都不要看轻了自己。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

战后受经济危机的影响，日本失业人数陡增，工厂效益也很不景气。一家濒临倒闭的食品公司为了起死回生，决定裁员1/3。有三种人名列其中：一种是清洁工，一种是司机，一种是无任何技术的仓管人员。这三种人加起来有三十多名。经理找他们谈话，说明了裁员意图。清洁工说：“我们很重要，如果没有我们打扫卫生，没有清洁优美、健康有序的工作环境，你们怎么能全身心投入工作?”司机说：“我们很重要，这么多产品没有司机怎么能迅速销往市场?”仓管人员说：“我们很重要，战争刚刚过去，许多人挣扎在饥饿线上，如果没有我们，这些食品岂不要被流浪街头的乞丐偷光?”经理觉得他们说的话都很有道理，权衡再三决定不裁员，重新制定了管理策略。最后经理在厂门口悬挂了一块大匾，上面写着：“我很重要!”从此，每天当职工们来上班，第一眼看到的便是“我很重要”这四个字。不管一线职工还是白领阶层，都认为领导很重视他们，因此工作都很卖命。这句话调动了全体职工的积极性，几年后公司迅速崛起，成为日本有名的公司之一。

【温馨提示】这个故事冲击我们眼球、触动我们心灵的就是“我很重要”这四个字。是啊，任何时候都不要看轻了自己。在关键时刻，你敢说“我很重要”吗?试着说出来，你的人生也许会由此揭开新的一页。简单的四个字，却蕴含着丰富的内涵，有自信、有勇气、有意志，这些都可以成为你作文的话题或主题。

第一招：审题细心。审题好比驾驶员打方向，方向对了，哪怕开得慢点，也会顺利到目的地。如果审题不清，书面表达的成绩不知道会有多惨。学生真正开始写作 前，必须花相当一部分时间做写前阅读、思考等准备，包含以下四方面：1)审体裁。根据情景提示首先要弄清写何种体裁文章。2)审结构。明确开始部分、正文 部分和结尾部分，定好段落。3)审格式。如日记、便条、书信、通知的格式等。4)审内容。弄清什么必需写，哪些略写，尤其是图画式书面表达，要学会连贯 性，读懂图的意思。5)审人称和时态。弄清书面表达要求用何种人称，根据材料确定短文的基本时态。

第二招：衔接流畅。恰当使用逻辑词语，使各要点间连贯，行文通顺。比如表并列或递进： and, both…and, neither…nor, not only…but also;表选择：or, either…or; 表转折或让步：but, although, though, however, even though, in spite of, on the contrary; 表对比：like, unlike, while; 表举例：for example, such as, that’s to say; 表强调：in fact, of course, besides; 表时间顺序：when, after, before, as soon as, soon after; 表因果关系：because, since, as, for, for this reason，as a result; 表结论：in a word, to sum up. In summary, in conclusion, on the whole;

第三招：短语地道。如果能多用短语，则可回避书面表达中的中式英语，同时也能减少错误几率。尤其在考试时，如果使用短语，会使文章增加亮点。

第四招：句式丰富。一篇可读性强的文章，通常能较好体现学生对英语语言结构、词块、句式的运用。因此各类句式的多元呈现往往可以提升书面表达的成绩。初中 阶段英语写作常用的句式如下：There be…；the more…the more…；It’s adj for sb to do something；I think/believe/suppose…(宾从)； It can’t be put into real experiment。(被动)等。尤其是复合句的适恰运用对提升文章的层次很有帮助。对大多数同学来说，仿写很重要，在教材和很多的阅读书籍中都蕴含着 丰富的好词佳句。

第五招：情感真实。同样的话题，有些文章没什么情感，冷冰冰；有些 文章很有温度，有真情实感。情感真实主要可通过如下方法实现：1)内容的呈现。比如：2012年的中考英语书面表达My dream，大部分的作文都还是停留在表面上。但这个例子：I want to be a good father because my daddy was always so busy when I was a little boy.He had no time with me and my mum…虽然文章的文采并不是很好，但很有真情实感，令读者有心动的感觉，也是好文章。2)副词的运用。在句子的某些位置，添加副词，可以使句子和文段更 有人性味，更有情感性。如：I really enjoy the beauty of the sea in the sun。加了一个really，就有味道了。

第六招：思维多元。从杭州近五年中考书 面表达命题情况看，书面表达话题虽多元，但在设题上基本为半开放形式，因此半控制部分学生需要涵盖题目所给信息并进行适当发挥，而半开放部分，则要求学生 根据话题内容、自己的生活阅历、个人思维层次结合自己的英语表述自己的个人看法。有些学生的英语水平比较好，但因为在思维上比较局限想不出比较有深度、宽 度和广度的观点，这也会在一定程度上约束书面表达的质量。

第七招：整理独到。进入八 年级以来，在平时写作、单元练习、期中期末考试中，考生已积累了一定量与教材同话题的自己写的英语小短文，建议在临考前的最后阶段把自己八年级以来写的不 同话题的文章进行修改，润色、整理、汇编成册，制作一本个性化私人定制的“书面表达秘籍”，以备中考前高效复习用，以不变应万变。

第八招：卷面美观。1)不做涂改。需要在平时的书面表达中养成简列提纲、打草稿，再誊抄到答题卡的习惯。2)及时补救。如果对答题卡上的书面表达有修改， 建议用斜线划掉相应部分。3)勤练规范。临考前一个月，以中考答题卡的行距和长度为参照，设计自己字的大小，字的间距，每行的字数，以看起来舒服为准。

良好的开端等于成功的一半，下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一. 开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.

D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again!

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.

(词典例子：Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.

(词典解释：be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸

例子：I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，真是荣幸。)

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

(词典解释：extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予

例子：I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)

(词典解释：allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

(词典：contray to sth 与之相异的，相对的，相反的

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织，这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式，供大家参考。

1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

46) This issue has caused wide public concern.

47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

一、认真审题，切中题意

《中考考试说明》指出，书面表达要切中题意。看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容，在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面，确定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下笔，看懂题意，审清格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。

二、围绕中心，拟定提纲

书面表达评分原则有四条：(1)内容要点;

(2)运用词汇和结构的数量;

(3)运用语法结构和词汇的准确性;(4)上下文的连贯性。

由此可见，要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐条列出。注意短文字数不要低于或超过规定的字数太多。

三、语言通顺，表达准确

(1)避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用

自己熟悉的句型。几种句型可交替使用，以避免重复和呆板。

(2)多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当地使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或情态动词等较复杂的句型。

(3)注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。(4)描写人物时，要生动具体，例如：①外表特征：tall，short，fat，thin，strong，weak，ordinary-looking等;②内心境界：

glad，happy，sad，excited，anxious，interested等;③感情描写：love，like，hate，feel，laugh，cry，smile，shout等;④动作描写：come，go，get，have，take，bring，fetch等。

(5)上下文要连贯。上下文的连贯性也是评分的一条原则，同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：①表示并列关系的过渡词：and，aswellas，or等;②表示转折关系的过渡词：but，yet，however等;③表示时间关系的过渡词：first，andthen，

finally，after，before，atlast，atthattime，later，inthepast，immediately，inthe

meanwhile等;④表示空间关系的过渡词：near(to)，far(from)，inthefrontof，beside等;⑤表示比较关系的过渡词：inthesameway，justlike，justas等;⑥表示对照关系的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，ontheotherhand等;⑦表示递进关系的过渡词：also，and，then，too，inaddition，moreover，again等;⑧表示因果关系的过渡词：because，since，then，thus，otherwise，so，therefore，asaresult等;⑨表示解释说明的过渡词：forexample，infact，inthiscase，for，actually等。

四、不会表达，另辟蹊径

中考作文给分是以要点和语言准确度而定，不以文采打分。造句越简单准确越好，造复合句容易出错，容易被扣分，阅卷场上有句话：“错误面前人人平等，文采好不加分。”如遇到个别要点表达不出来或难以表达，可采用变通的办法，化难为易，化繁为简。总之，所造句子要正确、得体、符合英语表达习惯。

五、锦上添花，量力而行

如果你还有时间和精力，想把书面表达写得更好，那么，请注意以下几点：(1)句型多样化，不要i(we)……到底，使人觉得乏味;(2)适当使用一些并列句或主从复合句;(3)进一步描绘人或事物时，适当使用定语从句;(4)适当使用分词或分词短语，烘托谓语动词;(5)偶尔使用一下倒装句，增加新鲜感;(6)适当调换一下状语在句子中的位置，使句子不雷同;(7)上下句子紧接时，其中完全相同的成分可以省略，以节省篇幅。

六、书写工整，卷面整洁

字迹要清晰，让阅卷人看得清楚，不可字迹潦草，难以辨认，要保持卷面的整洁。

七、检查错误

检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：(1)格式是否有错;(2)拼写有无错误;(3)语言是否用错;(4)时态、语态错误;(5)标点错误;(6)人称是否用错。

总之，只要平时同学们多练习写作并有意运用上述方法和技巧，合理分配时间，在中考时一定能写出高质量的作文，得到令人满意的考分。

一、表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely/totally/entirely different from B.

2. A and B are different in some/every way/respect/aspect.

3. A and B differ in…

4. A differs from B in…

5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in…

6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B…

7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B…

8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B…

9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.

10. Both A and B…However, A…; on the other hand, B…

11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B…

二、演绎法常用的句型

1.There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.

2.There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.

3.Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.

4.Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.

5.The reasons are as follows.

三、因果推理法常用句型

1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.

2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot.

3. We read the book; as a result/therefore/thus/hence/consequently/for this reason/because of this, we’ve learned a lot.

4. As a result of/Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we’ve learned a lot.

5. The cause of/reason for overweight is eating too much.

6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.

7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.

8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.

四、举例法常用句型

1. Here is one more example.

2. Take … for example.

3. The same is true of…

4. This offers a typical instance of…

5. We may quote a common example of…

6. Just think of…

A friend is indispensable to life. He will help you when you are in need of help, when you need to understand to understand you; When you need comfort comfort you...

Sometimes I think a real friend just have trouble with each other to help each other; When you dont have my stationery to lend you a pen, a piece of paper, read a book with you... , in fact not the case. Since the onset of the one thing I didnt know she is my best friend. She long not fat or thin, he is a little tall, she is very cheerful, is a kind of little girl, she is a year to get along with my deskmate -- Du Xueqing.

Remember once, the math teacher sent us a comprehensive mathematics examination paper, paper hair down, I like a hungry Wolf was feeding quickly "vies to answer first. A problem suddenly stood in my way, I brood, how also cant think, I think both of us are good friends, she will borrow my notes, I will gently move the bench into her move over there, secretly glanced at, she has to write the answer GongGongZhengZheng papers. And I took one look at the math teacher, she is batch job to us! Ha ha, Im qiao xi. So I used my arm gently touched Du Xueqing, I wrote a note to her again, but she didnt even look at, it threw the note to me, also ruthlessly stare at me, her own answer.

I was very angry, also gave her a hard stare, literally write an answer to go on to do some of the questions below.

After school, I strode along, holding her far behind, can sit at the same table trot caught up with me, come to my house for my topic, until Ive learned so far.

Looking at her hurriedly ran home, I was moved to tears. I know she is my true friend!

朋友是人一生中不可缺少的。他会在你需要帮助的时候帮助你，在你需要理解的时候理解你;在你需要安慰的时候安慰你……

我有时会认为真正的朋友只是在对方有困难的时候互相帮助;在你没带文具时借你一只笔、一张纸、和你同看一本书……，其实不是这样的。自从那一件事发生后我才明白她才是我最好的朋友。她长得不胖不瘦，个子有点高，她很开朗，是个善良的小女孩，她就是和我相处了一年的同桌——杜雪晴。

记得有一次，数学老师给我们发了一张综合性的数学卷子，卷子发下来了，我像饿狼吃食一样快速“抢答”。突然一道题挡住了我的去路，我苦思冥想，怎么也想不出来，我想我们俩是好朋友，她一定会借我抄的，我就轻轻的把凳子往她那边移了移，偷偷的瞥了一眼，她已经把答案工工整整地写出了卷子上。我又看了一眼数学老师，她正在给我们批作业呢!哈哈，我窍喜。于是，我便用胳膊轻轻的碰了碰杜雪晴，我又写了一个纸条给她，她却连看都不看，就把纸条扔给了我，还狠狠地瞪我一眼，捂住她自己的答案。

我很生气，也狠狠瞪了她一眼，随便写了一个答案就接着做下面的一些题了。

放学后，我大步流星地走着，把她远远地甩在后面，可同桌小跑的追上了我，来到我家为我讲题，直到讲到我明白了为止。

看着她急匆匆跑回家的身影，我感动地流下了眼泪。我明白了她才是我真正的朋友!

导语：书是钥匙，是良药，是乳汁，排比句的运用能够加强语势、语言气氛，使文章的节奏感加强，条理性更好，更利于表达强烈的感情表达效果。以下是小编为大家精心整理的排比句摘抄集锦，欢迎大家阅读参考!

关于排比句摘抄集锦【1】

1.选择博爱，就是选择对情感的珍视。选择博爱，就是选择对万物的眷恋。选择博爱，就是选择高远的人生志向。

2.如果说友谊是一颗常青树，那么，浇灌它的必定是出自心田的清泉;如果说友谊是一朵开不败的鲜花，那么，照耀它的必定是从心中升起的太阳。多少笑声都是友谊唤起的，多少眼泪都是友谊揩干的。友谊的港湾温情脉脉，友谊的清风灌满征帆。友谊不是感情的投资，它不需要股息和分红。

3.自私是一面镜子，镜子里永远只看得到自己;自私是一块布匹，蒙住了自己的眼睛，看不见别人的痛楚;自私是一层玻璃，看上去透明，却始终隔开了彼此的距离。

4.爱心是一片照射在冬日的阳光，使贫病交迫的人感到人间的温暖;爱心是一泓出现在沙漠里的泉水，使濒临绝境的人重新看到生活的希望;爱心是一首飘荡在夜空的歌谣，使孤苦无依的人获得心灵的慰藉。

5.幸福是“临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归”的牵挂;幸福是“春种一粒粟，秋收千颗子”的收获。幸福是“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的闲适;幸福是“奇闻共欣赏，疑义相与析”的愉悦。

6.静物是凝固的美，动景是流动的美;直线是流畅的美，曲线是婉转的美;喧闹的城市是繁华的美，宁静的村庄是淡雅的美。生活中处处都有美，只要你有一双发现美的眼睛，有一颗感悟美的心灵。

7.聪明人学习，像搏击长空的雄鹰，仰视一望无际的大地;愚笨的人学习，漫无目的，犹如乱飞乱撞的无头飞蛾;刻苦的人学习，像弯弯的河流，虽有曲折，但终会流入大海;懒惰的人学习，像水中的木头，阻力越大倒退得越快。

8.梅花：迎接它出生的不是和煦的春风，而是凛冽的北风;伴随它成长的不是温暖的春天，而是寒冷的冬天。滋润它成长的不是晶莹的甘露，而是肃杀的严霜。衬托它美姿的不是浓浓的绿意，而是寒彻的白雪。花坛暖房里，它不开;冰天雪地里，它怒放;寒风霜气中，它绽开。阳春三月，不见它的踪影;寒冬腊月，它迸发出震撼人心的力量。

9.只有启程，才会到达理想和目的地;只有拼搏，才会获得辉煌的成功;只有播种，才会有收获;只有追求，才会品味堂堂正正的人。

10.母爱就是一幅山水画，洗去铅华雕饰，留下清新自然;母爱就象一首深情的歌，婉转悠扬，轻吟浅唱;母爱就是一阵和煦的风，吹去朔雪纷飞，带来春光无限。

11.在经受了失败和挫折后，我学会了坚韧;在遭受到误解和委屈时，我学会了宽容;在经历了失落和离别后，我懂得了珍惜。

12.平凡是荒原，孕育着崛起，只要你肯开拓;平凡是泥土，孕育着收获，只要你肯耕耘;平凡是细流，孕育着深邃，只要你肯积累。

13.黄土高原，是我挺起的胸膛;黄河流水，是我沸腾的血液;黄帝陵丘，是我远古的怀想;黄海大潮，是我激荡的心声;黄山劲松，是我不屈的脊梁;黄埔大桥，是我展开的臂膀;大兴安岭，是我坚硬的肋骨;洞庭鄱阳，是我明亮的眼睛;喜马拉雅，是我高昂的头颅;巍巍长城，是我不屈的脊梁。

14.人生如一首诗，应该多一些悠扬的抒情，少一些愁苦的叹息。人生如一幅画，应该多一些亮丽的着色，少一些灰色的基调。人生如一支歌，应该多一些昂扬的吟唱，少一些哀婉的咏叹。人生如一局棋，应该多一些主动的出击，少一些消极的龟缩。

15.小溪是勇敢的，它不畏高山峻岭的阻隔，不畏脚下道路的崎岖，勇往直前;大树是坚强的，它不畏狂风暴雨的打击，不畏严寒酷暑的煎熬，昂首屹立;灯塔是无畏的，它不怕无边黑暗的包围，不怕常年累月的孤独，永放光芒。

16.美丽是平凡的，平凡得让你感觉不到她的存在;美丽是平淡的，平淡得只剩下温馨的回忆;美丽又是平静的，平静得只有你费尽心思才能激起她的涟漪。

17.选择博爱，就是选择对情感的珍视。选择博爱，就是选择对万物的眷恋。选择博爱，就是选择高远的人生志向。

18.江水奔流不息，倾诉的是自己澎湃的波涛;树木傲雪参天，挺拔的是自己无边的苍翠;山岭巍倦起伏，显示的是自己坚强的体魄。草原纵横千里，袒露的是自己宽广的胸怀。人类拦江筑坝，展现的是自己豪迈的气魄。

19.信念是巍巍大厦的栋梁，没有它，就只是一堆散乱的砖瓦;信念是滔滔大江的河床，没有它，就只有一片泛滥的波浪;信念是熊熊烈火的引星，没有它，就只有一把冰冷的柴把;信念是远洋巨轮的主机，没有它，就只剩下瘫痪的巨架。

20.思念是一首诗，让你在普通的日子里读出韵律来;思念是一阵雨，让你在枯燥的日子里湿润起来;思念是一片阳光，让你的阴郁的日子里明朗起来。

关于排比句摘抄集锦【2】

1.青春是一种令人羡慕的资本。凭着健壮的体魄，你可以支撑起一方蔚蓝的天空;凭着顽强的毅力，你可以攀登上一座魏峨的高山。凭着旺盛的精力，你可以开垦出一片肥沃的地;凭着超人的智慧，你可以描绘出一幅精美的画卷。凭着洋溢的热情，你可以遨游一片汪洋大海;凭着乐观的精神，你可以走过一丛繁茂的荆棘。凭着无尽的好奇，你可以游览一方神奇的土地。

2.拥有青春，就拥有了一份潇洒和风流;拥有青春，就拥有了一份灿烂和辉煌。拥有拥有知识，就拥有了无限的光明和希望;拥有知识，就拥有了无限的力量和财富。拥有拥有友情，就拥有了一份理解和支持;拥有友情，就拥有了一份快乐和温馨。拥有网络，就拥有了世界和梦想!

3.“采菊东篱下”是一种清静的潇洒，“胜似闲庭信步”是一种喜悦的潇洒，“明月松间照”是一种怡然的潇洒。“举酒邀明月”是一种孤寂的潇洒。“仰天大笑出门去”是一种自信的潇洒。“我自横刀冲天笑”是一种无畏的潇洒。“留得残荷听雨声”是一种宽容的潇洒。“一日看尽长安花”是一种得意的潇洒。“醉卧沙场君莫笑”是一种豪迈的潇洒。

4.春天的雨，细腻而轻柔，给山野披上美丽的衣裳;夏天的雷，迅疾而猛烈，为生命敲响热烈的战鼓;秋天的风，凉爽而惬意，为落叶送去温馨的问候;冬天的雪，慈祥而温厚，为庄稼带来多情的呵护。

5.世间的事情往往是一分为二的。失败虽然是人人不愿得到的结果，但有时却能激发上们坚忍的毅力;贫困虽然是人人不愿过的生活，但有时却能成为人们奋斗的动力;痛苦虽然是人人不愿经受的情感，但有时却能造就人们刚强的性格;因此，我们看问题需要用辩证的观点。

6.请保留一份单纯，使你多一份与人的友善，少一些心灵的冷漠麻木;请保留一份单纯，使你多一份人生的快乐，少一些精神的衰老疲惫;请保留一份单纯，使你多一份奋进的力量，少一些故作高深的看破红尘。

7.只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，才会看见心灵的宝藏;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，才会看见门外清明的风景;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，人间的繁花满树与灯火辉煌才会一片一片飘进窗来;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，我们才能坦然勇敢走出门去，一步一步走向光明的所在。

8.朋友是快乐日子里的一把吉它，尽情地为你弹奏生活的愉悦;朋友是忧伤日子里的一股春风，轻轻地为你拂去心中的愁云。朋友是成功道路上的一位良师，热情的将你引向阳光的地带;朋友是失败苦闷中的一盏明灯，默默地为你驱赶心灵的阴霾。

9.书是钥匙，能开启智慧之门;书是阶梯，帮助人们登上理想的高峰;书是良药，能医治愚昧之症;书是乳汁，哺育人们成长;书是你的最好伴侣，与你共度美好时光。

10.钱能买到佳肴，不能买到胃口;钱能买到书籍，不能买到知识;钱能买到药品，不能买到健康;钱能买到时装，不能买到美丽;钱能买到朋友，不能买到友谊。

11.选择博爱，就是选择对情感的珍视;选择博爱，就是选择对万物的眷恋;选择博爱，就是选择高远的人生志向。

12.理想是一把尺，量出一个人的眼光的长短;追求是一杆秤，称出一个人灵魂的轻重。生活是一杯酒，品出人生滋味的酸甜苦辣;事业是一面镜，照出生命价值的大小高低;友谊是一瀑布，飞溅着真诚的火花;信任是一缕阳光，驱散了怀疑的迷雾。

13.您的笑容是世界上最和煦的春风，您的眼泪是世界上最名贵的珍珠，您的皱纹是辛苦岁月霜雪雨的刻痕;您的画像是勇敢和坚韧的象征;您的关怀，让我们感受到长辈的慈爱;您的鼓励，让我们扬起了奋斗的风帆;您的渊博，让我们沐浴了知识的阳光;您的奉献，让我领略了师德的风范。

14.人们爱秋天，爱她的秋高气爽，爱她的硕果累累;人们爱春天，爱她的山青水绿，爱她的万紫千红;人们都爱夏天，爱她的夏雨绵绵，爱她的艳阳高照;人们都爱冬天，爱她的白雪皑皑，爱她的洁白无瑕。

15.谎言是一只心灵的蛀虫，将人的心蛀得面目全非;谎言是一个深深的泥潭，让人深陷其中无法自拔;谎言是一个无尽的黑洞，让人坠入罪恶的深渊万劫不复。

16.因为自信，在呀呀学语时，我靠着纤嫩的双腿，迈出人生的第一步;因为自信，我一次次将第一名的奖状高高举起;因为自信，我毫不吝惜地剪掉飘逸的长发，在运动场上展现风采……感谢自信，它给了我一双翅膀，让我在电闪雷鸣中去飞翔，在风雨中去搏击人生!

17.爱读书，是一种美德。读书，使人思维活跃，聪颖智慧;读书，使人胸襟开阔，豁达晓畅;读书，使人目光远大，志存高远;读书，使入思想插上翅膀，感情绽开花蕾。

18.让我们来做花的事业吧，把花香传给别人;让我们来做叶的事业吧，把花顶过自己的身躯;让我们来做根的事业吧，把养分输送给叶和花;让我们来做太阳的事业吧，把温暖奉献给每一个人让我们来做土的事业吧，把千万棵花孕育得根深叶茂。

19.大厦巍然屹立，是因为有坚强的支柱，理想和信仰就是人生大厦的支柱;航船破浪前行，是因为有指示方向的罗盘，理想和信仰就是人生航船的罗盘;列车奔驰千里，是因为有引导它的铁轨，理想和信仰就是人生列车上的铁轨。

20.痛苦是黑暗中的摸索，前进的路途中满是坎坷;痛苦是无人理解的悲哀，无助的面对一切挫折;痛苦是心灵最深的折磨，无泪且无法直言;痛苦是天生没有的表情，是烦恼中的恶魔。

关于排比句摘抄集锦【3】

1.一粒种子，可以无声无息地在泥土里腐烂掉，也可以长成参天的大树。一块铀块，可以平庸无奇地在石头里沉睡下去，也可以产生惊天动地的力量。一个人，可以碌碌无为地在世上厮混日子，也可以让生命发出耀眼的光芒。

2.春蚕死去了，但留下了华贵丝绸;蝴蝶死去了，但留下了漂亮的衣裳;画眉飞去了，但留下了美妙的歌声;花朵凋谢了，但留下了缕缕幽香;蜡烛燃尽了，但留下一片光明;雷雨过去了，但留下了七彩霓虹。

3.一条幽径，曲折迂回中总会激起心旷神怡的向往;一波巨澜，潮起潮落时更能叠出惊心动魄的鸣响;一个故事，遗憾悲婉里才有肝肠寸段的凄凉;一种人生，跌宕困顿中方显惊世骇俗的豪壮。

4.远去的飞鸟，永恒的牵挂是故林;漂泊的船儿，始终的惦记是港湾;奔波的旅人，无论是匆匆夜归还是离家远去，心中千丝万缕、时时惦念的地方，还是家。

5.人生如一首诗，应该多一些悠扬的抒情，少一些愁苦的叹息。人生如一幅画，应该多一些亮丽的着色，少一些灰色的基调。人生如一支歌，应该多一些昂扬的吟唱，少一些哀婉的咏叹。人生如一局棋，应该多一些主动的出击，少一些消极的龟缩。

6.生活如酒，或芳香，或浓烈，因为诚实，它变得醇厚;生活如歌，或高昂，或低沉，因为守信，它变得悦耳;生活如画，或明丽，或素雅，因为诚信，它变得美丽。

7.有了执著，生命旅程上的寂寞可以铺成一片蓝天;有了执著，孤单可以演绎成一排鸿雁;有了执著，欢乐可以绽放成满圆的鲜花。

8.阴险，是一条披着羊皮的狼，干着不见天日的勾当;阴险是善良的公敌，嫉妒的朋友;阴险是一座心灵的冰山，让人透过清澈感到的是阵阵的寒意。

9.给我一次困难，让我懂得克服;给我一次挫败，让我经受磨练;给我一次失败，让我学会反省;给我一次耻辱，让我学会振作;我感谢每一次带我走向成功的经历。

10.母亲是烦恼中的一曲古筝，当你意气消沉时，幽雅的旋律飘拂处，眼前立即遗篇青翠;母亲是挫折中的一阵清风，当你瑟瑟发抖时，贴心的呵护与温暖，伴你安然入梦;母亲是疲惫中的芳酩，当你软弱无力时，只消几口，就使你婶清气爽。

11.书籍好比一架梯子，它能引领人们登上文化的殿堂;书籍如同一把钥匙，它将帮助我们开启心灵的智慧之窗;书籍犹如一条小船，它会载着我们驶向知识的海洋。

12.人生是洁白的画纸，我们每个人就是手握各色笔的画师;人生也是一条看不到尽头的长路，我们每个人则是人生道路的远足者;人生还像是一块神奇的土地，我们每个人则是手握农具的耕耘者;但人生更像一本难懂的书，我们每个人则是孜孜不倦的读书郎。

13.愚蠢是一种天生的无奈，是一种后天的懒惰，是一颗自己种下的恶果，是一条好果实中的蛀虫。

14.从秋叶的飘零中，我们读出了季节的变换;从归雁的行列中，我读出了集体的力量;从冰雪的消融中，我们读出了春天的脚步;从穿石的滴水中，我们读出了坚持的可贵;从蜂蜜的浓香中，我们读出了勤劳的甜美。

15.大海如果失去巨浪的翻滚，也就失去了雄浑;沙漠如果失去了飞沙的狂舞，也就失去了壮美;人生如果失去了真实的历程，也就失去了意义。

16.美是游荡在蓝天上的几缕白云，美是偎依在山冈上的几点残雪，美是回荡在密林中的几声鸟鸣，美是跳跃在海面上的一抹斜阳。

17.我也憧憬另一种生活状态，叫做——拼搏，拼搏就像暴风雨中的海燕，任雷鸣电闪。我也憧憬另一种生活状态，叫做——紧张，紧张就像夜色里赶路的人，任月出月落。我也憧憬另一种生活状态，叫做——奋进，奋进就像海上行驶的帆船，任浪打风吹。

18.钱能买到佳肴，不能买到胃口;钱能买到书籍，不能买到知识;钱能买到药品，不能买到健康;钱能买到时装，不能买到美丽;钱能买到朋友，不能买到友谊。钱能买漂亮的眼镜，但买不来明亮的眼睛。钱能买高档的钢笔，但买不来敏捷的文思。钱能买来芬芳的玫瑰，但买不来真正的爱情。钱能买来名贵的篮球，但买不来精湛的球技。钱能买来精确的钟表，但买不来流逝的光阴。

19.高中三年，光阴荏苒。忆同学少年，良多趣味。我们曾谈曹操青梅煮酒，纵论天下英雄;我们曾诵李白举头望明月，细诉思乡情怀;我们曾学毛泽东指点江山，歌颂风流人物;我们曾吟周敦颐爱莲篇章，立下君子之志。……如今，这些都如片片枫叶，珍藏在你我青春的诗集。

20.也许你无法拥有深邃的蓝天，但是你可以做飘逸的白云;也许你无法拥有浩瀚的大海，但是你可以做清幽的小溪，也许你无法拥有辽阔的草原，但是你可以做执着的绿洲。只要你满怀信心，你就会感受到生命的意义。

21.青春是美妙的音乐，用它跳跃的音符谱写生活的旋律;青春是翱翔的雄鹰，用它矫健的翅膀搏击广阔的天宇;青春是奔腾的河流，用它倒海的气势冲垮陈旧的桎梏。

22.自私是一面镜子，镜子里永远只看得到自己;自私是一块布匹，蒙住了自己的眼睛，看不见别人的痛楚;自私是一层玻璃，看上去透明，却始终隔开了彼此的距离。