大学英语写作期末考试范文（精选20篇）

老师早上一开口，便使我麻木并且倒在了椅子上，那句话便是：“离期末还有二十多天。”我似乎被电到了一样，因为那每年两次的“试卷雨”又要来临了。数学课平安无事，老师最后宣布：“中午来评讲大练。”这使我松了一口气。

但是第三课时，我有了一种不祥的预感，一团阴云在悄然聚集。中午吃完饭后，老师透露出了机密情报：中午将会考试。此时我恨不得与胡老师交换大脑，这样的话，这次考试我就可以完美了！可是这怎么可能呢？

片刻后（此处快进了一下），胡老师手持一堆卷子走进教室，开始考试了。

一拿到卷子，我便像被空投到了战场一样，面对“3个计算连，1个填空团，1个选择加强连，1支应用主力军”，再来看一看我方“战斗人员”：只有“一个自动笔机枪班和1支铅芯弹药补给班”。我现在多么想“投降”啊，但是老师会同意吗？

我只好一头扎进题目的海洋，就像和一头头题目组成的大白鲨搏斗一样，又好像战斗中双方弹尽粮绝，将要赤手空拳地与敌人一决高下一样。

突然我受到了“敌人装甲部队”的阻挡——一道我百思不得其解的应用题，最后，我好不容易在“脑细胞军师”的帮助下，解开了这道题目。

这时考试结束，卷子刚好在那一刻写完了。

考试制度是所有制度中最“好”的制度，它可以把人指使得不像人了。正说明了那句话：考而不死是为神。

在考研英语的小作文部分，历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型，投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等，但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中，翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷，常常发现这些归为一大类，终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要，下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招，让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例：Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例：I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求，从中寻找名词或动词

例：Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示，把名词具体化，把动词近义词化。

例：I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例：I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名，一般格式为：Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括：说明投诉原因并表示遗憾，实事求是阐述问题发生的经过，指出问题引起的后果，提出批评及处理意见，督促对方采取措施，提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人，就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括：表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因，提出补救办法，再次表示致歉，并希望得到谅解，提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的，该书信内容通常包括：表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

在2018考研的战场上，一分意味着上线与下线，一分意味着录取与非录取，所以，拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名，取得理想佳绩!

[考研英语书信写作方法

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

and to stop any environmental pollution. Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today.

In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution. Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves.

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

在这个晚上，充满了紧张和激情，因为明天就期末考试了，大家都紧张复习，其中我们宿舍最热闹了。

我们宿舍的几个人都在复习我提了个意见，大家一起复习，大家都同意了。我们一起复习，先复习的是数学，我们把数学重点都背了起来，然后是英语，我们把加星号的单词背了起来，我们背的津津有味，紧张的心情充满了欢乐，最激情的事是，我们为了放松心情，还开了唱歌联欢会。可当我们要复习语文的时候，就睡觉了我们就决定明天早晨在复习。我们就睡觉了，睡觉的时候我们还在心里默默的背着刚才复习的。很晚才睡着的。

这个晚上，我们把重点背的滚瓜烂熟，现在想起还记忆犹新。

[叙事作文 期末考试前一天

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

这次期末考试发挥还算正常，自从上次期末考试不理想后，我进行了深刻的检讨。

1、在期末考试前我并没有深入复习，只不过是看了看书。

2、临阵磨枪，突击英语，平时不善于积累。

3、复习没有重点。 通过以上几点，在这次的期末考试中，我不但克服了上次期末考试的弱点，还总结了怎样提高学习成绩的方法。

一、 数学：数学总体上分两大部分：(一)代数；(二)几何。

代数：代数是最基本的数学知识，尤其是对学习几何奠定了很好的基础。在复习是，最主要的就是掌握好因式分解，因为它是学好分式的主要环节，只有这样，才能 一环接一环。在做题时，要懂得整体感知，掌握好方法。期末考试前，最好不要做太难的题，只要懂得了基础知识，学会灵活运用，举一反三，做到任真仔细，代数就会变得很容易。 几何：其实几何要掌握的东西并不多。首先：只要能将一般三角形与特殊三角形的定理、推论、性质运用合理，便可轻松自如的做出每一道题。其次：在做每一道题 时要认真仔细。例如：本应是∠AOC，在马虎的情况下很可能写成∠ACO,这样一来，就会白白丢几分。 有时，遇到不会的几何题，不要立马放弃，要把复杂已知的图形解剖成几个小图形，这样，复杂变简单，整体变局布，思路变清楚，再把所得到的信息综合运用起来，并结和已知，再难的题也做的出来。

二、语文：复习语文要从5个方面：(一)文常；(二)注音；(三)解词；(四)默写；(五)单元知识。

在语文期末考试中，课内文言文与课外阅读最困难，也是最 不好掌握的，因此，在平时上课时要认真听讲。对于文言文要理解每一层含义，知道每一句和每一个字的解释。课外阅读就要靠平时的积累，在答题时，要身临其境，明确中心，认真审题，一遍不会读两遍，两遍不会读三遍，直到读明白为止。

三、英语：熟练单词和句型是学好英语的重点。英语期末考试当然也不例外。有些人只顾着把单词掌握好，可在做完成句子时，虽然单词都会，可不会句型也无济于事。 所以，两者并用，才能事半功倍。但最重要的还是在于平时，多听磁带，多看书，这样，对于英语的感知性就会加强。

四、物理：在期末考试前要熟悉物理概念，这是非常重要的。然而，光懂得这些是不够的，还要与实际结合上。还有一点，那就是学会画图。把图画好，不仅使自己的思路清楚，而且，在期末考试前，看一看，对于期末考试和理解都会有很好的帮助。 总之，对于期末考试不能临阵磨枪，要注重平时的积累。善于发现，善于理解，善于思考…… “学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆。”“学问，学问，不懂就问。”“发明千千万，起点在一问。”“好问无须脸红，无知才应羞耻。” 记住，作为老师，他(她)永远等待着你的提问。只有学会问问题，学习成绩才会有提高。

这个学期已经渐渐逼近尾声，激动人心的期末考试也如约而至。

今天，是考试的日子。我刚走进教室，就听见一阵吵嚷。原来，同学们因为太激动，根本安静不下来。恰恰相反，其它班却在专心致志地复习，跟我们班形成了鲜明的对比。

这时，老师来了，我们急忙安静下来。老师严肃地对我们说：“今天考试，大家按照考号去自己的考室。”同学们点了点头，那动作像小鸡啄米一样好笑。

开始考试了，我被分在155班。第一节课考语文，80分钟。我飞快地看了一遍题目，拿出笔写了起来。题目并没有多难，大多都是书上有的，或是老师讲过的。只有几题例外。作文是想象作文，有3种题目可选：花和叶，课桌和板凳，铅笔、钢笔和橡皮。我仔细地想了想，还是花和叶子好一些，因为这个题目我比较喜欢。

第二节考数学，60分钟。前面的题还比较简单，后面就有点难了。当我正对着题抓耳挠腮时，老师突然就说了一句：“离考试结束只有几分钟了。”我一听，大吃一惊。因为我还有几道应用题没做完。我手一抖，笔都差点掉地上。我冷静了一下，立刻抓紧笔，头也不抬地写完了剩下的题，而且速度飞快。这时，老师又说：“哦，我刚才弄错了，还有20分钟。”我听了，有些愤愤不平。老师说得倒轻快！

第三节考英语，40分钟。题目很简单，我10分钟就停笔了。不过，接下来的30分钟对我来说很漫长，我把试卷检查了一遍又一遍。最后，终于，下课铃响了，老师也来收试卷了。

回家的路上，我感到一身轻松，终于考完了！我觉得路边的小树和小草正对着我微笑，这真是快乐的一天！

“距离‘敌军’（期末考试）到达‘战场’（考场）还有5天，请做好准备。”

唉，有句老话说得好！考、考、考，老师的法宝；分、分、分，学生的命根。这不快期末了嘛！老师开始用“法宝”来攻击我们了，爸妈也给我下“军令”：三门课程不考九十分以上，暑假就必须每天在家搞学习，没有自由时间。

数学、英语我还有把握，语文就没有多大的信心。因为上学期期末，我语文就只考了88。5分，一个多么悲惨的分数啊！我非常不想历史再一次重演。所以我最近在家认真复习，但老天总跟我作对，总让老师布置背诵作业，折腾得我叫苦不迭。

我每次考语文的情况是这样的：考试前很担心，考试中很紧张，考试后很绝望。考好了兴奋得一蹦三尺高。

我主要是基础知识错得多，比如课文填空和错别字多。阅读题问题不大。

作文，竟然占了三十分，我的个妈，但是作文我绝对不会扣六分，因为我同桌是“作文高手”，那叫一个“老龙王搬家——厉害”。我和他学了一点儿，作文不愁。

每次考试前既开心，又忧伤。要放暑假了，很开心。考不好怎么办，很忧愁。我也不要求打百分，打个九十分以上我就心满意足，加油，努力！

低头不是认输，是要看清自己的路，仰头不是骄傲，是要看见自己的天空。

——科比·布莱恩特

当传来科比和她的女儿Chiana去世的噩耗时，我迄今依旧对这个噩耗感到震惊和悲伤，我哀叹一代篮球巨星就此陨落，但正如马布里悼念科比所言“你的精神是真正教给下一代的东西，我们永远赞扬你。”

科比曾被问：“如果非要找一种动物来比喻你，你会选择什么动物?”当时科比毫不犹豫的回答：“BlackMamba!”黑曼巴蛇是非洲毒蛇中体型最长，速度最快，攻击性最强的杀手，黑曼巴蛇的杀手天性勇猛好斗以及杀人技术，

这一切都与在篮球场上的科比惊人相似。科比于是得到了这样一个令人敬畏的绰号：黑曼巴。

黑曼巴是非洲草原上毒性最烈的一种蛇而科比精神也被称为曼巴精神“永不言弃”是科比自己给予这种精神的定义。永不言弃，战斗到比赛的最后一秒，刻苦训练时刻保持侵略性的进攻，铁桶般的防守，最快的时间瓦解对方战斗意志，不正是科比在赛场上对他精神的完美演绎吗?

很高兴乃至体坛甚至全世界能够出现科比这样的人物，不然历史就会失去一片精彩。他有着多么辉煌的职业生涯，他是多少球迷心中的MVP，当他要退役时，世界震惊，亿万粉丝悲怆哽咽，科比精神超过体育本身。科比曾说过，

他把中国当作第二个家，这里有真心热爱篮球的球迷，他们对比赛热情很高，就和自己小时候一样，这也让自己总是想到小时候的自己，对未来充满希望和梦想。

我们要像科比所说的，知道生活本身就充满了挑战，生活是一种上升的过程，你可能不会每次在前进的路上都成功，有时你会脸朝下直挺挺的倒下，不过重要的是要学会重新站起来，也许你被击倒时，人们可能会在你身上践踏而去，可能会从你身边默然走过，但是要牢记的是，重新站起来，拍拍身上的泥土，继续前进。

臧克家诗言——有的人死了，他还活着。也许，我们再也见不到后仰投球，但24号球衣浓缩的精神，将伴随我们这一代人继续前行。

科比再见，精神永存。

高二期末考试作文6 The final exam composition 6

一年四季的农村是那么的美丽，它使人每时每刻都充满愉快感。春天，天气转暖，草长莺飞;春天，耕耘播种，充满希望。春姑娘像神圣一样，悄悄地来到这个昔日充满孩子们欢声笑语的农村里。春天的农村真是不同凡响。

麦田里，一位位勤劳的农民正在辛勤的劳动着。不大一会儿，他们那憔悴的脸上流出了一丝晶莹的汗珠，但是，他们还是怀着喜悦的心情来种植。忙了一天的农民们，一个个汗流浃背，骑着自己的自行车，高兴的回家去。

早晨，小朋友们拿着风筝，到那刚刚睡醒的田野里快乐玩耍。他们放着风筝，大大小小的风筝飞在天空中。有橘红色的大金鱼，摇摇摆摆的像游在水里一样，看它游的多快活呀!有金色的小蜜蜂，它是那么的忙，紧着采蜜呢!还有凌空展翅的雄鹰，它好像看见了可口猎物，张开双爪，要抓住猎物……小朋友们玩的是多么愉快，他们心里似乎只装着那美丽的像个绿姑娘的春天。这使我想起了一首奇丽的小诗，“儿童散学归来早，忙趁东风放纸鸢”，说的真好呀!

清晨的田野美丽极了，露珠像天空中的星星一样，在阳光照耀下晶莹的闪烁着，田野成了“绿油油的天空”，五颜六色的露珠被一望无际的田野衬托着，真像是大地母亲和明朗的天空连成了一个整体。看那田边的柳树，是那么的绿，绿的耀眼，绿的透明，它们在春风的吹拂下，洗梳着它的美丽的嫩绿的秀美的润发。柳树像一位披头散发的美丽少女，在微风中翩翩起舞，她的舞蹈婀娜多姿，十分优美，令人陶醉。

田边有一条波光粼粼的小河，嫩绿的小麦倒映在清凌凌的小河里，显得更绿了;蔚蓝的天空倒映在清凌凌的小河里，显得更蓝了;洁白的云朵倒映在清凌凌的小河里显得更白了。我走过去，想用这清凉的河水洗一洗脸，可是我犹豫了，因为我生怕弄坏了这一幅美好的画卷———

一身乌黑光亮的羽毛，一对俊俏轻快的翅膀，加上剪刀似的尾巴，凑成了活泼可爱的小燕子，它们像天使一样美丽。小燕子匆匆忙忙地从南方又赶到了北方，回到了另一个家，它们在这里生儿育女，快乐的生活着。

在微风中，在阳光中，它们斜着身子在天空中掠过，唧唧地叫着，有的由这边的稻田上，一转眼飞到了那边的柳树下边;有的横掠过湖面，尾尖偶尔沾了一下水面，就看到波纹一圈一圈地荡漾开去。几对燕子飞倦了，落在电线上。蓝蓝的天空，电杆之间连着几痕细线，多么像五线谱啊!停着的燕子成了音符，谱出一支正待演奏的春天的赞歌……

农村的春天到处洋溢着生机和欢笑，让我们一同去农村，感受它的美丽纯朴吧!

高二期末考试作文7 The final exam composition 7

时光的流逝将我的美好童年，像小河一般带入了时光的流里。童年的消失，随之而来的却是我成长的烦恼，这烦恼悄无声息的侵略着我的快乐，使我越来越看不清自我。

步入高中生活，告别了中学时代，但对比而来初中生的心理充满了烦恼，小学的一切都已成为往事，留下的只有回忆。初中的科目比从前多了一倍，课余时间逐渐变小，而压力却越来越大。有时，因为一个小小的难题;一件不愉快的事情;一个小小的挫折等等都会给我带来巨大的烦恼。然而，最让我烦恼的还是父母给我定制的目标和压力。

记得有一次，我兴高采烈地拿着九十一分的考卷回家，原以为会换来父母的夸奖。当我回到家把考卷拿给父母时，满心的期待着他们的夸奖，但谁知当他们看到鲜红的九十一分时，脸上没有一丝的喜悦，反倒对我说到，为什么没有考到九十五分以上?我听到那刺耳的答复，心中的兴奋此时立刻烟飞云散，留下的只有那深深的悲伤。我低下头，沮丧地拿回那张考卷，失望地走进房间。而他们却不知我的心在流血，只知道给我制定更高的目标，而且总对我说你看别人家的孩子考的多好。

现在的我像一只被囚禁在笼子的小鸟，飞不出去，只能望着那蔚蓝的天空。但我真心对你们说：初中生正处青春期，内心充满矛盾以及烦恼，而这烦恼总像魔鬼一样缠着我，拘束着我，使我越来越失去快乐，越来越看不清自我。但我迫切的想找回从前那快乐、无忧无虑的自己，没有过多的烦恼。我希望你们能理解我，了解我内心的想法，能让我不再被烦恼所拘束;希望你们能适当地降低对我的要求，让我得以放松;希望你们以后不总要在我面前说别人家的孩子，每当你们提起时我的心都在流血;希望你们……这也许能为我减少一些烦恼，能一点一点找回从前快乐的自己。希望现在你们能明白我所需要的并不是第一，而是快乐的青春，但我的成绩也不会让你们失望，还是会保持在优以上，请不用担心。

逝去的美好童年就让它成为往事吧，让我们珍惜这充满烦恼、矛盾的青春，即使有一点点缺陷，但不让这青春成为永远的遗憾。

It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.

As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and dont work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.

In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. Whats more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.

从现在到期末考试的这段时间，我们要更好地学会合作学习和自主学习。

所谓合作学习，就是要充分发挥好小组学习方式的优势，以小组为单位，狠抓落实。同学们要团结协作，优势互补，促进彼此共同进步。落实任务要在小组内得到执行，作为小组学习的重中之重，在合作学习的同时，还要提高自主学习能力，提高学习效率，使学习一直处于不断的良好循环之中。

距离期末已经很近了，而期末考试的内容又较期中增加了很多，知识点多了，知识面广了，难度也就提高了。课程很紧，任务很重，需要我们认真对待。

现在正处于“高原期”，在这段时间内我们还要不断地进行自我状态的调整，不论是“身”还是“心”，都要尽量调整到最佳状态。朋友们要多交流，有利于减压，每天都保持一份好心情，这样才能更好地投入到学习中去。

经过这段时间的学习，希望可以在期末取得更好的成绩。

考试是测验我们所学的知识是否扎实，所以我们在学的过程中一定要认真，一丝不苟，这样一来，面临考试我们就会迎刃而解。

通过这次期末考试，我没有像我们班有些同学得满分，但我知足了，因为这是靠我自己的努力得来的，不管最后的结果是怎样，我始终有这样一个想法，只要我努力了，我就是最棒的。

在我们学习的过程中，老师总会对我们说：“成功靠的是百分之九十九的汗水，只有百分之一是天赋。”我很认同这句话，因为我经历过，所以我认同。在学习的过程中，我们必备的只有：踏实、认真，只要这样，面对任何一次考试，任何问题，我们才会解决，面对期末考试，我有信心，因为我始终在不断的努力奋进，所以我会成功。

通过这次我的考试成绩来看虽然每科都在90分以上，但是照学校的“学习小标兵”的成绩还我很大的差距，所以我更要发奋学习，学而时习之，不亦乐乎，我们要在学的过程中体会玩的快乐，我一定要好好学习，面临考试我不再皱眉头，而要把握考试的每一次机会。在这次考试中，我们班的确有很多同学考的不理想，老师并没有灰心，而我却感觉很过意不去，因为我们来学校就是学习的，可我们的成绩辜负了老师的一片苦心。每次上课老师都精心的准备，孜孜不倦的给我们讲解课本上的内容，久而久之我感觉老师疲惫了，我从心底里打算，一定要好好学习，不让老师伤心，不让家长操心，这就是我的打算，学就要学的认真，玩就要玩的痛快，在这我非常感谢这段日子以来老师们和同学们对我的帮助与关心，我一定不会辜负老师对我的希望，让我带着梦想去遨游知识的殿堂。同学们，奋进吧，相信我们是最棒的！

为期两天的期末考试过去了，放了两天假后来到学校的同学们，不知是否有反思，有总结，有收获呢？今天一天的学习生活相对来说比较轻松，几门科目的评卷也结束了，有的同学信心满满，也有的同学提心吊胆，不过我想，考试后的总结补差是更重要的，考试成绩什么的，希望大家都可以从中得到收获！

现在已经12月份了，马上2013年就要过去了，这一年的感动，伤心，愉悦不知同学是否还记得？天气一天一天冷了，渐渐地也有了冬天的寒意，大家都要记得多喝水，多穿衣啊~

日子在一天一天流逝，距离中考的时间也越来越短，初三学年也快过去了一半，使我不由想到过去几年中十一班的欢声笑语：2013年的元旦快要到来，大家还记得去年在体育馆举办的院校元旦联欢晚会吗？在那次演出上，是一般有三位同学--吴怡林王晶钠（钠钠~）张允为大家带来了精彩的舞蹈，赢得大家为她们连声叫好，还令我印象深刻的是那次联欢晚会结束后，全班同学大声祝福几位过生日的同学，他们的脸上荡漾着甜蜜温暖的微笑…

还记得初二的时候，全班同学在校进行了为期两天的素质教育。最难忘的是一个叫做“责任者风采”的活动。班主任老师和素质教育的辅导老师为了各自的团队做了好多个俯卧撑。看着两位老师大汗淋漓，不少同学都掉了眼泪。很多懂事的学生为老师擦汗捶肩，相信老师们的心里也一定饱含感动和欣慰吧…

这几年来，十一班获得过大大小小的奖项，是十一班的骄傲然而唯一的空缺是歌咏比赛的奖项，说起来，上一次歌咏比赛时，大家选了一首激情四射的《最炫民族风》招来外班不少同学的艳美，不过由于准备不足等多种因素，我们还是没有进入总决赛…但是，我想这一点点的缺憾同样能镌刻在十一班的脑海…

马上就要进入初三下学期了；大家可要紧张起来啊！重祝现在的每一刻，相信大家一定会有所成！

良好的开端等于成功的一半，下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一. 开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.

D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again!

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.

(词典例子：Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.

(词典解释：be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸

例子：I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，真是荣幸。)

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

(词典解释：extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予

例子：I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)

(词典解释：allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

(词典：contray to sth 与之相异的，相对的，相反的

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

今天下午第二节课，我们英语考试。

上课前，同学们都准备的很好，上课了，我们急忙跑到教室里静息。英语老师来了，说：“今天我们考试，背你们喜欢的课文，现在开始练习。”一分钟过后，老师念同学的名字，同学们上来背自己喜欢的课文，我的的是优，我觉得其他人的分数也不低。老师说：“考试完的可以写作业，看书，剪纸，画画，不过不能说话。”同学们有的写作业，有的看书，有的剪纸，还有的画画，大家安安静静，没有人说话。下课了，老师说：“你们考试的分数都很高。”老师高兴的走了。我心里想：老师平时就很辛苦，加上要给我们改作业，讲课，我们一定要认真听讲，积极发言。有时候我们说话，老师心里很不开心。

老师还给我们讲过安全，要在电脑上做，有些同学一直不做，老师也很生气。所以我们要让老师开心，不能让老师生气，我们要帮老师抱作业，发作业，让老师天天心情好。

2015年12月大学英语六级于今日(12.19)下午15点正式开考，考前请考生们再仔细确认考试开考时间及听力时间和收发卷时间。

大学英语四六级考试日程表

CET4

CET6

流程

8:40

14:40

考生入场（准考证、学生证、身份证三证缺一不可）

9:00

15:00

发答题卡1、答题卡2、试题册。

信息填写完整后，将试题册背面向上放回桌子左上角。

9:10

15:10

考试正式开始，考生在答题卡1上完成第一部分（写作）

（注意用黑色签字笔或钢笔答题）

9:40

15:40

写作部分考试结束，考生打开试题册，开始做听力部分。

10:10

16:10

听力考试结束，收答题卡1

10:15

16:15

继续作答

11:25

17:25

考试结束，收试题册、答题卡2

也许成功太宠爱我了，每次考试成绩总在90分以上，这使得我变得十分骄傲自满，一次次在自我满足中陶醉。然而，上帝却不会每次都给我成功，这次期末考试彻底打破了我自以为简单但实际却复杂得多的考题的自信。

在过去，我视考试如拈花般轻松，但如今，还在作黄粱美梦的我不得不被残酷的现实拉回到起跑线上。一个让我想都不敢想的分数活生生地写在数学试卷上，我不相信，揉一揉眼睛，以为自己看花了眼，但却真是六十七分。一瞬间，泪水如钱塘江的潮水一涌而出，势不可挡，揩了又流，流了又揩。六十七分，我从未考过这么低的分数，唉!可怎么对得起父母和老师那期待的目光，拿了试卷，回到家里，父母狠狠地批评了我一顿，我无言以对，因为我*砸了，输了。输就输在一次又一次地认为考试很轻松;输就输在一次又一次地认为自己很聪明;输就输在一次又一次地认为自己肯定能考上九十分的侥幸心理!

总结教训，四个字：骄傲自满!这四个字如毒蛇般吞噬着我的心，使我成绩一落千丈。我决心赶走它们，脚踏实地才是我新的格言，谦虚谨慎才应当是我的座右铭!

“别灰心，儿子!失败乃成功之母，大丈夫何惧一次小小的失败!”老爸一本正经地拍着我的肩膀，鼓励我说。

对，我不能因为一次考试失败就丧失了信心，迷失了自我。我要站起来，奋起直追，追求我的梦。因为凡事不可能次次都成功，我要学会在失败中体会，在成功中明白。只有不怕失败，百折不挠地一次次站起，才会享受到成功的喜悦。

My ambition is to become a teacher. As a child, I had many dreams, but

becoming teacher is the most thing I want to be. During the class, I pay more

attention to teacher‘s instruction, and act as teacher ‘s helper. I think

teacher has more influence on children‘s mind and behavior. There are many

crimes and disorders in our society, as many of outlaws come from broken family

and human‘s greed. If I can be a teacher, I definitely will ask my students be a

honor and useful person. The goal of our life is to help each other and reach

the harmony happiness. I hope my ambition and dream can come true. I am willing

to study hard and become a teacher in the future.