关于英语说明文的写作方法推荐20篇

见字如见人，一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感，就算文章写的不错，主题鲜明，文字优美，意境深远，但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得，书写是文章的服饰，标点是文章的呼吸，丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚。三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号，一篇文章，应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了，“感情分”也就上去了!

1、书写工整，拿到卷面分，更拿到印象分;

2、标题鲜明，不仅要扣题，更要不“土气”;

3、开篇和结尾可以根据时间状况选择先打草稿，争取简练精彩，展示扣题和文采。(不仅改卷老师印象好，更能降低偏离主题的风险);

4、文章分段比例安排好。(小编有一句：每段不要超5行，开头结尾2行半，整篇文章5、6段);

5、材料鲜活，这需要平时高质量的积累和阅读;

6、锤炼语言，要有几句精炼的有内涵的语句升华主题，增加文章的思想深度。(这需要大量的积累，和一定思辨能力)

7、时间分配要合理，要有时间观念，要留出充裕作文时间进行充足的思考。(最好确保至少几分钟的审题时间)，同时也要注意时间安排，把握节奏。

8、注意不要写错别字，按往年标准是1字1分(不重复)，扣满5分!有时间的同学要进行检查。

9、一定要满足字数条件，不足者按往年标准，是每50字1分扣的!

实在想不出来时间又紧迫的，要智取：“无病呻吟”法、”翻来覆去“法等等(多发感慨、换个语句说法来阐述同个意思);

时间非常紧迫，无计可施也只能采取下策争取：”铺天盖地法“(多用字符，数行一段)。

在考研英语的小作文部分，历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型，投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等，但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中，翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷，常常发现这些归为一大类，终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要，下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招，让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例：Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例：I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求，从中寻找名词或动词

例：Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示，把名词具体化，把动词近义词化。

例：I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例：I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名，一般格式为：Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括：说明投诉原因并表示遗憾，实事求是阐述问题发生的经过，指出问题引起的后果，提出批评及处理意见，督促对方采取措施，提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人，就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括：表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因，提出补救办法，再次表示致歉，并希望得到谅解，提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的，该书信内容通常包括：表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

在2018考研的战场上，一分意味着上线与下线，一分意味着录取与非录取，所以，拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名，取得理想佳绩!

[考研英语书信写作方法

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1.问题现状

2.怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）

In recent days，we have to face I problem——A，which is becoming more and more serious. First，——（说明A的现状）。Second，——（举例进一步说明现状）

Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，——（解决方法一）。 For another ——（解决方法二）。 Finally， ——（解决方法三）。

Personally， I believe that ——（我的解决方法）。 Consequently， I‘m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ——（带来的好处）。

日记是指用来记录其内容的载体，作为一种文体，属于记叙文性质的应用文。小编收集了小学生日记格式的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

1、观察日记。把看到的人物、事物、景物、记下来，每次观察最好截取一个侧面，反映一个中心。

2、剪贴日记。把自己喜爱的邮票、图画、照片贴在日记本上，并按图意写一句或一段完整的话加以说明。

3、信息日记。把看到的、听到的、有价值的最新信息记下来。

4、气象日记。把每天的天气、温度、风力、风向和出现的自然新气象记下来。

5、台历日记。把周围实实在在发生的重要事情如实简要地记在台历上，少则一句话，多则一段话。

6、摘录日记。把看到或读名家语录、格言、座右铭或写人状物的优美词句摘录下来。

7、学习日记。把课本上学到的、课外书刊读、印象较深的心得体会、联想记下来。

8、活动日记。记下参观访问活动和少先队组织的各项活动，参加一次记一次，抓住要点写。

9、实验日记。如养花、种向日葵或搞科技小制作，把过程、结果记下来。

10、思考日记。(或叫心灵日记、自我教育日记、“道德长跑”日记)把自己对现实生活中的优缺点和心理活动或道德品质成长变化过程摘要记下来。最后一种形式要求较高，宜在高年级中有针对性地指导试用。

一、明确记日记的好处。

一是可以记录备查;

二是有利于个人提高修养，磨炼意志品质;

三是可以成为积累知识、积累素材的宝库;

四是可以作为练习写作的重要手段

二、掌握记日记的方法

世界上做任何事都有方法，入门有锁钥，过河有舟桥，记日记也是有方法的：

1、学会观察，懂得观察什么，怎样观察

观察是认识事物的窗口，是作文的基础，是我们把日常生活中的材料变成文章的桥梁，一个人只有对周围事物不断进行系统而周密的观察，才能获得大量感性材料。观察的深浅和文章质量的高低是成正比例的。为此，平时留心各样事情，养成观察的习惯。通过定点观察、移位观察、换时观察、比较观察等方法，发现日常生活虽然平凡，但也色彩斑斓，有事可记，写出了大量精彩的日记。例如写写自己的进步、成绩，对自己作出肯定，作出鼓励，让自己清晰地看到前进道路上的一串脚印，一串虽歪歪斜斜，有深有浅，然而总是在向前延伸的脚印;又如写出对社会现象的认识、感受，把在社会大家庭中耳闻目睹的一些真、善、美的新鲜事，假、丑、恶的奇怪事写下来，从中找到为人的榜样，悟出处世的道理，促使自己慢慢形成正确的爱憎观;再如，四季的美景，构成一幅幅独特的水彩画卷，吸引学生在日记中谱写出春夏秋冬的美妙交响乐;多彩的天象，给了学生许多启迪与教益，激起了学生探索宇宙奥秘的热情;壮美的河山，唤起了学生用手中的笔描绘色彩绚丽的山水画卷的激情;多姿的植物，使学生心旷神怡，浮想联翩;可爱的动物，以多姿的体态、艳丽的色彩、奇特的行为和动听的歌声吸引着学生的视听，打动着他们的心灵。

2、持之以恒，坚持每日记写

坚持每日记日记，一可以练笔，二可以培养观察能力，三可以积累写作材料。俗话说：“好记性不如烂笔头。”要求每天记写日记，做到有话则长，无话则短。或一句个性化的人物语言，或一个显示心理活动的神情、动作，或一个奇特的联想，或一个独特的感受，一种有趣的自然现象等等，长期的训练，我班学生基本做到了坚持每日记日记，且持之以恒。

3、日记必须真实

日记必须讲真话，因为日记是写给自己看的，是个人历史的忠实记录，如果说了谎，岂不是在欺骗自己?要讲真话，就是说每天记的事要真实，每天记的感情也要真实。

不过在生活中可以这样教孩子，你可以先叫他每天记录一些生活中的琐事(例如：在什么时间干了些什么)，再叫他在这些事情后面写下他对这些事的看法(相当于总结)，并且要他在看法后面写下他的感受与明天的计划，时间长了他也就会写日记了。

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

1、紧贴学生生活生活中处处有作文。引导学生在参与生活中学作文，在审视自已的生活中写作文，在品味自己的生活感悟中写作文，符合现代教育观，符合学生习作的心理，有利于学生创新能力的培养。我注重丰富学生的校园生活，开放图书室，让学生自由地大量读写。在班里办手抄小报，语文课向课外延伸。多彩的校园生活，提供了丰富的写作养料。我还注意营造学生参与社会活动的良好环境，引导学生参加各种社会实践活动，在各种活动中自主地搜集素材，记录体验，写感想、心得。学生作文一律从学生经历的活动中感受最深的事件中选题，这样，儿童由“无话”到“有话”，由“怕写到“乐写”,由“瞎编乱造”到“真情涌现”。

2、引导儿童交际小学作文教学是言语交际中最基本的表达训练，从社会言语交际的实际需要出发，为社会言语交际的实际需要服务是作文教学的指导思想。要让学生明白：写文章就是向人家介绍一件事情或一位人物，表达自己一定的情感。要强化学生的“作者”意识，在写前要站在作者的立场上思考：我的文章写给谁看？怎样写才能把事物说明白，进而能打动人，使读者身临其境。站在这样的预防交际的角度上构思写作，文章便容易倾注作者的情感。写完后我让儿童把习作读给别人听，或征求别人意见，或与听者一道分享美词佳句的快乐。让同学们修改自己的习作，也倾听别人的习作，对同学的习作进行评价，提出修改意见。每一次写作的过程都是一次语言交际的过程，使学生感到写作文不仅是提高自己运用语言能力的需要，也是社会生活、人际交往的需要，从而乐写不疲。

3、开放写作时空这样的作文教学大纲司空见惯：老师命题《我的++》，学生“遵命服从”，全班学生搜肠刮肚，胡编乱写，凭空塑造一位“伟大的母亲”、“可敬的老师”。学生心里明白老师要求的是文章技巧如何，并不管你是否真有其人，确有其事；老师要求的是你快速作文、当堂完成，以训练写作上的应试能力。这种指导思想，这种写作的时空条件，不管学生有无经历、体验、积累，只要编得圆满即可。如何让学生写出真情实感呢?据报载：一位美国教师让学生写《我的爸爸》，给学生两周的时间，让学生去采访父母、亲戚、邻居，观察爸爸上班的情形，以深刻地了解自己的爸爸。这样，为自己的写作积累了大量的素材，自然有话可说，自然情深意切。我们不妨开放学生的写作时空，让学生在自由的时空里捕捉作文的生命活力。

4、鼓励文体各异当今，普高语文教材及成人复习教材的目录中，都悄悄地将“记叙文”、“议论文”、“说明文”等所谓的文体取消了。“淡化文体”正成为语文界的热门话题。成人如此，何况初学习作的小学生?文章本无体，古人作文是不讲文体的：如王安石的《游褒禅山记》、苏东坡的《石钟山记》都属“文体难辨”的文章。文是用来抒发心曲的，本应是满腔热情、满腔思想的自然流淌和外泄。作文指导，无疑要指导学生说真话、说实话，说自己想说的话。记叙文在小学生习作中占重要地位，如教师一味地指导学生围绕这个圈子转，势必会阻碍他们思维的发展，思路的拓宽。以至于一抬笔，文体的约束就占据了大脑，唯恐不合规范。这样写哪有激情和灵感。小学生要表达的东西也有深沉的、羞涩的、神秘的，他们有自己的听众，自己的读者，要用适合自己的方式表达心声。如写一个人物，书信体、日记体、议论说明体皆可用之，甚至比起记叙文抒发起感情来有过之而无不及。每个学生都有自己的个性，自己的思想，教学作文，文体无需千篇一律，而要因人而异，因文而异。

5、放手自拟文题统一规定文题同样不利于学生思维的开拓，更使部分学生易犯“无病呻吟”的坏毛病。在此方面也应为学生营造相应宽松的空间。“开放式”文题。即在主题确定以后，完全放手让学生自拟题目，减少文题对学生思想的束缚。如写一位老师，以《我的老师》为题，可能多数学生会写现在的尤其是语文老师，无疑内容的来源的文章的思路都是很窄的；若放手让学生自拟，那么诸如《我最喜欢的一位老师》、《我最难忘的一位老师》、《我的启蒙老师》，《我心目中的好老师》……将如雨后春笋般涌现。文题丰富了，内容自然不会枯燥管，形式自然不会单一，感情也自然真挚感人。“补充式”文题。即提供文题的形式，让生自补文题内容。如《我最难忘的……》，同学们有了自己的生活阅历，总有自己最难忘的东西。这此东西可能是人、事或物。于是，诸如《我最难忘的一个人》、《我最难忘的一件事》、《我最难忘的一次旅行》等都可能出现。让他们自己填补文题空白，选择自己想写的内容，从而有效地避免了学生说空话、说假话，语言雷同，形式单一的弊端。

6、改革评价机制传统的作文评价总是教师一人专制，一语定千金定优劣，极少给予学生参与评价的机会。这样，学生总处于被动接受的地位，无法主动客观地发现自己的优点和不足。作文评价，除教师评价外，应留给学生一定的自我评价的空间。学生参评。可将某个学生的习作作为范文请小读者在课堂上朗读，指导全班学生各抒已见，直抒胸臆，谈谈自己的观点和看法。意见虽多，甚至有时会针锋相对，这对于小作者、小读者双方都是受益无穷的。指导自评。教师可适当地写些启发性、思考性的评语，做些批注，然后指导小学生多读、多看、多思，根据教师的评价总结一下写得精彩的地方好在哪里，不足之处原因何在。将师评与自评有机地结合起来，使学生更加客观地认识自己作文的价值和水平。少批评多激励。对于小学生作文无需过多地指出缺点和不足，甚至针对细微之处吹毛求疵，从而打击学生自信心。教师应更多地针对其优点，给予表扬的鼓励，使其相信自己的能力和水平，相信自己倍受老师欣赏，在心里得到满足的同时也大大提高习作的水平的质量。总之，作文教学应为学生提供宽松的环境，留给学生充分施展自己的空间，使其能够真正地展现和发展自己，这便达到了作文教学的真正目的。

职称论文一般是发表小论文，2000-3000字即可，有些内容特别饱满完整的写7-8000字符也可以的，只是字数越多，安排的版面越多，费用也就会增加的。很多普刊是比较容易发的，论文有这几部分即可，标题，摘要，关键词，正文，参考文献。然后文章抄袭率控制在20%以下即可，内容结构完整，基本上可以发表出来了。下面是小编整理的职称论文写作方法，以供大家学习参考

一、好论文的感觉

1、 您的论文可以用一句话来表达，这一句话可以长一点，但是表达很清楚;我们可以把这话叫做中心句。

2、 论文的框架(纲要)可以很快地表达出来，框架就是中心句的展开;

3、 论文的框架可以简明扼要地画出框图，看起来逻辑清楚，在一个表达的系统中;

4、 根据论文的框架(纲要);可以展开成整篇文章;

5、 好象你在画画，一开始就考虑好整篇文章的意旨、布局、重点、点睛处，这样争取一次性就把文章写好;

6、 写的文章是有价值的，能给读者带来受用;文章写起来感觉是在介绍经验;一边写文章一边有自豪感;

7、 科技技术类的选题有特别的角度，一般能套在“新、难、重、特”里面;

8、 写之前用至少看过3篇相近选题的文献;最好是5至10篇;

9、 行文格式标准，(只要去看文献就知道自己有哪些差距)。

二、怎么写好论文

1、写论文的准备工作

考虑自己评职称时的方向;

自己的工作领域;

可以取材的工程项目、论文相关的案例、工作经验、经历;

初步选几个题目;

根据初选的题目查询文献;

对比看哪个论文方向写起来在价值、表达方便、与自己结合上更合适。

2、确定题目

前面所说的在于选择大的选题方向，到这里的时候，要具体考虑细的题目、重点、聚焦点，题目能不能用一句话表达出来，这时候就要考虑清楚，这一句话可以很长，但是一句话出来的东西一定是逻辑很清晰的。往往的结构是“XX的XX的XX”这样表达的时候，文章的领域、着眼点、新颖点往往就被表达出来了。

3、快速撰写论文

因为能够用一句话一表达题目或者中心，所以写论文的时候就会比较快。

快速的写法是：

先根据那一句话，展开纲要，大概是二级目录就差不多了，就是1.1这样的级别;

之后，根据二级目录，可以很快地组织内容。

4、要点突出

这个时候再来比较内容与题目是对应性怎么样?是一致吗?要对题目做出轻微的调整，还是对内容做出轻微的调整?

哪一个部分是重点，哪个部分是重点的重点?文章的篇幅够了没有，是太多了，还是太少了?要不要修，修哪里?

这里的原则就是突出要点，如同画家画树，冬天时，有枝干而无叶，仍然是树，反过来就不行的。

5、整理

根据突出重点的原则，在保证主干清楚的情况下，进行增减。

根据国际单位制，对单位进行修改;

根据行文格式，对字体、大小、图片、参考文献等进行修改;

对摘要和关键词进行设定。

6、润色

对文章的创新点、系统性表述、逻辑清晰、文章的实用价值、可信度再行润色;

对语句的流利进行润色，最简单的办法，就是从头到尾出声地读一遍下来，边读边改，一定会好很多。

三、重点强调

1、选题

至关重要。

职称论文是要评职称用的，要和自己的所学专业、所从事工作有相关性，特别是与你所将要评的职称专业有较大的相关性。这点对于学历专业、工作经历多、跨专业评职称的人要特别注意。

2、表达系统性和逻辑性

系统性的表达。就是说一个东西的时候，你要把它说清楚，说全面。比如，你跟人家介绍自家的房子，你就要把厅、主卧、客户、书房、饭厅、、卫生间、阳台都说到，这样就叫系统。如果觉得内容太大，就光说客厅，那就要把客厅的四面、上下、中间都有什么说清楚;如果还嫌太大，光说吊顶，就把凡是光于吊项的风格、材料、做工、等等全部说清楚。这就叫做系统性。系统性的反面就是缺漏。

逻辑性的表达。就是说一个东西的时候，要先主后次，先上后下，等等，有一个符合那个东西的规律的表达。比如说家庭的成员，从老的到少的，从男的到女的，从直系的说到旁系的，一代说完再说一代，必要时配要图表来辅助，这就是逻辑性的表达。逻辑性的反面就是乱。

3、规范性

论文只是一种体裁，一种风格，一种方式，有着它区别于其它体裁的规定套路，这就是规范性。比如：摘要要怎么写、关键词要怎么设，参考文献是怎么来表达，标点、格式、单位等要怎么做，这是规范性。

常见的说明方法有：举例子、分类别、下定义、摹状貌、作诠释、打比方、列数字、列图表、引用说明。

①、举例子：通过举具体的实例对事物的特征/事理加以说明，从而使说明更具体，更有说服力。

②、分类别：对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。③、作比较：把______和_____加以比较，突出强调了事物的特征/事理。

④、作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。⑤、打比方：将______比作______，从而形象生动地说明了事物的特征/事理。⑥、摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹，使说明更具体形象。

⑦、下定义：用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。

⑧、列数字：用具体的数据对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更准确更有说服力。

⑨、列图表：用列图表的方式对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更简明直观。⑩、引用说明：引用说明有以下几种形式——

A、引用具体的事例；（作用同举例子）

B、引用具体的数据；（作用同列数字）

C、引用名言、格言、谚语；作用是使说明更有说服力。

D、引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性。（引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。）

雅思大作文的写作都是议论文题材的，对写作方法和技巧方面还是有很多要求的。下面雅思就为大家整理了一个雅思大作文的写作方法，是关于根据原因和结果进行推理来写作的。大家可以在备考的时候，进行适当的参考。

雅思大作文的写作，最关键之处在于论述得当。支持句应使主题句更加令人信服，令考生的想法更加鲜明的呈现在考官面前。然而，中国考生在论述时往往存在一些误区：

一味重复主题，空洞解释。

此类段落不论字数多少，都给人空虚的感觉。考生往往为了凑足篇幅而不择手段。表面看来扩展了许多，但仔细体会永远只有一个意思。不得不让考官觉得即单调又啰嗦。

论述浮于表面，不达根源。

这类考生往往缺乏刨根究底的精神，总是在主旨周围绕圈子，不达中心。这也是中国考生的通病，看似八九不离十，却总也不愿把话点破，让考官怎能不又急又气。

在所有的扩展方式之中，因果推理法是最受用也是最透彻的方法。凡事先追溯到其原由，再扩展其结果，这是将主题阐述清晰、论述有力并且具有逻辑感的最佳手段。

例如在出国留学利弊这一题目之前，若考生单纯说有可能会使青少年学坏，难免缺乏说服力，但若紧接着扩展因为孩子高中毕业后思想上还不成熟，若认识不好的朋友会难以抵抗社会上不好的诱惑，那么此论点一定会让考官眉头舒展，点头认同。由此可见，善用此推理法会让议论文如虎添翼，事半功倍。

良好的开端等于成功的一半，下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一. 开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.

D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again!

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.

(词典例子：Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.

(词典解释：be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸

例子：I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，真是荣幸。)

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

(词典解释：extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予

例子：I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)

(词典解释：allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

(词典：contray to sth 与之相异的，相对的，相反的

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

就语文教学而言，初中学生对那些形象性较强的叙事类文体感兴趣，而对说明类文体（说明文）缺乏兴趣。随着工农业生产和科学技术的发展，说明文的应用越来越多，越来越广泛。让学生较好地掌握阅读和写说明文，在今天的语文教学中显得十分重要。

分析说明类文体的特点，我认为，说明文并不只是抽象的解说事物，像其他叙事类文体一样，有抽象，也有情感。就是说也有形象性和情感性。因此，我们同样可以借助形象思维的方法来进行说明文的教学。

如何借助形象思维的方法来教好说明文呢？

一、抓住关键词语，启发想象，从解说事物的准确性词语中使学生领会被解说的事物及其特色。

本来，形象思维的第一个特点是“神与物游”，而被解说事物的特征大都被体现在一些关键的词语上。如果我们让学生在阅读说明文时，能很好地把握这些关键词语，那么抽象的解说同样可以“活”起来，学生就有可能“神与物游”。例如《中国石拱桥》一文中有赵州桥“全桥只有一个大拱”，“大拱的两肩上，各有两个小拱”两句话。教学时，我先要学生图示这一物象，并要求依课文申述理由（在这个图示过程中，可以进行有意误导，在词语的解说中，可以进行斟换或删除的比较）。结果，大家都明确一边画两个小拱是由“各”字决定的；小拱不能画在大拱的两端或其他位置，是由“肩”字决定的。在此基础上，我向学生讲解说明文的特点之一，就是用词的准确性。“各”字准确地说明了小拱的数量，“两肩”不仅准确地说明了小拱的位置，而且运用了拟人的手法，语言更加形象生动，把这座桥梁的石拱形状，形象而具体地展现在读者面前。若换一个字，就很难收到如此的效果。这样，学生对赵州桥不但造型美观，而且结构坚固（小拱减轻了桥身的重量，在河水暴涨的时候，减轻洪水对桥身的冲击）的特点就有了深刻的理解。由此，深深体会到我国古代劳动人民的伟大智慧和力量。此课中还有许多词语，如“大约”、“几乎”、“左右”、“有些”、“全部”“在当时”、“最”等等，我把这些词都拿出来，让学生想一想，如果去掉它们换上另一个词，句子意思会不会有变化？是不是不够准确了？从而使学生懂得说话写文章用词造句都要经过认真的推敲，周密的思考，才能准确地反映客观实际。学生在体会说明文用词造句的准确性、周密性中，思维也会渐渐变得周密起来。

二、利用文学因素，用再造想象的规律来激发学生的形象思维，体会说明方法的生动性。

所谓再造想象是指根据对于某种事物的描述，在头脑中再造出这一事物的新形象的过程，即在脑子里“放电影”。在教学中，借助于再造想象，使学生头脑中重现出教材中所说明、描绘的事物，培养、丰富和发挥学生的形象思维，深刻地领会教材内容，牢固地掌握知识，并转化为技能。

初中课本说明文中不乏形象描述的部分。教学中，只要注意引导“观文”、“览物”，带入那些以描写作为说明手段所创造的情境，体验一定的情感，就会由于美的感受而引起兴趣。梁衡的《晋祠》是一篇“发现美，表现美”的优秀说明文。作者把准确说明与生动描写相结合，充分表现了古晋明珠——晋祠的自然美与社会美“浑然一体”的突出特征。讲说时，我注意抓住那些以动写静的动词，引导赏析，带入情景，让每个学生头脑中放映出晋祠。文中写山，用了一个“拥”字，表现其巍巍的气势之美。山拥抱着祠，“一百多座殿堂楼阁和亭台轩榭”的祠，多么壮伟；祠，偎依着山，高大、幽深，景色气候宜人，一年四季魅力无穷的山，何等怡适。文中写树，用了“荫护”一词，表现其苍劲的风骨之美。树，以自己“挑着”的青枝，“如盖”的绿叶，“荫护”着古老的祠，好大的力量；祠，正由于隐身于“托天”、“拔地”的古木荫中，才显得格外的幽静而典雅，这又是多么的美好。文中写水，用了一个“飘”字，表现其柔静之美。晋祠的水多、清、静、柔。作者把水与祠和其他景物连在一起写。水在祠中“穿”、“绕”，祠在水上“飘”着，水面有波，是微微的波；水“带”在流，是静静地流……水中有景，是数以万计的亭台楼阁的倒映之景。可以想象，在那景色如画，“飘带”如“织”的水边游览，移情于物，该是一种何等美妙的享受啊！由于生动的动态描写，本是静止的历史文物“三绝”，也处处给人以动势感，动则生势，势则感人。千百年来，山因祠而名，祠以山而存；苍劲的树，柔静的水，都成了古祠不可分割的部分。这美丽的自然风景，璀璨的古代文物就是如此动人的“浑然融为一体”！教学此文，由于我引导学生“观文”如同“览物”，使学生如临其境，如见其物，收到了很好的教学效果。学生练习写说明文时，也初步学会运用生动的说明方法 教学中，借助课文本身的文学因素，将学生引入描述意境，不仅能促进对被说明事物的理解，而且能学到形象生动的说明方法。

三、分析具体形象，揭示本质，把握说明文的主脉。

在现实生活中，人们认识客观事物，首先要从具体形象入手，经过抽象、概括，才能得出符合逻辑的结论。教学说明文，自然应该本着这个原则，通过各个局部形象的具体的分析，抽出事物的本质特征。例如教学《雄伟的人民大会堂》时，我先具体分析它的位置（在天安门右前方）、外观（面积宽、体积大、轮廓巍峨、色调淡雅）、内景（装饰富丽堂皇，立面层次繁多），先在头脑中形成鲜明的画面。然后通过抽象概括，得出“雄伟”的印象。分析课文中“大礼堂顶上藏着比北京新扩建的长安街路面还要宽的十二榀钢架”这句话时，我引导学生借助形象思维来理解，北京是祖国的首都，长安街是北京的一条主要街道，它的路面会有多宽？可能比我们娄底新城的街道路面要宽些吧。而大礼堂顶部的钢屋架却比长安街路面还要宽。这时候，学生的头脑中马上就会放出“电影”，形成鲜明的画面，即使没有到过长安街的学生也可以间接地想出大礼堂的宽度，并由此抽象出大会堂“雄伟”的本质特征。课文用“七十六米”、“六十米”、“三十三米”、“八万六千立方米”分别说明了万人大礼堂的宽度、深度、中部高度和体积。我引导学生把万人大礼堂和教室比一比（公布了教室的长度、宽度和高度的数据），通过比较想象，学生就会深深感知到，课文运用这些具体数字，不正表明了大会堂的雄伟吗？这样从形象思维入手，抽象出人民大会堂结构整体所形成的雄伟的风格特点，而这也正是这篇说明文的主脉，对学生理解文章的逻辑性也是不无裨益的。

四、依据逻辑结论，展开幻想，深化说明的主题。

通过形象思维和逻辑思维，揭示了被说明事物的本质特征之后，说明文的教学任务还没有完成。因为说明文的教学目的不仅要提高学生观察事物、认识事物和读写说明文的能力，而且还要培养学生尊重科学、热爱科学的精神，以适应四化建设的需要。例如前面提到的《中国石拱桥》一课，作者对芦沟桥的桥面装饰作了生动的描绘，“桥面用石板铺砌，两旁有石栏石柱。每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子。这些狮子，有的母子相抱，有的交头接耳，有的像倾听水声，千姿万态，惟妙惟肖”。对石狮子的这种神态逼真、活灵活现的刻画，显示了桥的高度艺术价值，增添了说明的文采，给人以美的享受。这种带解说性的生动、形象的描绘语段，无须多做分析，只要张口诵读，闭目神思，细细品味，便可以想象到作者观桥时的那种喜悦之情，体会到作者作此文时那种对祖国古代灿烂文化和劳动人民的勤劳智慧的赞颂之情。同时，学生对我国劳动人民、科学家、科学事业的热爱景仰之情就会涌上心头，增强民族自豪感，立志为振兴祖国而努力学习。

there are lots of different methods to help us study English well. i will tell some of them. and im willing to accept the words from you. first, one should have enough word vocabulary. how to reach this goal? to listen to it much more, to write them down time by time, to read them as frequently as possible? no! there are something even more wonderful! to sing the words with the music you are familiar with. the result is out of your imagination. second, one should watch videos as many as he can. on the videos, people can get a lot. how to speak the words, how to pronounce them, how to handle it with the grammar and so on. thats just two of my ways. do you agree with me? would you like to share yours with me?

有很多种不同的方式方法可以帮助我们把英语学好.我将说它们中的几种.当然,我也会很荣幸的接受来自您的品评.首先,一个人（要学习好英语）应该有足够的词汇量.如何达成这个目标呢?尽可能的多听,尽可能的一次又一次的抄写,尽可能的频繁的重复的朗读（同一篇文章）?不!有更棒的学习方式.跟着您熟悉的音乐旋律,去唱那些您要背诵的单词.效果,不可思议.其次,一个人应尽可能多的观看视频.视频里,人们能学会很多.看（外国人）如何去使用单词,如何在日常生活中发音,如何展现语法的结构和等等.这是我的所有学习法则里面的2个.你,同意我的做法吗?你,愿意与我分享一些你的学习法则吗?

一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织，这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式，供大家参考。

1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

46) This issue has caused wide public concern.

47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

说明文用途很广，实用价值很大，写好说明文是很重要的，是现代化生活对每个人提出的要求。掌握说明文自身的规律，才能写好说明文。 下面介绍说明文的写作方法，欢迎阅读了解。

随着科学技术的高速发展，许多新产品也应运而生，相伴随的说明书也与日俱增，所以，好说明文已成为当前急需解决的课题。

任何事情都有其自身的规律，说明文的写作过程也是有规律可循的，因此，作为一个写说明文的作者，只有掌握这一规律，才能写好说明文。

1 明白说明文的六大要素

大家都知道，写记叙文，必须具备记叙文的六个要素，才能写成一篇记叙文，而且说明文和记叙文一样，也必须掌握说明文的要素才能写好，其要素归纳起来也不外乎如下六个方面：

（1）说明对象。

（2）被说明对象的特征。

（3）说明方式。

（4）说明顺序。

（5）说明方法。

（6）被说明对象的性质，性能功用，成因市里及内部关系等。

2 清楚写好一篇说明文需要具备的六个条件

这就是说，要想写好一篇说明文，至少得具备六个条件，那么又如何使用这六个条件呢？

第一，明确说明对象是什么？这要求你清楚地告诉读者，你要说明一个什么事物。

第二，被说明对象有何特征，什么是特征呢？所谓特征就是这一事物区别于其他事物的标志，因为，任何一个事物，都有其自身的特征，只有抓住它的特征，才能从本质上把说明的事物与其他事物区别开来，这样你才能把被说明的对象说清楚，从而达到说明的目的，例如，食物从何处来一文，作者就抓住被说明对象，食物来源的根本特征，植物靠自养，动物和大部分微生物靠益阳，极少部分的细菌靠化学能来合成，从而在本质上说明了食物来源这一深奥的事理。如果作者没有抓住这一特征，恐怕浪费了很多的笔墨也难以说清楚，因此要想写好一篇说明文，掌握被说明对象的特征是极其重要的，但是要准确的有条理地说明事物的特征，首先必须对事物有个清楚的认识，在生活中观察体验，参加实践，深入研究，坚持不懈地记取，是我们认识事物的根本途径，在这方面的例子是不乏其人的，伟大的物候学家，竺可桢，坚持不懈的观察记录，写出了大自然的诺言，周树人认真观察，写出了生动有趣的蜘蛛。因此，观察观察再观察，认识认识再认识，才能认清事物的特征。

第三，根据被说明事物的自身特征确定署名方式，既平实说明，生动说明两种方式，平实说明语言简练准确，通俗易懂，不带有描写的成分，例如，统筹方法，生动说明带有描写的成分，用词准确传神，把抽象的事物形象化，具体化，给人的感觉既生动活泼又形象，有趣味，例如，看云识天气，有时还可以把平实说明，和生动说明二者结合起来，这样会收到相得益彰的效果，例如，周建人写蜘蛛一文，在介绍蜘蛛吐丝的生理，机制时，运用了生物学上的术语，并作了科学的说明，这是平实说明。在介绍蜘蛛在网上，一幕幕紧张激烈捕捉蚊蝇的战斗场景时，作者运用了生动说明，这样语言准确，生动又形象，增强了文章的说明效果，使读者不仅有所知而且有所感，更觉有趣，总之，说明方式，根据说明对象的特征可灵活运用。

第四，确定说明顺序，因为说明对象不同，所以说明顺序也会相应的不同，可归纳为三大类，一是，按时间顺序写，包括程序说明，例如，从甲骨文到口袋图书馆。二是，按空间顺序写，空间顺序又分为从上到下，由内到外，从左到右或从右到左，从中间到两边，从前到后货，按从东西南北方位写。例如故宫博物院，人民大会堂。三是按逻辑顺序写，所谓逻辑顺序，就是按照事物的关系安排先后次序，例如海光。

总之，说明顺序只有安排合理，才能使文章条理分明，能给人一个说清楚完整的印象。

第五，恰当地运用说明方法，常用的说明方法有，下定义，分类别，举例子，作比较，打比喻列数字，配备图表等。至于用什么方法来说明事物，这是动笔之前必须考虑的。没有恰到好处的说明方法，也达不到说明的目的，究竟用哪种或哪几种说明方法？要由被说明对象的特征来决定，例如，食物从何处来一文，作者将生物获得食物的途径，作为分类的标准，分为自养和异养两大类，接着，又以获得食物的方法为标准来进一步，说明，自养型，认为靠光合作用的，和不靠光合作用的两类，易养型的分为不能加工改造植物的，动物和能加工改造的人类两类，这样层层分类说明不仅符合科学原理，而且条理分明，作者在分类说明的同时，行，文中还运用了打比喻，举例子下定义列数字的说明方法，这种恰当的综合运用，大大的增强了说明的效果，总而言之，说明方法，不能一概而论，而要根据被说明事物的特征，从实际的需要出发，去恰当地运用。

第六，根据说明的对象不同，可分为十五说明，事理说明，程序说明三大类，实物说明要根据说明的对象的特征，侧重说明事物的性质，类别，状态性能，功用、成因等。事理说明要说明有关事物的内部关系，程序说明要写清楚操作步骤的先后顺序。

3 合理安排命题和安排说明文的结构

命题方式，题目一般是直接揭示要说明的对象，这是说明文最常用的命题方法，例如，机器人，统筹方法等。有了题目，又具备了材料，还要有完整的结构形式。

说明文常用的结构形式有四种：

（1）并列式，各层次间的关系是平等并列的，例如，《南州6月荔枝丹》。

（2）递进式，后面的说明是在前边说明的基础上做进一步的说明，各层次之间的关系由浅入深，例如《向沙漠进军》，作者竺可桢先说明沙漠对人类的危害，接着说明人类征服沙漠的方法，最后指出在社会主义制度下，人类征服沙漠的美好前景。

（3）总分式，先总体来说，后面几层再分开说，或者前几层先分开说，然后再总起来说，例如，巍巍中山陵，作者对陵园建筑，按空间顺序，由总到分来说明。

（4）连贯式，各层次之间按照事物的发展过程或按因果条件等关系，安排层次，前后互相承接，例如，景泰蓝制作，当然这几种结构形式有时单独运用，有时综合运用，大城市之间按照一种结构形式安排每层，中小城市可采取另一种结构形式，总之要灵活运用，达到结构严谨完整的目的。

说明文用途十分广泛，对工业农业科技，商业和人们的日常生活都有很大的实用价值，人们利用他来为自己服务，指导着日常的工作学习和生活，因此，写好说明文是很重要的，是现代化生活对每个人提出的要求。

Very good question, the answer to which needs to be in English as reading English has nothing to do with Chinese.

When reading English,that brain should think English and only English,not Chinese.

There are two pathways to lead information to the brain:by sound or by sight.

Sound becomes meaning,all in English,and goes to an area in the brain named letterbox to be understood.

Sight becomes sound (for a lot of people) then becomes meaning,(all in English,and goes to an area in the brain named letterbox to be understood.)

All of the above.That is the only single complete way to understand English when reading.

创新思维，是创造活动的核心。 新课程改革着眼于促进学生的发展，尤其是创新能力的发展，而创新能力的核心和基础是创新思维。指导写作是培养学生创新思维的有效途径之一，那么在语文教学中如何培养小学生写作的创新思维，提高学生的创新能力，结合我的语文课堂教学，谈以下几点做法：

一、 拓展描述，创造出新形象，培养创新思维的形象性

我们的大脑对已有表象进行加工而产生前所未有的新形象的思维特性，称为创新思维的形象性。通过想象、联想进行扩展性描述，使文中单调干瘪的形象变得鲜活有生气。

1、改编诗词，创造新形象

小学语文教材中诗词体裁的课文为培养学生创新思维形象性，开辟了广阔的空间。诗词体裁的课文有其特殊的特点：语言的高度凝练性，结构上的跳跃性，艺术形象的富于想象性。教学此类体裁的课文时，让学生将其改写成记叙文的形式，在了解诗词大意的基础上，结合课文插图和生活经验，展开充分合理的想象和联想，加工、改造、创造艺术新形象，使形象丰富、生动、鲜活;补充、完善诗词中空缺的结构，使情节连贯、有序、具体。而这一系列的思维训练无不浸透着学生的创作个性。

如改写《冬夜读书示子聿》，学生补叙了父子间亲切的对话，展现了父亲的谆谆教诲和儿子的悉心聆听，充满父子情深;改写《西江月 夜行黄沙道中》，学生细致描述了黄沙岭夏夜天气的微妙变化。其中有的联想到月亮姐姐吵醒了沉睡的鹊儿的美梦，要和它说悄悄话;青蛙在举行盛大的联欢会，庆祝丰收的好年景;星星也为这迷人的夜景而感动的落泪……一个个新鲜奇妙的形象孕育而生，学生微妙神奇的想象力在这里得到了尽情的展现 。

2、补充情节内容，创造新形象

将课文中简略或一笔带过的情节描写，发挥想象联想，增加内容，扩充成形象逼真、内容具体的新形象。如教学《游天然动物园》，我安排了情节扩充训练，将阿里三言两语介绍的动物趣闻，描写成详细具体有趣的动物活动，在描述动物活动的情节中，学生把狮子攻击犀牛

的凶残以及被野狗追赶的狼狈栩栩如生地展现出来。又如教学《友谊的航程》，我让学生结合插图，通过想象描写人们奔走相告，争睹中***舰风采时的场面，学生们用生动的语言展现出了不同人物的动作、神情、心境，感受了人们喜悦的激情。通过扩充情节，一个个生动鲜明的崭新形象跃然纸上。

二、 学习写法，灵活迁移运用，培养学生创新思维的灵活性

能迅速而轻易地从一类对象转向另一类对象的思维特性，称为创造思维的灵活性。语文课本的每一篇文章都是经过精心挑选的名篇佳作，都蕴含着可供借鉴学习的写作技法，教师要善于挖掘课文中典型的写作技法，指导学生学习，积极灵活的运用于写作，训练学生思维的灵活性。

1、学习写作的语言艺术

语言是文学的第一要素，正确精当地运用语言，准确具体地传达出事物的个性特征，创造出典型的艺术境界，作品才能给人以美的享受。学文中通过替换、比较、选择，让学生揣摩用词的准确美;抓住优美语句品读，让学生感受语言的声响美，描绘的意境美，抒发的情感美，在熏陶感染中鼓励学生积累(赏读、背诵、摘抄)、恰当地运用于写作。如教学《望月》开头一段的月色描写时，，让学生在反复吟诵中体会用词的优美，感受月色的朦胧美。在训练环节上我安排了仿写训练，让学生仿写一段景色，恰当地选用优美词句，用上比喻或拟人的修辞语句，这样写出的文章才生动有灵气。

2、学习不同文学样式的写作手法

语文课文中安排了各种类型的文学样式。在教学中我们应当指导学生学习此类作品的写法，巧妙灵活地运用于写作，切实做到学以致用。如教学《学会合作》这篇演讲稿时，我指导学生学习演讲稿的写法：以强有力的证据，分条屡析地阐明自己鲜明的观点。为了激发学生的写作热情，我精心组织了一场别开生面的演讲比赛。在撰写演讲稿时，学生们写出了诸如《学会运动》、《树立自信》、《做时间的主人》等演讲稿。教学《埃及的金字塔》、《夹竹桃》等说明性的课文时，指导学生学习通过

细致观察，写出事物鲜明特点来的写作手法;教学《鼎湖山听泉》，指导学生学习按顺序写游记的方法……为此我组织学生进行了游览、观赏等活动并指导学生写作训练。

当然还可以指导学生从课文中学到其他的写作手法：内容的详略得当、结构的总分式、典型环境中的心理刻画等，教师要细心挖掘，携取一点，以点带面，迁移运用，训练学生思维的灵活性。

三、 寻找思维的发散点，变通思考，培养学生创新思维的发散性

依据一定的知识和事实求得某一问题的多种可能答案的思维特性，称为创新思维的发散性。这是一种沿着不同方向、向着不同范围、不因循传统和常规的自由发散的思维方式，是从已知信息中衍生出大量变化的、独特而新颖的新信息的思维。语文教学中隐藏着许多可供发散思维的信息源，教师要善于捕捉，鼓励学生打破思维定势，从新角度、新观念出发认识事物，变通思考，敢于发表与众不同的见解，提出解决问题的新方法，并赋诸笔端。

1、 文尾续写法

依据课文故事结尾的发展情况，猜测、想象故事可能继续发展的趋势，进行续写。一些课文结尾给人以模糊的答案或造成悬念。如《狼和小羊》，狼向小羊扑去后结果怎样?可让学生猜测小羊的不同命运。即使没有明显的悬念结尾，教师也可故意设置续写的提示。如教学《最大的麦穗》这篇课文时，我安排了续写弟子们第二次摘麦穗时的情景的训练，进行思维的扩散训练;教学《聂荣臻和日本小姑娘》这篇课文时，让学生续写四十年后美穗子带着子女前来看望聂将军时的感人情景。总之，续写可突破思维的唯一性、集中性，让学生的思维生发开去，以提高学生的创新思维。

2、 写读后感法

一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特。写读后感应鼓励学生力求从问题的不同思考点出发，选取一点，抒发感慨，写出自己独特的感受，让立意出新。如写《负荆请罪》的读后感，有学生从蔺相如出发写为人应宽容大度;有学生从廉颇出发写处事应知错就改;有学生从赵国的形势出发阐述了生活在集体中应顾

全大局等，形成观点各异，百花齐放的局面。

3、 角色转换法

角色转换法是指依据课文情境，让学生设身处地感受文中人物的处境，根据个人的理解感受和知识经验，各抒己见，设想你如果是文中的角色将如何更好的处理问题。我教学《螳螂捕蝉》设置如下写作训练：你如果是文中的少年将用怎样的办法劝说吴王?同学们有引用“鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利”的典故劝说的，有引用“两败俱伤” 的典故劝说的，有引用“喜鹊搬家”的故事劝说的等，表现出各人的勇气和智慧。

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project

1、重视增加阅读量是提高英语写作的途径之一

目前，考生在进行大量阅读的同时，应注重所读材料的文章结构以及连接词的运用(ontheotherhand，however，furthermore)、作者的表达方式(词汇、习惯用语和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何进行叙述和议论的。

2、在教师的指导下，平时应勤写多练

练习写作应从基本功抓起。在中译英翻译训练过程中，加强积累适量的词汇、词组和增加各种类型句子的运用。把握好各种句型和词汇的搭配，并从各类题材和体裁着手，多阅读好的范文。然后模仿写作，作文写好之后，一般都要修改。

第一遍收笔后，先看一看结构，然后从字词上推敲，使文章“充实”起来。更重要的是经老师修改过的作文一定要仔细地看一至两遍，然后再认真地抄写一遍，收获将会很大。

3、英文写作“四步走”

由于时间限制，考试时必须在所限定的时间内完成英语作文。英语作文步骤如下：

（1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。

（2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些动词和词组等。

（3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性。

（4)写完后一定要再细看一遍。