实用英语应用文写作(精彩20篇)
浏览
7841作文
411英语写作指导之如何写出得分的“亮点”
全文共 2255 字
+ 加入清单英语作文如何才能得高分呢?以下几种手段是增加句子复杂性的常见方法,也是得高分的“亮点”。
1. 改变句子的开头方式,不是一味地都是主语开头,接着是谓语、宾语,最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首,或用分词作状语等。试比较:
(原文) My brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle the other day.
(修正) The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.
(原文) The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.
(修正) Hearing the bad news, the young man couldn’t help crying.
2. 在整篇文章中,避免只使用一两个句式,要灵活运用诸如强调句、主从复合句、分词短语、倒装句、省略句等。例如:
(1)强调句
(原文) The dog has saved my little sister bravely.
(修正) It is the dog that has saved my little sister bravely.
(2)主从复合句
(原文) We had to stand there to catch the offender.
(修正) What we had to do was to stand there, trying to catch the offender.
(3)分词短语、由with或without引导的短语
(原文) The driver escaped and didn’t stop, he left the old man lying on the road.
(修正) The driver escaped without stopping, leaving the old man lying on the road.
(4)倒装句
(原文) I went to bed at 11:30.
(修正) Not until 11:30 did I go to bed.
(5)省略句
(原文) While you are crossing the street, you should be careful.
(修正) While crossing the street, you should be careful.
3. 通过分句和合句,增强句子的连贯性和表现力。例如:
(原文) He stopped us an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.
(修正) He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.
(原文) We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.
(修正) After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing.
4. 注意连接词与句子的运用。
以2001年高考作文为例,在信的开头,可加上“You want to know something about what is going on in schools in China?”这句话起承上启下的作用,使文章过渡自然;再如,用“What was worse?”引出减负前,晚上还要做作业,就寝时间11:30等要点。又如,“Now I have more free time...” 可引出减负后的情况。另外,在信的结尾,可用“How about you? I’m looking forward to hearing from you.”来自然地结束这封信。
5. 使用过渡词语。
写好了每个句子,并不一定就是一篇好文章,因为作为一篇文章,还必须行文连贯。那么,如何使文章行文连贯呢?这就要求我们在组成篇章时,要用好过渡性词语,过渡性词语就像是我们组装机械时使用的润滑剂一样,起着润滑的作用。常用的过渡词语主要有:
并列递进:and, also, as well as, besides, what’s more, furthermore, moreover, etc.
转折:but, yet, however, although, nevertheless, in spite of, after all, etc.
因果:because, as, for, since, for this reason, because of, so, therefore, thus, as a result, etc.
对比:or, otherwise, like, unlike, on the contrary, while, on the other hand, instead of, etc.
总结:in all, in brief, on the whole, in short, in general, in one word, etc.
总之,要使文章的层次高,可读性强,考生应增加些较高级的词汇与复杂的结构,并运用恰当的连接词和复合句,只有这样,才能在考试中取得理想的成绩。
更多相似作文
篇1:大学英语四级写作方法
全文共 2666 字
+ 加入清单Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.
少用关系代词
学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时,仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。
Example:
Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
(用两个 that’s,读起来很别扭)
Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
-- Jane Austin
注:被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。
Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.
Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.
Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.
Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.
Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.
Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.
Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.
Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.
Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.
Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.
Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.
Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.
Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.
Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.
Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.
Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.
Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.
Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.
篇2:高考英语写作素材:100个高分句子
全文共 14027 字
+ 加入清单下面是语文迷网精心为大家整理的关于高考英语作文素材,背熟以下句子有助于你的写作哦。
1、 Success is dangerous. One begins to copy oneself, and to copy oneself is more dangerous than to copy others. It leads to sterility. -Picasso , Spanish artist 成功是危险的。一个成功的人开始模仿自己,而模仿自己比模仿别人更加危险。因为这样做将毫无结果。 ── 毕加索 , 西班牙画家
2、 But failure also taught me that life is a road with unpredictable forks and unexpected tomorrows. 但是, 失败还使我懂得, 生活的道路充满了无法预测的岔路口和无法预料的明天。
3、 The common idea that success spoils people by making them vain, egotistic, and self-complacent is erroneous; on the contrary, it makes them, for the most part, humble, tolerant, and kind. Failure makes people cruel and bitter. -W. Somerset Maugham , British author 人们普遍认为成功使人变得虚荣、自以为是、自满, 从而毁了他们, 但这种看法是错误的;恰恰相反, 成功在很大程度上使人变得谦恭、宽容、善良。失败则使人变得残忍、怨愤。 ── W•萨默塞特•莫姆 , 英国作家
4、 Against all the odds she achieved her dream of becoming an actress. 她冲破重重困难,实现了当演员的梦想。
5、 He is too smart not to jump at the chance. 他这个人很精明,不会错过这个机会的。
6、 I’m not sure if I’ll succeed, but I certainly hope so. 是否成功我没有把握, 不过我当然希望会成功
7、 I wish you every success. 祝你万事如意!
8、 He seems to be successful in anything he tries. 他好像不论做什么事都能成功。
9、 Experience shows that success is due less to ability than to zeal. 经验告诉我们,成功与其说是由于才能,不如说是由于热情。
10、 Ambition is to life just what steam is to the locomotive. 抱负之于生活, 恰似蒸汽之于火车头。
11、 With their advanced features and compact size, portable electronic devices offer consumers freedom, productivity, and organization. 由于本身小巧玲珑, 又具备种种先进的特点, 便携式电子设备为消费者带来了自由, 提高了生产力, 改进了对信息的组织。
12、 However, the ease and speed with which messages can be sent and received has increased and accelerated to such an extent that many people are receiving hundreds of electronic messages of all kinds each day. 但是, 信息发送与接收的便捷发展得如此之快, 以至于很多人每天都会收到各种各样、成百上千的电子邮件。
13、 Weak men wait for opportunity, but the strong men make it. 弱者等待机会,强者创造机会。
14、 Opportunity meets the prepared mind, as the old saying goes. 正如俗话所说,机遇只属于那些有心理准备的人。
15、 Perseverance is failing nineteen times and succeeding the twentieth. 十九次失败,到第二十次获得成功,这就叫坚持。
16、 He tried hard to learn, and to be a good boy, and he succeeded fairly well. 他用心学习,又很听话,因此一切倒还顺利。
17、 In fact, there’s an old Chinese saying which goes, “He who hasn’t been to the Great Wall is not a true man.” 实际上,中国有句古谚语说:“不到长城非好汉。”
18、 A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. -John Barrymore只要一个人还有所追求, 她就没有老。 ── 约翰•巴里莫尔
19、 To take advantage of them, you can’t let yourself be destroyed by a defeat, or let others set the limits on your ability to achieve. 利用它们, 你就不会被一次失败击倒, 也不会让别人来限制住你成功的能力。
20、 Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly ever acquire the skill to do difficult things easily. 只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事。
21、 The most important thing in life is to have a beautiful dream and good ways to realize it. 人生最重要的是要有美梦,并有好的方法去实现它。
22、 We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions. 尽管条件极端困难, 我们必须坚持下去, 直到成功。
23、 This belief in equal opportunity has produced a spirit of competition. It’s like a race to the top of the success ladder. 这种机会均等的信念造就了一种竞争的精神, 它就像一场通往成功之梯顶端的比赛一样。
24、 Just as history has shown that species which fail to adapt die out, businesses will die out if they don’t get to grips with the Internet. 正如历史所示, 适者生存, 企业如果不紧跟互联网就将退出历史的舞台。
25、 Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures. 电视与无线电不同, 电视能播送和接收图像。
26、 When people master the digital organization, it will greatly simplify and improve both their professional and personal lives. 当人们掌握了这种数码管理方法后, 他们的工作与个人生活都会得以极大地简化并改善。
27、 A new IT high-tech park in Beijing is helping the city keep its promise to be the country’s center of the knowledge-based economy. 一所焕然一新的IT高科技园帮助北京实现了它的诺言:成为全国知识型经济的中心。
28、 Observation is the best teacher. 观察是最好的老师。
29、 Imagination is more important than knowledge. 想像力比知识更重要。 ── 爱因斯坦
30、 Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 知识是一座宝库,而实践是开启宝库的钥匙。
31、 We can kill two birds with one stone by combining our honeymoon with our business trip. 我们可以把蜜月和出差合在一起,这样一举两得。
32、 Greatly inspired, he made up his mind to read as much as he could, and what’s more, he would study harder than ever before. 他深受鼓舞,决心尽可能多读书,而且,比以往任何时候都努力学习。
33、 Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity. 世界上再也没有比实实在在的无知和认认真真的愚蠢更危险的了。
34、 Eat to live, but live to eat. 吃饭是为了生存而不是生存为了吃饭。
35、 To my knowledge, my daughter has never told a lie before. 据我所知, 我女儿以前从未说过谎。
36、 In the long run, basic knowledge and technological applications go hand in hand—one helps the other. 归根结蒂, 基础知识和技术应用是并进的, 相辅相成的。
37、 Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 读书之于思想, 就如运动之于身体。
38、 English is now the international language for airline pilots, scientists, medical experts, businessmen and many others. Consequently, more and more people are learning it. 现在, 对于航空公司飞行员、科学家、医学家、商人及许多其他行业的工作者来说, 英语是一门国际性语言, 因此越来越多的人开始学习英语。
39、 Unlike many other widely used languages, English can be correctly used in very simple form with less than one thousand basic words and very few grammatical rules. 与许多其他被广泛应用的语言不同, 英语仅凭借将近一千个基础词汇和很少的语法规则,就能够用简单的形式正确地表达意思。
40、 English will doubtless continue to change and develop as a living language always does. 毫无疑问, 英语将像一种活的语言贯常的变化和发展一样继续变化和发展下去。
41、 Another reason for the popularity of English is that English-speaking countries are spread through out the world. 英语流行的另一个原因是说英语的国家遍布世界各地。
42、 Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. 天才是百分之一的灵感和百分之九十九的汗水
43、 An estimated 310 million people in Britain, U.S.A., Canada, Australia, South Africa, etc. use English as their mother tongue. 据统计,在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和南非等国有三亿一千万人以英语为母语。
44、 It is surprising that some students have little or no knowledge of English. 令人感到吃惊的是, 有些学生英语懂得很少, 或者根本不懂英语。
45、 The rush to learn English has reached even China. 这种学习英语的浪潮甚至波及到中国。
46、 Washington is known as “the father of his country” and is one of those “larger than life” historical figures who are known around the world. 华盛顿被称为“美国国父”,是一位誉满全球的具有传奇色彩的历史人物。
47、 Many immigrants have come to this land of opportunity for that reason-to seek a better future. 许多移民基于这个缘故来到了这块充满机会的土地上──为了追求一个更好的未来。
48、 Not all Americans are rich, but most are concerned about money. Success-oriented Americans often measure people’s worth by how much they have. 并非所有的美国人都很有钱, 但大多数美国人都在乎钱。以成功为取向的美国人常常用人们拥有财产的多少来衡量他们的价值。
49、 As a result, nearly half of foreign students in the U.S. are concentrated in just 100 out of 2,500 post-secondary institutions, mostly brand-name schools. 结果, 在美留学生几乎有一半集中在2500所高校的仅100所, 这些学校大多是名牌学校。
50、 Credit cards symbolize American shopping habits: “Buy now, pay later.” 信用卡反映美国人的购物习惯:“现在买, 以后付。”
51、 In general, the act is designed to keep the U.S. high-tech industry on top by filling the need for skilled technology workers. 总之,这个法案是为了填补美国对熟练技术工人的需求,以保持美国在高科技工业中的领先地位而制定的。
52、 Tom’s college education gave him an advantage over boys who had not been to a university. 汤姆的大学教育使他比没上过大学的男孩们占优势。
53、 Educators also claim that calculators are so inexpensive and commonplace that students must become competent in using them. 教育家们还声称, 计算器如此便宜而又普遍, 学生必须学会熟练使用。
54、 He already has five honorary doctorates-the latest bestowed upon him by Yale University late of May, 2002-but what he really wanted was this humble bachelor’s degree. 斯皮尔伯格已获得5个荣誉博士头衔,其中最近的一个是在2002年5月下旬由耶鲁大学授予的,然而他最想得到的却是这个不起眼的学士学位。
55、 Calculators do have their place in the world outside school and, to a limited extent, in higher-level math classes, but they are hardly education tools. 计算器在学校之外的社会中的确有其地位, 在高等数学课堂上也有一定的作用, 但它们很难算得上是教育工具。
56、 Very heavy objects or bulky materials like coal, cement, mineral ore, and the like, are weighed in tons. 非常重的物体或者像煤、水泥、矿石等堆积如山的原材料用吨计重。
57、 By the end of this century, about 5,000 modern windmills will be in operation, generating about 20% of the electricity of the country. 到本世纪末, 将有5000架现代化的风车投入运行, 生产约全国20%的电力。
58、 Deep down, they realize that happiness can’t be bought, but it can be given away. 在内心深处,他们认识到幸福是买不来的, 但却可以与人分享。
59、 It is wrong to define happiness as owning a lot of money, but some people take it as their life philosophy. 把幸福定义为有很多钱是错误的,但是有些人却把它奉为人生哲学。
60、 He is rich in terms of money, but not in terms of happiness. 从钱的角度说他是富有的,但从幸福的角度说他不是。
61、 All happy families resemble one another, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. —Leo Tolstoy 所有幸福的家庭彼此都很相似,而每个不幸的家庭却各有各的不幸。 ── 托尔斯泰
62、 Unfortunately, there are still some people who do not look after their pets properly or are even cruel to them. 遗憾的是,仍然有一些人对他们的宠物不好好照管甚至虐待它们。
63、 She sat up straight and pretended to believe in herself, so much so that she actually started believing in herself. 她坐直了身子, 假装对自己充满信心, 装得连她自己都开始以为自己确实很有信心。
64、 It’s not easy to keep in touch with friends when they are far away, however, they are always on her mind. 和远方的朋友保持联系不是一件容易的事,但是她一直记挂着他们。
65、 Agriculture will have to undergo a drastic change to meet the needs of the new situation. Otherwise, the country will starve. 农业必须进行深入的改革, 以满足新形势的需要。否则, 国家将遭受饥荒。
66、 In the northern area, it is necessary to plant varieties which are outstandingly resistant to low winter temperature. 北部地区只能种植确实能抗冬季低温的品种。
67、 Synthetic, or man-made, diamonds have been manufactured from carbon since the mid-1950s, when General Electric Co. developed the process for making small diamonds for industrial uses. 人们从20世纪50年代中期就开始用碳来制造或人工合成钻石,当时通用汽车公司开发出了生产工业用小钻石的工艺。
68、 The WTO’s creation on January 1 1995 marked the biggest reform of international trade since the Second World War. 1995年1月1日世贸组织的诞生,标志着第二次世界大战之后国际贸易的最大改革。
69、 A student who has grown up with a calculator will struggle with both strategies and computations. 一个伴着计算器长大的学生既要对付解题策略, 又要对付实际运算。
70、 Students learn far more when they do the math themselves. 学生自己进行数学运算所获得的收益远比依赖计算器多。
71、 A student who learns to handle numbers mentally can focus on how to attack a problem and then complete the actual calculations easily. 学会心算的学生能把注意力集中到如何解题上, 然后轻而易举地完成实际运算。
72、 It’s my mother who has been encouraging me never to lose heart when I had difficulties in study. 这些年来,当我在学习中遇到困难时,是我的母亲一直在鼓励我从不要泄气。
73、 With more students applying to college than ever before, admissions directors are paying especially close attention to essays, interviews, and teacher recommendations. 由于有比以往更多的学生申请上大学, 招生部主任将格外注重作文、面试和教师的推荐信。
74、 Calculators prevent students from seeing this kind of natural structure and beauty in math. 计算器妨碍学生认识数学中这类自然结构和美。
75、 If we don’t require students to do the simple problems that calculators can do, how can we expect them to solve the more complex problems that calculators cannot do? 如果我们不让学生做那些计算器能代劳的简单的运算, 又怎么能期待他们去解决计算器解决不了的更为复杂的问题呢?
76、 Your parents are the people responsible for helping you make decisions until you’re 18. 父母是有责任帮助你在18岁之前做决定的人。
77、 But he is too young to understand cheating won’t do him any good in the long run. 就长远而言, 他太小, 还不懂得欺骗会给他带来害处。
78、 What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵, 就如雕刻术之于大理石。
79、 He began to study accounting at night sessions of the City University of New York, earning his tuition during the daytime. 他开始晚间在纽约城市大学学习会计,白天做工赚学费。
80、 Those who educate children well are to be more honored than the parents, for the latter only give them life while the former teach them the art of living well. —Aristotle 把儿童教育好的人们甚至应该比他们的父母更受尊敬,因为后者仅仅给予他们生命,前者却教给他们生活好的艺术。 ──(古希腊)亚里士多得
81、 The cloning of Dolly the sheep nearly 5 years ago raised the hopes of transplant scientists looking for an endless supply of lifesaving organs. 将近5年前,克隆羊多莉给寻求无穷无尽的救命器官供货的移植学家带来了希望。
82、 I would rather join you in research work than go on a holiday to the seaside. 我与其到海滨去度假,倒不如和你们一起参加科研工作。
83、 The further that Joy dug into the cutting edge of research in the new technologies-robotics, genetic engineering and nanotechnology-the more horrified he became. 乔伊在机器人学、基因工程和纳米技术等新技术研究领域的前沿钻得越深, 就越感到恐惧。
84、 What Henry Ford is to the automobile, George Eastman to photography, and Charles Goodyear to rubber, Edison is to not one but several of today’s essential technologies. 对当今不止一项而是多项重要技术的贡献, 就如同Henry Ford 对汽车、George Eastman 对摄影、Charles Goodyear 对橡胶的贡献一样大。
85、 I am not afraid of tomorrow for I have seen yesterday and I love today. -W.A.White我并不害怕明天, 因为我已见过昨天而又热爱今天。 ── 怀特
86、 He invested his money in several different companies, by which means he hoped to reduce the natural hazards of investment. 他把自己的钱向几个不同的公司投资, 希望借此减少投资的自然风险。
87、 With the rise of the Internet, personal finance magazines and TV shows find information on investing. 随着因特网、个人理财杂志和专事选股的电视节目的兴起,人们很容易找到有关投资的信息。
88、 Nothing is more precious than time yet nothing is less valued. 时间最宝贵,却最不被爱惜。
89、 If indeed silence is golden, it is also becoming as rare as gold. 如果宁静真是贵重如金的话,那它也在变得像金子一样稀罕了。
90、 Man is not creature of circumstances, circumstances are the creatures of man. 人不是环境所造就的,乃是环境由人所创造。
91、 Pollution is a global problem which needs a global response. 污染是一个全球性的问题,需要全球关注。
92、 Greenhouse effect means the gradual warming of the air surrounding the earth. 温室效应意味着地球周围的空气逐渐变暖。
93、 Air is to us what water is to fish. 我们离不开空气, 就像鱼离不开水。
94、 As our country is populous, it is confronted with a more and more serious crisis of resources. 我国由于人口众多,面临着越来越严重的资源危机。
95、 The government has to provide against a possible oil shortage in the coming months. 政府不得不预防未来几个月里可能出现的石油短缺。
96、 Why do Americans emphasize money so much? Well, this “land of plenty” has long enjoyed abundant natural resources, and people have gotten used to material wealth. 为什么美国人这么看重金钱呢? 这么说吧, 这块“丰饶之地”久已享有充裕的自然资源, 而人们已习惯于丰富的物质财富。
97、 A slip of the foot you may soon recover, but a slip of the tongue you may never get over. -Benjamin Franklin 失足可以很快弥补, 失言却可能永远无法补救。 ── 富兰克林
98、 The earliest Mother’s Day celebrations can be traced back to the spring celebrations of ancient Greece in honor of Rhea’, the Mother of the Gods. 庆祝母亲节的习俗最早 可以追溯到古希腊, 当时人们在春天举行庆祝活动, 来向众神之母──莉雅女神表示敬意。
99、 I am grateful to you for the opportunity to express my conviction in this most important political question. 感谢你们使我有机会就这个最重要的政治问题发表意见。
100、 I am thankful for America and thankful that we are able to resolve our electoral differences in a peaceful way. 我感谢美国, 我们终于用和平的方式解决了选举中的分歧。
篇3:2024关于初一英语写作技巧
全文共 1104 字
+ 加入清单一、充分准备,打好基础。
为了提高初一英语作文写作水平,平时应加强阅读,多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说:“读书破万卷,下笔如有神”,只有多读,多记,多背诵,才能出口成章,下笔成文。此外,写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法,如书信、日记、通知等,它们大多有固定的格式。
二、认真审题,明确要求
在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示,分清材料的主次,接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素;最后确定时态,同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。
三、遣词造句、表达规范
初一英语作文用词要恰当,不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时,应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些,有些句型不会表达,可以设法绕开,用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词,如and, or, but, so,because, since等,以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密,自然流畅。
四、认真撰写,卷面整洁
初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题,如果时间允许,书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前,要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题;之后检查主题是否明确,表达方式是否恰当;最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求,前后是否一致。
中考复习研讨会指导课件,极具价值。
关联词
1.表示并列或递进: and, as well as, both…and,
not only…but also, neither…nor;
2.表示选择: or, either…or;
3.表示转折: but, however, although, though, after all,
4.表示因果: because, so, therefore
5.表示条件: if , unless
6.表示对比: instead, not…but,
on the one hand…on the other hand;
7.表示解释: for example, for instance, such as,
that is to say, in other words;
8.表示顺序: to begin with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next,
later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end;
9.表示强调: also, besides, what’s more, actually,
in fact,
10.表示结论: all in all, altogether, in a word,generally speaking。
篇4:英语考试写作有方法
全文共 536 字
+ 加入清单1)做模版:拿几片范文,找几句比较拽的结构型句子,拼凑出一个你自己顺手的框架即可。不用到处找,也不用找很多,一个框架即可,当然,准备一些可以替换的词:比如recommendation替换conclusion.漂亮句子很多,但若水三千,我只掬一瓢饮。
2)找出主要的错误类型,每种写出一道两句经典的表述即可。
3)考时30分钟分三个阶段:一)12-15分钟,写出完整的第一段,三个征文段的topic sentence,和完整的末段。写第一段的同时就构思topicsentence,末段无非是重复结论和三句topic。这样的好处是结构已经完整了,你不用慌了。。二)13-10分钟,完成三段正文。我以前觉得这个很困难,后来想通了。无非是把这层意思说清楚就行。3句话就够了。也够长了。三)5分钟check.还一个作用时,是在前面没有完成,还有一个buffer,也不至于弹尽粮绝。
4)非常措施:考试万一时间不够,首段就抄原句;如果时间还不够,末段就cut-paste首段和topic 的文本,稍加修改即可。但是,结构是完整的。
5)ok作文法的精髓和适用范围:精髓:看上去很美。适用范围:不想得6分的人(因为想的6分的人追求的是实际上也很美。如果运气好,可以的5分,运气不好,可以的4分。
篇5:应用文的写作基础知识
全文共 3489 字
+ 加入清单掌握应用文写作语言的特点,即语言的信实性、针对性、规范化和专门化,小编收集了应用文的写作基础知识,欢迎阅读。
一、语言的特点
掌握应用文写作语言的特点,即语言的信实性、针对性、规范化和专门化
作者运用语言的能力,主要体现在对各种文体语言的敏感和自觉把握、开拓上。应用文因其要交流业务、传递信息、宣传政策、一探讨问题,甚至需录存凭证的实用要求,其语言必然具有一些自身的特点:
1、信实性
要使各种信息得到读者的信任,其语言就应信实可靠,去伪存真,弃浮留实,不言过其实,在真实中获得自己的生命。要做到语言的信实必须做到以下几点:
(1)要掌握表述的分寸。在当用与不当用、偏高与偏低、偏大与偏小之间加以区分;事物的范围、性质要描述和归纳得恰如其分。要求表述的含义清楚,词语的内涵、外延明确,一切会导致歧义、多义和似是而非的象征、隐喻等等都应在排除之列,以免引起误解而致误导。如"成绩"与"成就"之分,"错误"与"缺点"之分,"大多数"与"绝大多数"的不同,"部分"与"大部分"的界限。
(2)表现要诚达。"诚",就是要求有实实在在的内容,不能空话连篇,言之无物;不能装腔作势,哗众取宠;"达",就是要求语言能原原本本地把内容表达清楚,忌浮言、假话。如介绍商品,性质、功能、售后服务、价格等都须实事求是,不吹嘘、不护短,才能在感情上取得顾客的信任。那些"王婆卖瓜,自卖自夸"的花言巧语,那种动辄"领导世界新潮流"、"誉满全球"的陈词滥调只会失信于读者,最终削弱商品的竞争力。
(3)数字要精确,字词运用要恰当。借助极富科学性和说服力的数字,发现问题、分析问题、解决问题。但应慎重,不能混用。如数字发生变化时表达要清楚,"增加了多少"与"增加到多少"并不一样;有关数字的词语要概念明确,比如"以上"、"以下"、"不足"、"超过"、"小于"、"大于"的用法不应给读者造成疑窦,如不要在"100公斤以上的"、"100公斤以下的"之后给读者留下"100公斤的"该怎么办的问号。
2、针对性
即看对象说话。许多应用文的语言,受客观环境和政策法规的制约,都应看准表述对象,因人、因事、因时、因地而异,不可千篇一律。给领导看的,要求语言庄重,文字简约;给群众看的,则要求深入浅出,语言通俗;介绍一件商品,要注意具体的对象、环境、内容和要求,做到随机应变,以获得最佳的传播效果。针对性强,就能使文章有的放矢,有助于解决问题。
3、规范化和专门化
应用写作的语言不同于其他写作,以书面语言为主。尤其在某些文种中,如命令等,只能用书面语言而不能掺杂其他语体,并大量使用规范化、专门化的词语。体现出以下特点:
(1)具有词语的稳定性与选择性的统一。所谓词语的稳定性,是指某些固定的词语相对稳定地使用于某些应用文。如介绍信的开头总以"兹有"开启下文,许多公文的结尾都以"特此"收束全文。所谓词语的选择性大多数的应用文都有一套比较固定的规范性习惯用语,供人们在写作时选用。这些习惯用语多用于应用文的标题、开头、引文、过渡与结尾处。例如:开头用语中的鉴于、为、为了、由于、遵照、按照、根据、随着、兹有、奉、近来等;结尾用语中的本、为荷、为要、为盼、此令、此复、希即遵照执行、希酌情办理、现予公布。特此函达、以上报告,请审核、当否,请批示、以上妥否,请指示等。
(2)具有句法的稳定性和灵活性的统一。所谓句法的稳定性,是指某些类型的句子在应用文中占有很大的分量。如总结中要汇报情况,请示时要阐述原因,求职信中要作自我介绍等,主要使用陈述句。应用文在有所陈述的基础上,往往要提要求,无论是上级对下级,还是下级对上级。如"以上通知,请遵照执行","以上请求,望领导批准为荷"等等。所谓句法的灵活性,是指在稳定性的基础上,适当地求新、求变。灵活恰当地选用句式,可使行文变化多姿,从而增强文章语言的表达效果,增强文章的外在美。例如,对事物下定义时宜用长单句、判断句;叙述事物时宜用短句;发号施令时宜用短句、单句、主动句。总之,选用什么样的句式,要根据表述内容灵活掌握。
(3)力求简洁,具有庄重感。应用文中,经常使用一些文言词语,如常用的有"经、业经、业已、兹、兹有、兹将、特、者、荷、取、于、而、则、为、为此、与之、依、逾、至、其、亦、以、尚、须、未、予、示、之……",可增强文章的庄重感。
(4)用图式替代语言文字。图式包括图、画、符号、照片、表格、公式等。在应用文特别是科技应用文中大量使用,成为一种常见的辅助书面语言,从而形成应用文语言的又一大特色。
二、语言运用的要求
掌握语言运用的基本要求,即:语言要准确清晰、简洁明了、平实自然、得体妥帖、生动具体
1、准确清晰
准确,即用最恰当的词语和句子如实反映客观事物,表达作者思想。清晰,是指表达时要条理清楚,意思明白。具体应做到:
(1)用词造句要准确。用词准确是指能把握词语遣用的分寸感和合适度。应精选中心词,用准修饰语。能仔细辨析同义词、近义词的用法,对词义轻重。范围宽窄、程度深浅、感情褒贬、语体雅俗、词性差别等都能烂熟于心、姻熟于手。如:"分散"和"涣散"都有"不集中"的意思,"涣散"是具有贬义性质的形容词;"分散"是具有中间性质的动词。"士气涣散"就准确,"士气分散"就不准确。另外,应用文常用数字说明问题,揭示事物之间的数量关系,所以数字运用要准确无误。
(2)用词造句要通顺。指合乎语法,合乎逻辑。通顺也是实现语言准确的保证。
(3)要注意语意鲜明。有时由于特殊需要,还必须使用一些模糊语言,即用一些在外延上不确定、表意比较含糊,以及在运用上具有弹性的词语,如"近年来"、"各地"、"时有"、"大多数"。"有关部门"、"条件许可时"等。该类词语使用恰当,不仅能增加行文的灵活性,而且有助于准确地表达意思,但应谨慎使用。
2、简洁明了
(1)简洁。所谓简洁,就是用较少的文字清楚表达较多、较丰富的内容。要抓住问题的关键,把话说到点子上。主要应做好以下四点:
一要善于观察事物,深刻理解事物,明确认识写作对象,把握住问题的关键。
二要反复锤炼,提高概括能力,杜绝堆砌修饰语现象;适当使用缩略语,如"五讲四美"等。
三要删除一切套话、空话、意思重复的话,向繁冗开刀。克服繁琐冗长的毛病是语言简洁的前提。
四要适当地采用文言词语及短语。文言词语(包括成语、典故)行文简练,富有表现力,写作时适当采用,言简意赅。然而,"简"要得当,"简"得让人不明白或产生歧义也不行。绝不能为简而生造词语。乱缩略、滥用文言以及一概排斥某些行文必需的程式化语句。(2)明了。所谓明了,就是指明明白白、清清楚楚,一是一,二是二。要做到明了,一是要考虑周到,言尽意止;二是要注意用词通俗,不用生僻晦涩的字句;三是在运用数字的时候,只须写出计算的结果,而不须表述具体的计算过程。
3、平实自然
应用文用语应平易通俗,浅显流畅。说明事实、讲清道理即可。不搞"曲笔",不作夸饰,不堆砌辞藻,不追求华丽,不矫揉造作,不用生僻词语,以明白、实在、自然为上。
4、得体妥帖
(1)得体。应用文实用性强,讲究得体。主要应做到以下三点:
一是要适合特定的文体。按文体要求遣词造句,用词、语气、语体风格应符合特定的要求。保持该文体的语言特色和语言风格。如公文宜庄重,调查报告须平实,学术论文应严谨,祝谢哀问需较浓的感情色彩,广告就常用模糊的语言,使用说明书则需具体实在,商业交际文书语言要委婉,合同书的语言则要精确,颁布政策法令应庄重严肃,报喜祝捷要热烈欢快,提出申请该委婉平和,分析问题须有理有据。
二是语言适用于所写的应用文体的需要,做到需要文雅时,决不粗俗;需要委婉时,决不直露;需要明确时,决不含糊;需要模糊时,决不精确。
三是要考虑作者自己的身份,阅读的对象,约稿的单位,写作的目的,甚至还要考虑到与客观环境的和谐一致、恰到好处。比如需要登报或张贴的,语言要通俗易懂;需要宣读或广播的,语言应简明流畅,便于朗读;书信的写作,要根据远近亲疏、尊卑长幼的关系使用相应的语言;公文的写作要根据不同的文种和行文关系而使用相应的语言,否则就不得体。(2)妥贴。语言的妥帖则是指语言要合乎语法的一般规范。
5、生动具体
生动,即言词形象、逼真、有活力,能吸引人。应用文中有些文种的语言也是要求生动的,如讲话稿、调查报告、总结等。选择词语(尤其是动词的运用)时要精心,恰当、传神地运用一些修辞手法,如引用、比喻、拟人、排比等。如某篇调查报告中写当今择偶观时说:"婚姻的含金量增大了。"就十分传神。语言具体,可使文章内容有血有肉,说理深刻有力。其关键在于对事物的仔细观察和深入了解。
篇6:最有用的商务英语写作技巧
全文共 921 字
+ 加入清单在今日全球化的经济环境下,有效地用英语(精品课)交流已经变得至关重要。
然而如何清晰地表达你的想法却是门大学问。太多时候人们只是简单地照抄他们眼中同事,尤其是上级写出来的“漂亮英语”。你每天都能在收件箱里看到很多例子——那些难懂的需要你读好多遍才能理解的邮件。
一个巨大的错误就是用一些不必要的单词和词组让你的文章变得冗长。你要牢记你写作的目的是为了更清晰地交流你的想法。
总是尽可能减少你句子中使用的字数,避免使用可以用更短的词代替的长词。以下是一些例子:
Instead of "prior to" use *before*
用“before”代替“prior to”
Instead of "subsequent" use *after*
用“after”代替“subsequent”
Instead of "in order to" use *to*
用“to”代替“in order to”
Instead of "in the event that" use *if*
用“if”代替“in the event that”
Instead of "with reference to" use *about*
用“about”代替“with the reference to”
Instead of "state of the art" use *latest*
用“latest”代替“state of the art”
Instead of "due to the fact that" use *since*
用“since”代替“due to the fact that”
Instead of "not later than 2pm" use *by 2pm*
用“by 2pm”代替“not later than 2pm”
Instead of "at the present time" use *now*
用“now”代替“at the present time”
同时也要记得文章有组织性。第一句话就要开门见山地点出你每一段要讲什么。除此之外,要控制你邮件的长度。没人想读一条长达10段的邮件。
通过使用简单的单词和易懂的词组,你就能最终提高你信息的清晰度。
篇7:中考英语应用文作文模板
全文共 3798 字
+ 加入清单邀请信
Class 1,Grade 7
Beijing Sunshine Secondary School
Sunshine Town
Beijing
April 20
Dear__
We are happy to invite you to________________________________ We’ll hold___________from…to… (time). We will meet at________ _________(place) and have it at _________(place). We’ll do_______ (activities). We’d like everyone _____________(reminding).
Please complete the note on the next page to tell us if you can come. We hope you can come. We look forward to seeing you at out party. Yours faithfully ∕ sincerely,
(Signature) (打印)
Amy (手写)
Monitor of Class 1, Grade 7
注意:邀请信的关键是要体现出邀请的主旨,反映出邀请人的盛情,并明确表示活动的时间、地点及相应的安排。这些都是邀请信不可缺少的内容。
实用套语
1.Will you do us a favor of joining our party?您能光临我们的聚会吗?
2.May I take this opportunity to invite you to our university to give a lecture?我可以借此机会邀请您到我们大学给我们演讲吗?
3.If you have no other plans for Monday, May 15th, will you come to our party at my home?如果本周五,即五月15号,您没有其他安排的话,可以来我家参加我们的聚会吗?
4.Shall we have the pleasure to invite you to our party this weekend?我们可以荣幸地邀请您参加我们本周末的聚会吗?
经典用语
1. If you haven’t made any definite plan for the coming weekend, I’d love to invite you to come to our school and join us in the party.如果您本周末尚无安排,我想邀请您来参加我们的晚会。
2. If you haven’t promised to join your friends elsewhere, we shall be delighted to have you with us.如果您还没有答应别的朋友的邀请,我们将十分高兴地邀请您到我们这儿来。
3. With your presence on this occasion, we are sure to have a most delightful evening.您的到来一定会让我们的晚会增色不少。
4. All of us here are longing for the pleasure of seeing you.您这儿的所有朋友都在盼望着能见到您。
推荐信
Address of sender
Date
Name (Title)of receiver
Address of receiver
Dear _________(Greeting)
I’m writing to recommend sb. To become/be ______(Subject)
Para1: abilities
Para2: personalities
Para3: examples of details
Para4: Ending: We all think … should… Para1--- Para4: Message Yours sincerely,_____ (Closing)
(Signature) (打印)
(Signature of sender) ((手写)
Monitor of Class 1, Grade 7(Title of sender)
注意:
写推荐信的关键在于:
1. 在新的主体部分的首尾各用一句话明确表示写此信的目的,如:
篇首:I’d like to recommend sb. to be/do…
篇尾:We all think sb. should be…/should get the reward
2. 文中所写的这个人的性格特点与能力要与所推荐的任务或职位相关。
3. 在用事例说明这个人的某个优点时,事例要与该优点相吻合。
实用套语
1. I would like to recommend sb. to be /become….我愿意推荐某人成为/当/做….
2. It’s my pleasure to recommend sb. to be /become….我乐意推荐某人成为/当/做….
经典用语
1. I am writing to recommend Mary to become the new chairperson of the Students’ Union.我写此信的目的是推荐玛丽当学生会的主席。
2. May is a hard-working and helpful student.梅是个努力且乐于助人的学生。
3. I think John is good enough to be the chairperson. I hope you will agree.我认为约翰很适合主席这个职务。希望您能同意我的想法。
感谢信
Date of writing
Name(Title)of receiver
Dear______(Greeting)
I am writing the letter to say thank you for______(Subject)
Para1: reasons for writing the letter
Para2: examples or details
Para3: Ending: Thank you for… Para1--- Para3: Message
Yours sincerely,_____ (Closing)
(Signature) (打印)
(Signature of sender) (手写)
注意:
写感谢信应注意以下几点:
1. 在新的开头,第一节中明确表示感谢,即“开头言谢”;
2. 信的主体部分要写出感谢的原因。如果原因不止一个,要分段写。每段写一个主题句,表明一个原因,再辅以具体的事例进行说明,使感谢落到实处,不让人产生客套或做作的感觉;
3. 在信的结尾,还要把感谢的话再说一遍,并加上对对方的祝福。
实用套语
1. With many thanks to you for entertaining me so generously.非常感谢您如此慷慨大方的招待。
2. Indeed I do not know how to express my appreciation for your valuable services.对您优质的服务我无以言谢。
3. We express our sincere and hearty thanks for the favors you have done for us.衷心感谢您为我们所做的一切。
4. It will give me much pleasure to do whatever I can in return for your favor.若能对您的好意有所回报,我将不胜荣幸。
5. Please accept our warmest thanks for what you have done for us.您如此帮忙,请接受我们最热忱的谢意。
经典用语
1. Thank you from the bottom of my heart, for your letter and for your kindness to me during my long illness.衷心地感谢您在我漫长的卧床期间给我来信,给我关心。
2. I am grateful for your kind wishes for my success.感谢您对我成功的祝福。
3. Thank you very much for the letter of congratulation and the nice gift you sent to me.感谢您寄来的祝贺信及礼物。
4. I’d like to thank you for always being by my side on Thanksgiving Day. 值此感恩节来临之际,感谢您一直以来陪伴在我身边。
篇8:写作基础知识:应用文的写作
全文共 1762 字
+ 加入清单所谓应用文是人们在生活、学习、工作中为处理实际事物而写作,有着实用性特点,并形成惯用格式的文章。小编收集了写作基础知识:应用文的写作。欢迎阅读。
一、结构的含义和作用
1.掌握结构的含义应用文的结构,是运用材料以表现主题的有序安排,是客观事物条理性在文章中的反映,为文章的组织形式和内部构造。文章的结构具有两重含义:一是宏观结构,即文章的总体构思、大体框架;二是微观结构,即对文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应和主次的具体设计。2.了解结构的作用结构好比文章的骨架,是安排文章的具体形式,是将材料化为文章的手段之二。结构是表现主题的手段,是准确表达主题的必由之路,也是引导读者领会文章思想内容的向导。写文章只有找到恰当完美的结构形式,才能把主题和材料组合在一起,形成一个完美有机的整体。其作用具体表现在:
(1)使文章言之有体。应用文大多有较固定的结构形态,它是人们在长期写作实践中经过选择,逐步找到的最适合表现某种内容的最佳形式,也称之为“程式”。如简报、书信和行政公文类文书,具有相当固定的惯用格式。
(2)使文章言之有序。合理安排文章结构,就是根据一定的思路,将零散的材料组织起来,使之眉目清楚地成为一个有机的整体。
(3)使文章言之有文。精心安排文章结构,可以增加文章的文采,从而增强其可读性。
二、安排结构的条件
1.了解思路的含义及思路与结构的关系
在文章结构的两重含义中,总体构思是具体设计的前提和基础。总体构思也就是人们常说的“言有序”,是指对材料的安排要有次序,这体现了作者的思路。思路是安排结构的条件。
1、思路的含义
思路是作者思维活动的路线,是作者在头脑中梳理、组织内容材料的过程和结果。它是作者对客观事物自身条理性的观察、理解。
作者思路清晰,结构必然有条不紊;作者思路不清晰,结构必然紊乱。经过选择的材料,只有经过合理的组织安排,使之条理化、系统化,组成一个有机的整体,才能准确鲜明地表现既定的主题。
2、思路与结构的关系
在写作构思阶段,作者的思维活动异常活跃。确立主题,选择好材料,并进而考虑如何表达主题和如何安排材料,由此逐渐形成一条清晰、连贯、独到的思维活动路线——思路。此时,文章的大体框架已在作者的头脑中“闪现”出来。等到作者用书面语言把思路表达出来时,文章的结构也就具体安排好了。因此,作者思路与文章结构的关系极为密切。具体表现为以下三点:
(1)思路是形成结构的基础和内核。结构是文章最主要的表现形式。要使结构完整、严谨、匀称,动笔前,就需要作者匠心独运,形成清晰、连贯并具独创性的思路,进而“外化”成纲目清晰、严谨周密的结构。但是,文章反映客观事物,决不是对其原始形态的简单搬抄和复制,而是在符合客观事物发展规律基础上的主观创造。因此,不同的作者。不同的文体有不同的思路。思路开阔而有创见,文章的结构就新颖独特;思路狭窄而落俗,会使文章的结构板滞僵死;思路紊乱,文章的条理就必然不清;思路松散,文章的结构就不可能严密紧凑。
(2)结构是思路的体现和反映。结构是思路的外显形式和文字载体。思路严密清晰,文章结构才能完整、严谨、清晰,主题才能得以准确地表达;思路紊乱、疏漏和闭塞,文章则会逻辑混乱、言而无序、首尾不能圆合。
2.了解锻炼思路的基本要求及锻炼思路的方法
(1)注意思路的条理性和逻辑性,使之清晰、周密、连贯。清晰,指展开思路要有顺序、有层次,同时对材料要加以区分和归类。周密,指思路要周到、严密,没有疏漏和缺损,不要顾此失彼,自相矛盾。连贯,指思维活动过程及其表达不仅要注意外在的次序,而且要处理好各个意思之间存在的衔接、并列、转折、因果、总分等内在联系,做到气脉贯通、流畅。
(2)注意思路的灵活性、独创性,使之活跃、开阔、敏捷。活跃与开阔,是指思路的开展要打破思维定势,进行多向探索,使之灵活、新颖而富有个性。敏捷是指思路的展开、梳理直至成型这一过程应该灵敏、迅速,使文章结构紧凑、气势流转而顺畅。
(3)养成良好的思维习惯。一是养成有序思考问题的习惯,由浅入深、由表及里、由此及彼。二是加强逻辑思维能力的训练。应用写作主要靠逻辑思维,要遵循“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”这一认识规律。
(4)写作前要通盘思考,立足于写作意图、目的和所用文体特点,确定如何起笔,主体分几个部分展开,怎样收尾。
篇9:优秀英语写作素材:教育的英语名言
全文共 3350 字
+ 加入清单以下是由语文迷网精心为大家整理提供的关于教育的英语名言,欢迎大家参考选择。
Education has for its object the formation of character.
教育的目的在于品德的培育。——斯宾塞
He can ill be master that never was scholar.
没当过学生的人成不了一个好先生。
Teaching others teaches youself.
教学相长。
Better untaught than ill taught.
宁可不受教育也强于受坏的教育。
Instruction knows no cladistinction.
有教无类——《论语》
The best bred have the best portion.
最好的教养是最好的嫁妆。
A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)
教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)
Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)
与其不受教育,不知不生,因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)
Dancing in all its forms cannot be excluded from the curriculum of all noble education: dancing with the feet, with ideas, with works, and ,need I add that one must also be able to dance with the pen? (Friedrich W.Nietzsche, German philosopher)
所有高尚教育的课程表里都不能没有各种形式的跳舞:用脚跳舞,用思想跳舞,用言语跳舞,不用说,还需用笔跳舞。(德国哲学家 尼采 F W)
Education commences at the mother’s knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)
教育始于母亲膝下,孩童耳听一言一语,均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)
Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)
教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)
Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)
教育不在于使人知其所未知,而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)
Education is a admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught. (Oscar Wilde, British dramatist)
教育是令人羡慕的东西,但是要不时地记住:凡是值得知道的,没有一个是能够教会的。(英国剧作家 王尔得 O)
Example is always more efficacious than precept. (Samuel Johnson, British writer and critic)
身教胜于言教。(英国作家、批评家 约翰逊 S)
Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )
历史使人明智;诗词使人灵秀;数学使人周密;自然哲学使人深刻;伦理使人庄重;逻辑修辞学使人善辨。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)
If you dont learn to think when you are young , you may never learn .(Thomas Edison , American inventor )
如果你年轻时就没有学会思考,那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生 . T.)
Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.
(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )
天生的才干如同天生的植物一样,需要靠学习来修剪。(英国哲学家 培根 . F.)
A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)
教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)
And gladly would learn, and gladly teach. (Chaucer, British poet)
勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人 乔叟)
Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)
与其不受教育,不知不生,因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)
Education commences at the mothers knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)
教育始于母亲膝下,孩童耳听一言一语,均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)
Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)
教育不在于使人知其所未知,而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)
Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)
教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)
For a cultivated man to be ignorant of foreign languages is a great inconveniece. (Anton P.Chekhrv, Russian dramatist)
一个受过教育的人,不懂外语是极不方便的。(俄国剧作家 契克夫 A P)
篇10:2024七年级英语写作指导
全文共 1545 字
+ 加入清单初一是正式开始写英语作文,怎么样才能写出好的英语作文呢?
一、充分准备,打好基础。
为了提高初一英语作文写作水平,平时应加强阅读,多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说:“读书破万卷,下笔如有神”,只有多读,多记,多背诵,才能出口成章,下笔成文。此外,写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法,如书信、日记、通知等,它们大多有固定的格式。
二、认真审题,明确要求
在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示,分清材料的主次,接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素;最后确定时态,同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。
三、遣词造句、表达规范
初一英语作文用词要恰当,不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时,应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些,有些句型不会表达,可以设法绕开,用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词,如and, or, but, so,because, since等,以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密,自然流畅。
四、认真撰写,卷面整洁
初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题,如果时间允许,书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前,要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题;之后检查主题是否明确,表达方式是否恰当;最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求,前后是否一致。
英语写作常用名言
1.Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量 2.Live and learn. 活到老,学到老
3.The more you know, the more you find you don’t know. 知之愈多,便觉知之愈少
4.Never teach a fish to swim. 切勿班门弄斧
5.Never too old to learn; never too late to turn. 学习不厌老,改过不嫌迟 6.Better sense is the head than cents in the pocket. 口袋里有钱不如头脑里有知识
7. The greatest artist was once a beginner. 最伟大的艺术家也曾是个初学者 8.It’s never too late to learn. 活到老,学到老 9.A good book is a good friend. 好书如同挚友
10. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会学习不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻
11. A young idler, and old beggar. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲
12. By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.读书使人充实,交谈使人精明
13. Experience must be bought. 吃一堑,长一智
14. There is no royal road to learning. 学问无捷径
15. Imagination is more important than knowledge. 想象力比知识更重要 16. The empty vessels make the greatest sound. 满瓶不响,半瓶咣当
17. If you don’t learn to think when you are young, you may never learn.如果你年轻的时候没有学会思考,那么就永远学不会思考
18.There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.最有益的是知识,最有害的是无知
篇11:2024年高考英语专题之写作基础知识
全文共 1830 字
+ 加入清单从历年高考写作题来看, 特别是基础写作, 要点都是一目了然的, 写什么, 对于考生来说不是问题, 问题是不知如何写。
实践证明, 只有写出正确地道的句子, 才有可能把文章写好。磨刀不误砍柴功, 写作需练基本功。你有了扎实的基本功, 不管是基础写作还是读写任务, 也不管考什么作文题, 你都能得高分。因此, 从某种意义上说, 我们不必刻意追求猜题押题, 而应脚踏实地地去练好基本功, 这才是高考高分的备考上策。
【基本句型特训】
这里的基本句型包括简单句的五个基本句型和there be句型。
所谓简单句就是由一个主语 (包括并列主语)和一个谓语 (包括并列谓语) 组成的句子, 即一个主谓关系的句子。
六个基本句型
典型例句
主+谓
He studies very hard.
主+谓+宾
We enjoy sports.
主+谓+间宾+直宾
Sports bring me happiness.
主+谓+宾+宾补
Exercise mades me healthy.
主+系+表
Exercise is very beneficial.
There be句型
There are three reasons why I like it.
特别提醒: 根据历年高考阅卷的情况, 考生写句子最易犯的错是: 不用be时却用了, 或者该用be时却没用。因此, 我们须注意:
1.英语句子通常要有谓语动词, 否则就不完整。如表达 “他很累”, 不能说He very tired.
而要说He is very tired. 因为tired是形容词, 句中无动词。切记: 当句子意思完整, 但句中没有动词时, 一定要加上be。
2. 当句中已有谓语动词时, 若不是进行时态或被动语态, 一定不要再用be。如表达 “他昨天来过这里”, 不能说He was came here yesterday. 而要说He came here yesterday.
[课堂练习]
用基本句型翻译下列各组句子, 然后合并成一篇通顺自然的5句话的短文。
●心中有梦:
单句翻译
1. David 7岁了。 (主系表)
2. 他有一个梦想。 (主谓宾)
3. 他想在天上飞。 (主谓宾)
4. 他做了一架纸飞机。 (主谓双宾)
5. 他完成了作业。 (主谓宾)
6. 他玩纸飞机。 (主谓)
7. 有一天, 天上有一架飞机在飞。 (there be句型)
8. 他的父亲鼓励他努力学习成为飞行员。 (主谓宾宾补)
9. 他非常努力地学习。 (主谓)
10. 十八年后他实现了他的梦想。 (主谓宾)
合并成文
______________________________________________________________________________________________
【标准答案】
1. David was seven years old.
2. He had a dream.
3. He wanted to fly in the sky.
4. He made himself a paper plane.
5. He finished homework.
6. He always played with the paper plane.
7. There was a plane flying in the sky.
8. His father encouraged him to study hard and be a pilot.
9. He worked very hard at his lessons.
10. He made his dream come true 18 years later.
合并成文: When David was seven years old, he dreamed of flying in the sky. Having finished his homework, he made himself a paper plane to play with. One day, there was a plane flying in the sky. His father
encouraged him to be a pilot in the future. It was by working hard that he made his dream come true eighteen years later.
篇12:英语考研作文命题依据及写作技巧
全文共 1564 字
+ 加入清单导语:小编提醒大家,要想把作文写好,要想在考研写作中得高分,平时一定得多阅读优秀的范文,特别是一些漂亮精彩的句型。同时也有必要掌握一些写作模式和技巧,不断地模仿练习,最后才能真正打造出高分作文。
考研话题牵涉面广,包罗万象,变幻莫测。但从历年考研真题研究中可以发现写作基本上可粗略地划分为两大类话题:永恒话题(everlastingtopic)和热点话题(hotissue)。所谓永恒话题,是指那些不以时间和空间的转移为转移的话题。这类话题一般都是一些宏观的大话题,没有明显的时代印痕。如有关社会道德范畴的话题。另一大类是热点话题,即近几年或某一年特殊的社会现象, 媒体普遍报道过或公众普遍谈论的话题。如AdvertisementonTV(93),温室的花朵经不起风雨(2003)等,所以,平时在生活和学习中留意类似话题的英文素材预以备战不妨是个好的办法。
二、写作技巧
1.精心构造全文的引言段
考研作文阅卷老师每天工作量很大,工作时间也较长,因此长时间批改水平参差不齐、质量高下不一的作文难免感到疲劳,厌倦,甚至气恼。据测试统计,一口气读完12 篇后才走神的人极少,定力惊人。因此,在考研写作三段制中,第一段最能吸引他们的目光和注意力,因为考研作文采用的是总体评分法(GlobalScoring),作文评卷老师往往主要凭借第一段的总体印象打分。有人把文章的第一段说成是黄金段落,说老师就是在这一段中不断地“淘金”。这一说法是很有道理的,因此,作文要想得高分,一定要精心构造全文的第一段,最大限度地满足阅卷老师的期待心理,力争给他留下良好的第一印象。经验告诉我们,阅卷老师在看完文章的第一段后就已基本上给文章定了分数档次,即使在第二,第三段中发现文章中的其他一些美中不足之处,他也只是微调几分,总体分数还是比先定的档次低的文章要好得多。总之,引言段在全文三段中的重要性再怎么强调也不过分。如果要按重要性依次递减的顺序来排的话,那么应是引言在先,其次是结尾段,再次是拓展段。
2.制造语言的闪光点
“言之无文,行而不远”,同理语言干瘪平淡,让人看之面目可憎,读后味如嚼蜡。要想攫住阅卷老师匆匆的一瞥,留住他们的兴奋点,就非得在语言上猛下功夫,多制造些表达上的闪光点。语言是思维的外壳,语言的好坏直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。语言表达的亮点体现在小到一个词,短语大到一个句子中。高分作文往往是“锱铢必较”,几乎字字计较。很多人作文分数很低往往是因为用词面太窄。当然,词汇的积累是有个过程的。可惜的是,很多同学只能认词,却不能再现,更不用说写作时运用了。
3.避免中国式英语
母语为非英语的人学习英语时往往会将母语的思维和表达方式直接迁移到英语表达当中。中国人学英语时往往会受母语根深蒂固的影响,最易造出中国腔的英语。有人把“价格便宜”直接写成“The price is cheap”,把“这件事小菜一碟”说成“This is a small dish”,让人看后苦笑不得。因此要尽量摆脱中国试英语,方法看来只有一条:多看外国人写的文章,多多阅读。不难想象,阅卷老师如果在短短的二百字文章中到处看到Chinglish,他无法使自己对你文章的印象好起来。
4.尽量有路标词
路标词(signalword)又称衔接词(connectives)就像灯塔为在茫茫大海中航行的船只指引方向一样,它能突出文章的层次性和逻辑性。英语文章讲究启承转合。“启”就是开启观点:“承”就是接着话茬进一步发展论证或补充:“转”就是讲相反或对立的观点:“合”就是总结概括。一篇文章若没有路标词便会杂乱无章的乱堆在一起,给人凌乱没有条理的感觉。标志词或衔接词的作用绝对不可小觑。
此外,多种句型的交替使用,文章脉络层次的分明,论据的合理充分等在写作中都应引起足够的重视。
篇13:2024考研英语写作素材:拿破仑英语名言
全文共 1551 字
+ 加入清单"I like honest men of all colors."我喜欢所有诚实的人。
"I start out by believing the worst."我凡事先做好最坏的打算。
"It requires more courage to suffer than to die."茍活比牺牲需要更多的勇气。 。
"I have made all the calculations; fate will do the rest."我已做了所有的打算,其余就交给上帝了。
"Our hour is marked, and no one can claim a moment of life beyond what fate has predestined."生死有命,没有人能要求多活一秒钟。
"If I had not been born Napoleon, I would have liked to have been born Alexander."如果今天我不是拿破仑的话,我想成为亚历山大。
"The great proof of madness is the disproportion of ones designs to ones means."一个人的计划与实践存在太大的落差即是疯狂的表现。
"The stupid speak of the past, the wise of the present, and fools of the future."聪明的人谈现在,愚蠢的人谈过去,傻子才谈未来。
"We must laugh at man to avoid crying for him. "与其后来替一个人婉惜,不如先嘲笑他算了。
"When you set out to take Vienna, take Vienna."一旦你着手要攻下维也纳,就把她拿下吧﹗
"What I did is immense. What I had decided to do, and what I had projected werestill more so"我所做的是大事业,而我当初的决定与计划亦是如此。
"The word impossible is not in my dictionary."在我的字典里找不到「不可能」这个字。
"I wished to found a European system, a European Code of Laws, a European judiciary; there would be but one people in Europe."我想建立一个整合的欧洲体系,包含了法律,法庭,与人种。
"The French complain of everything, and always."法国人终其一生都在抱怨所有的事。
"He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat."害怕被征服的人,注定要失败。
"Victory belongs to the most persevering."坚持必将成功。
"Adversity is the midwife of genius." 逆境造就天才。
"Circumstances? I make circumstances!" 英雄造时势。
"Men take only their needs into consideration, never their abilities."人们常只想到自己的需要,而没考虑自己的能力。
"Men are moved by only two levers: fear and self interest."恐惧和兴趣能激励人。
篇14:高考英语写作必背句式90个
全文共 14441 字
+ 加入清单一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织,这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式,供大家参考。
1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.
2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.
3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.
4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.
5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.
6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.
7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.
14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful
15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.
21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.
27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.
28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.
29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.
30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.
33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.
34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.
35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:
36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.
37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.
38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.
39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.
40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.
41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.
42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.
43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.
44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.
45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.
46) This issue has caused wide public concern.
47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.
48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.
49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:
50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.
51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.
52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.
53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.
54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.
55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.
56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.
57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.
58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.
59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.
60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.
61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.
62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.
63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.
65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.
66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.
67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.
68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.
69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.
70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.
71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.
72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.
73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.
74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.
75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.
76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.
77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.
78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.
79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.
80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.
81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.
83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.
84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.
85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.
86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day
88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.
89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.
90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.
篇15:四六级英语写作万能句子汇总
全文共 5125 字
+ 加入清单一、引出开头
1. It is well-known to us that…(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned...就我所知……)
2.Recently the problem of… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over …(最近……问题引起了关注)
3.Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)
4.Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)
5.With the rapid development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)
6.It is a common belief that…==It is commonly believed that…(人们一般认为……)
7.A lot of people seem to think that…(很多人似乎认为……)
8.It is universally acknowledged that +句子(全世界都知道……)
二、表达不同观点
1.Peoples views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that…However, others believe that…(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)
2.People may have different opinions on…(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)
3.Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)
4:There are different opinions among people as to…(对于……人们的观点大不相同)
三、表示结尾
1.In short, it can be said that…(总之,他的意思是……)
2.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that…(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……)
3.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that…(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……)
4.Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that…(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……)
5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点)
6.All in all, we cannot live without…, but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)
四、提出建议
1.It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)
2.There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视)
3.Obviously, if we want to do something … it is essential that…(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……)
4.Only in this way can we …(只有这样,我们才能……)
5.Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)
五、预示后果
1.Obviously, if we dont control the problem, the chances are that…will lead us in danger.(很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险)
2.No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that …(毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则我们很可能会……)
3.It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)
六、表示论证
1.From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)
2.I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…(我无法完全同意这一观点)
3.As far as I am concerned/In my opinion, ...(就我来说……)
4.I sincerely believe that…==I am greatly convinced (that)子句。(我真诚地相信……)
5.Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why …(最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……)
七、给出原因
1.The reason why + 句子 ...is that + 句子(……的原因是……)
2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First, ... , Second, ... ,Third, ... . 这一现象存在有很多原因的,第一……第二……第三…
3.For one thing, ... For another thing, ... ==On the one hand, ... On the other hand…一方面……另一方面……
4.I quite agree with the statement that…The reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述,即……其主要原因如下。
八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法
1.The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……
2.As far as something is concerned,…就某事而言,……
3.It is obvious that…很显然……
4.It may be true that…but it doesnt mean that…可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……
5.It is natural to believe that…but we shouldnt ignore that…认为……是自然的,但我们不应忽视……
6.There is no evidence to suggest that…没有证据表明……
九、表示好处和坏处
1.It has the following advantages.它有如下优势
2.It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处
3It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处
十、表示重要、方便、可能
1.It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……
2.It plays an important role in our life.
十一、采取措施
1.We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施
2.We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难
3.We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……
4.We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难。
十二、显示变化
1.Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2.Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3.It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从……增加/减少到……
4.The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%
十三、表明事实现状
1.We cannot ignore the fact that…我们不能忽略这个事实……
2.No one can deny the fact that…没人能否认这个事实……
3.This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 4:be closely related to ~~ (与……息息相关)
十四、进行比较
1.Compared with A, B……与A比较,B…
2.I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
十五、常用英语谚语
1.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩
2.All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子
3.All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马
4.A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半
5.Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊
6.A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里
7.Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母
8.Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母
9.It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老
10.Knowledge is power.知识就是力量
11.Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人
篇16:高考英语写作的训练方法
全文共 1644 字
+ 加入清单主语+谓语+介词+宾语
We all agreed on the terms.
He hates to argue with his wife about such small matters.
All these things are to be answered for.
主语+系动词+形容词
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.
Your explanation sounds reasonable.
主语+谓语+直接宾语
I want your promise.
Have your fixed my watch?
This factory produces 1000 cars a week.
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
He paid me a visit yesterday.
He owed me 50 yuan.
He wrote his family a letter yesterday.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (to do)
I will get someone to repair the recorder for you.
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
He invited me to teach at a well-known university.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (do)
I often hear her sing the song.
The boss made workers work 15 hours a day.
Don’t forget to have him come.
主语+谓语+现在分词
I heard her singing in the next room.
We could feel our heats beating fast.
Did you observe the birds flying around the trees?
主语+谓语+过去分词
I must have my watch repaired.
We must get he task finished on time.
Speak louder to make yourself understood by everybody.
主语+谓语+宾语(动名词)
I suggested putting off the meeting.
They all avoided mentioning the matter.
We can’t help laughing at the news.
主语+谓语+宾语(不定式)
I can’t afford to buy such a large house.
Don’t pretend to know what you don’t.
He feared to speak in her presence.
主语+谓语+宾语(名词/代词)+介词+宾语
Nothing can prevent us from going forward.
Thank you for your help.
He demanded an answer from me.
练习写好句子的方法一:合并句子
It was early in the morning. Mr. Smith was in his garden. He was watering flowers.
Early in the morning, Mr. Smith was watering flowers in his garden.
A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide.
A pretty girl was crossing a wide road.
篇17:考研英语作文基础写作突破这三点就成功
全文共 787 字
+ 加入清单词汇拼写错误较为严重,词汇选用上会有不当的情况。
应对策略就是平时阅读过程中注意单词拼写,关注单词使用语境,多积累高级词汇和句型。
语法掌握不好,句子的基本构成主谓结构掌握不清。
Due to the fact that the mental state, we have to keep a balance between the physical and the mental.
这句话中,due to the fact that后面需要接一个句子,而上句中只是一个名词性短语,所以错误。另外,between...and...需要连接两个名词短语,上句中形容词physical和mental后缺少名词性成分。改正为Due to the fact that the mental state plays a significant role, we have to keep a balance between the physical well-being and the mental health.
格式不正确,结构不清晰,汉语式英文思维太过明显,翻译的过程中常常不合英文写作要求。
应对的策略是多阅读范文,写作前列提纲,注意使用衔接词。
格式不正确常常出现在应用文中,有人会忘记写落款。这是我们在写作过程中特别需要注意的,否则格式错误就要相应的扣分。另外,有些文章结构不清晰,或者没有分段,或者段落之间的内容混乱。开头段就开始论述问题,第二段提出建议,结尾段又给出原因,逻辑混乱不清,抓不住重点。所以我们在写文章时一定要先打腹稿,明确行文结构和大概内容,这样在写作过程中才不至于不知道说什么,甚至瞎写一通。
总而言之,新大纲非常强调大家的英语写作技能,我们在平时的备考过程中一定要多进行英文文章的写作,养成良好的写作习惯,注意单词拼写、语法检查、逻辑结构,这样写出的文章才能过关。
篇18:2024中考英语写作指导:作文为什么被扣分
全文共 980 字
+ 加入清单中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同,一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。
中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点:1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文,都会得到相应的高分。
一:先看一下扣分点:
1.内容方面:要点缺失,可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”,若没有写一件具体的事情,是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻,没有实际内容,也会扣1-2分。
2.字数:少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。
中考英语作文要求60字以上,标点符号不算,少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看,16分以上的作文,没有少于75字的,甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然,也极少有超过100字的,因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个,在格子下面大约还有2行的空间,可以加20字左右,再多阅卷人就很难看清了,也会影响卷面的美观。所以,同学们如果想让作文得到高分,最好是让字数在75-100字之间。
3. 语法和拼写错误:每个扣0.5,重复错误不计;
4. 标点错误:每4个扣0.5.
二:加分点
除了这些扣分点,还有一些得分点:比如说作文的组织结构分,就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。
只要文章中有1个亮点,基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点,是可以提前准备的。例如,有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型,例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等,只要同学们多操练几次,几乎是一定能用到作文当中,从而为自己争取到这1分。
其次就是卷面分
很多家长和同学,尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学,都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项,但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。
据阅卷老师的经验,在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的,而是在第一遍读完全文之后,心里已经形成了一个“印象分”,然后再细读第二、三遍,把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此,这个“印象分”就非常重要,而同学们的书法,也正是在这个环节,影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生,如果书法不好,一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮,符合3个简单的标准即可:没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。
篇19:2024年12月英语四级写作素材:英语小故事
全文共 983 字
+ 加入清单A man was going to the house of some rich person. As he went along the road, he saw a box of good apples at the side of the road. He said, "I do not want to eat those apples; for the rich man will give me much food; he will give me very nice food to eat." Then he took the apples and threw them away into the dust.
He went on and came to a river. The river had become very big; so he could not go over it. He waited for some time; then he said, "I cannot go to the rich mans house today, for I cannot get over the river."
He began to go home. He had eaten no food that day. He began to want food. He came to the apples, and he was glad to take them out of the dust and eat them.
Do not throw good things away; you may be glad to have them at some other time.
【译文】
一个人正朝着一个富人的房子走去,当他沿着路走时,在路的一边他发现一箱好苹果,他说:“我不打算吃那些苹果,因为富人会给我更多的食物,他会给我很好吃的东西。”然后他拿起苹果,一把扔到土里去。
他继续走,来到河边,河涨水了,因此,他到不了河对岸,他等了一会儿,然后他说:“今天我去不了富人家了,因为我不能渡过河。”
他开始回家,那天他没有吃东西。他就开始去找吃的,他找到苹果,很高兴地把它们从尘土中翻出来吃了。
不要把好东西扔掉,换个时候你会觉得它们大有用处。
篇20:应用文写作基础知识
全文共 11168 字
+ 加入清单第一节 应用文的主题
应用文写作基础知识既有与一般文体写作的共通之处,更多的是其在写作知识运用上的独特性,只有掌握其独特性,才能正确、规范地写好应用文体。
一、主题的特点 (主题单一性、主题先行性、主题显露性)
应用文的主题就是解决问题的方法、建议。其主题是十分明确直接的,主题的确立大多不是写作者有感而发,而是应客观实际的需要,为解决实际问题而产生的,由此可以说应用文主题就是解决问题的具体方法。因此应用文的主题具有以下特点:
文学作品的主题是从生活中、从已获取的材料中提炼出来的,往往反对主题先行。而应用文主题的确立与文学作品主题的确立不同,其主题确立在全文写作之前,所谓“意在笔先”。因为应用文总是先产生了具体问题而后产生写作的需求,而解决这一问题的方法、结论往往也产生在文章写作之前;同时执笔者的写作行为往往也是被动的,是应解决问题而动笔,写作的过程更是确切地体现主题。如《国务院关于同意黑龙江省调整哈尔滨市部分行政区划的批复》一文就是为答复《调整哈尔滨市部分行政区划的请示》而写的文章,表示同意请示提出的请求事项而作,主题一定是确立在写作之前。
一般说文学作品的主题具有其复杂性,对主题的理解更呈多元化。然而应用文的主题则必须单一、明确,读者对主题的理解不允许多元,而要求理解上的同一性,这样才利于统一认识,更有利于问题的解决。如:《关于当代青年消费问题的调查报告》一文就消费观念、消费现状、消费趋势和消费结构等四个方面,展开调查,尽管涉及面广,材料较丰富,但文章紧紧围绕“当代青年消费”这一中心,内容集中,一题一议,主题单一、明确。
文学作品的主题要求含蓄、曲折,令人回味。而应用文写作就不同,要求直截了当地点明主题,表明态度,提出解决问题的措施和办法,对文章所涉及的各类问题,必须有明确的观点立场,应该怎么做,解决什么问题,达到什么目的,都要明确地表达出来。
二、主题的表现方法 (标题显旨、开头点旨、结尾点旨)
应用文主题的表达要做到明确、显露。那么怎么才能做到主题从文章中显露出来呢?下面就给大家介绍几种表现方法:
标题显旨,就是在文章的标题中直接点明主题。如《三季度物价水平再次转降,出口增速趋于稳定》,这篇经济活动分析报告的标题就直接点明了主题,让人一看就大致明白了文章的主要内容,主题十分显露。这不失为是一种使主题显现的好方法。
这种方式是在文章的开头或每一段落的开头用简短的语句陈述主题,使主题凸现出来。如《 2001 年经济形势展望》一开头就指出: “展望 2001 年,经济回升的势头还比较微弱,促进经济的持续向好仍然需要克服许多困难。” 开宗明义,点明主题。再如《靠名牌赢得市场——关于深圳市飞亚达(集团)股份有限公司的调查》一文在 “启示:现代企业必须重视实施名牌战略” 的小标题下,分三段来阐述这一问题,在每段开头用段首句点明主旨:第一段的段 首句: 实施名牌战略是提高产品质量、提升企业品味的内在要求。 第二段的段首句: 实施名牌战略是企业参与市场竞争尤其是国际市场竞争的客观需要。 第三段的段首句: 实施名牌战略是增强国家经济实力的重要手段。 在这三句主题句的提示下,每段的中心就十分明了。
这种方式是在文章的的结尾之处点明文章主题。如李政道的论文《基础、应用科学与生产三者关系》一文就是采用这一方法结尾。文章的结尾指出: “我再重复一下,没有基础学科就没有应用学科,没有应用学科就没有生产学科,三者是紧密结合在一起的。” 非常清晰地显示了主题。
三、主题的作用 (主题决定材料的选取、主题决定文种的选用、主题决定结构的安排、主题决定表达方式的选用)
第二节 应用文的材料
一、材料的特点 (材料的真实性、材料的现实和新颖性、材料的典型性)
应用文写作对材料是十分依赖的,常言道“巧妇难为无米之炊”,为了表现主题我们需要收集一系列材料,或综合或舍取运用到文章的写作之中,使主题真实立体地表现出来。应用文材料的使用除了与文学作品有共通之处外,更多地体现自身特点:
应用文在材料的选用过程中不准改变材料本身性质,必须保持材料的真实性,对材料的时间、地点、数据、事实过程及结果都不能任意改动,否则就会使材料本身的价值发生变异,导致歪曲事实的真相,弄虚作假的后果,失去应用文的主题应有的价值,不仅不能解决问题,反而于事无补。应用文要求的真实是“绝对的真实”,也就是说所有材料要确凿无误、持之有据。不仅对搜集到的材料要反复核实,在材料的解释上,也要有科学的态度,实事求是。
应用文写作是为了解决现实问题而作的即时之作,其主要的材料需选取能反映现实的新颖材料。所谓现实是指,围绕文章要解决的问题所存在的事实(数据)材料而非通过联想和推论得到的材料。如在《新的消费热点:出门旅游过年》一文中,为了陈述出门旅游过年的现状,就采用了大量的事实(数据)材料: “根据国家旅游局对江苏、广东、云南、海南、北京、福建、广西、四川、黑龙江、湖南、山东、山西等 13 个省、自治区、直辖市的调查,……今年春节期间,这些地区直接由旅行社接待的国内旅游人次比往年至少有 15 %的增长……以上 13 个省、区、市的旅行社,春节期间共接待旅游者 124 万人次,旅行社营业收入 14 亿元。” 文中采用的材料都是新近现实发生的,这是大多数应用文材料的特点。所谓新颖是指,材料本身是新近产生的,如新事实、新政策、新的统计数据、新发现的问题等和用新的角度重新审视其新意。
所谓典型性是指那些最能支持主题和说明问题的材料。典型材料可以是一个具体的事例,一些有说服力的数据和一些带有普遍性的现象。如题为《“小解放”为何俏销湖北》的市场调查报告中,在说明“优质服务获得良好口碑”这一经验时,采用了这样一则事实材料: “去年 10 月的一天傍晚,河南省郑州市某单位的一辆小解放牌车在去广州途径武汉时,在武汉黄鹤楼处出现问题,求助电话打到了该销售中心,中心经理立即亲自带队迅速赶到现场,发现该车是用户对后驱动桥端面螺丝没拧紧而发生齿轮油漏尽,导致差速器锥齿烧损。当维修人员在后半夜将修好的车交给用户时,用户激动地说虽然我们不属于该省管辖,又没带保用手册,并且问题又是因我们使用不当所致,你们还这样及时周到地服务,太让我们感动了!‘小解放走到哪服务到哪,此言不虚,以后再买车,还买‘小解放。” 这一材料就是一则很能表现主题的材料,是典型的材料。 直接获取
二、材料的选取 (获取材料的方法、间接获取、围绕主题,挖掘材料的意义、材料的使用 根据主题的需要,进行详略处理、合理安排材料,注重条理)
如何获取材料,哪些材料是应用文写作值得关注的?下面我们谈谈这个问题:
在实践之中积累材料。在自身及周围同事的工作实践中做个有心人,时刻关注有价值的事件及数据,如在工作中及时对做了什么工作、采用了什么方法、取得了什么效果、有哪些人参与等信息及时记录收集。
在观察中掌握材料。在观察时要做到实事求是,防止主观武断、先入为主,同时要全面、系统、动态地进行观察,以获取真实、广泛、完整的材料,并能把观察所得及时整理成文字,给写作提供基础。
在调查中拓展材料。个人的实践和视野总是有限的,观察也不可能做到深入细致,这样就需要走向实际、走向社会,向有关人士了解情况,做一些调查,以扩大自己的视野,获取材料上的补充。经济类的应用文,调查是必不可少的步骤,如市场调查报告,市场预测报告需在调查之后,才能动笔。
通过查阅文献资料获取材料。应用文写作材料常常从有关文件、正式出版物,以及会议资料中获取材料,为写入具体文章之用,因此大量查阅文献资料来获取材料,是应用文写作经常采用的方法。
获取材料是写作的第一步。总的来说,获取材料要求以多为好,以全为贵。材料多了,便于比较、鉴别,更有选择的余地;材料全面,观点才能不至于偏颇,因此,动笔之前,应当围绕主题,占有详尽而充实的材料。
其次,强调对感性材料的分析研究,不能停留在表面的认识上,要挖掘材料能凸现主题的一面,使其在文章中发挥挖掘主题的作用。如有这样一则材料 : 某日,某国驻广州领事馆的外交官员去珠江三角洲某市参观,市长亲自接待,但讲不好普通话请了一个翻译,本来 10 分钟就可以讲完的话,结果用了 20 分钟。此外交官用标准的普通话问:广东不是在大力推广普通话吗么? 这则材料从不同的角度可展现不同的主题,但意义深浅不一。从较粗浅的角度看,可表现“市长不重视说普通话”的主题;进一步挖掘可表现“我们的官员素质的高低,直接关乎办公的效率”。这样的材料还可以根据主题的需要进行开拓。同学可以动动脑筋来挖掘一下。
使用材料时,要分清主次。对材料的加工整理,无非是为了突出文章的主题,加强应用文的表达效果,处理材料的详略要以此为据。突出事件特征的材料要详写,一般材料可略写;处于主体地位的材料详写,处于从属地位、过渡的材料略写;读者不熟悉的材料详写,熟悉的略写;材料之间角度相异的详写,材料之间相同的略写。
根据主题的需要,按照一定的组织形式,安排材料的先后顺序,在安排顺序时要考虑材料的主次、时间的先后、材料间的逻辑顺序、人们认识事物的规律、事物发展的过程等因素。
最后,数字材料是应用文写作中十分重要的材料,数字有时比文字材料更具体、准确、更能说明问题。因此,要注意: ⑴ 真实、准确地用好数据材料。 ⑵ 运用统计数据,展开分析论证,更好地为主题服务。 ⑶ 适当地使用统计图表。 ⑷ 变抽象的数字为具体,使其形象。如有两篇介绍乐山大佛的文字,其中一篇在介绍时用了这样一些数字: “乐山大佛身高 71 米 ,头高 14 . 7 米 ,宽 10 米 。” 这些数字看似具体清晰,但比较抽象,大佛的高大这一主题没有凸现出来。另一段文字这样写道: “佛像有三十多层楼高,耳朵有四人高,每只脚背上可以停五辆解放牌汽车,脚大拇指上,可以摆一桌酒席。” 这段文字也用了数字,但采用文字叙述的方法,使抽象的数字形象了,大佛的高大形象仿佛就在眼前,极好地体现了主题。
第三节 应用文的结构
一、应用文结构的特点 (固定性、条理性、文种不同结构不同)
应用文是经过长期写作实践,逐渐形成较固定的写作结构,以适应实际工作需要,使写作更快速,阅读更便捷,提高办事效率。特别是公文写作,其格式更规范,结构更固定。
应用文写作要求有严密的思路,表现在结构上以求清晰有条理。在写作中要根据主题的需要安排好结构。如写事件,就应按“开端——发展——结果”的顺序安排结构;写问题就应按“发现问题——分析问题——解决问题”的顺序安排结构。
凡文种都有相对稳定的结构样式,应用文写作结构安排需适应不同文体的要求。如写合同就需要将合同的条款按标的、数量、质量、价款等内容分条列项地写清楚;写通知要按目的依据、事项、执行要求的顺序安排结构。
二、常见的应用文结构模式
(一)单段式
正文内容用一个自然段来表达。用于内容少而单一,不便分开,往往采用一段文字来表达。如写在商品外包装上的说明文;公文中的函、批复,也常用一段文字来进行写作。“玉兰油”写在外包装上的说明: “经实验证明能帮助减少细纹。四星期内,肌肤重现青春光泽。请不要涂抹在眼睛及眼睑周围。如不慎入眼,即用清水彻底洗清。如有持续眼睛刺激,请向医生咨询。如有持续皮肤刺激,请停止使用。请置于儿童接触不到的地方。” 这就是单段式。
(二)两段式
正文内容用两个自然段来表达。用于内容简单,不需每层内容都分段。这种结构模式,一般用于以下几种情况:
1 .把结语部分内容和主体内容分开写,单列一个自然段,成为两段式。即行文的缘由和行文事项为一段,希望、要求等结语为一段。
2 .写作目的缘由、行文事项各为一段。
3 .在转发、发布性公文中,将发布或转发的文件名和发文意见列为一段,执行要求另为一段。
4 .在答复性公文中,将表示收到对方文件为一段,而答复事项为另一段。
5 .没有开头、结语部分,将主体内容列为两段。
(三)三段式
这是短篇应用文比较规范的常用模式。正文把写作目的缘由、写作事项、结尾分为三段来写。
(四)多段式
它用于内容较多,篇幅较长的应用文书,总共有四个自然段以上。一般是开头概述基本情况、说明原因、目的、依据,结尾单独成段或省略结尾,主体部分内容分为若干个段,各部分不分条列项。如短文式的说明书、简单的市场预测报告等。内容多、篇幅长的应用文书,一般不宜采用多段式,宜采用将主体内容分成几部分,用小标题或总分条文式。
(五)条款式
用分条列项的形式安排结构。规章制度、计划、合同和职能部门的一些文书,较多使用这种形式。全文从头到尾都用条款组织内容,给人以眉目清楚、排列有序的印象。
(六)表格式
这是应用文不同于其他文体所特有的一种结构形式。表格式通常有以下两种形式:
1 .由职能部门或企事业管理部门或企业如银行、厂矿、公司等单位,事先印制好表格式的规范文本,将有关内容分项列出,各项之后留下空白,让使用或合作单位和个人按规定填写。表格文书一般要注明填写要求和注意事项。如申请专利、商标的文书、合同、税务征管文书、财务会计文书,大都采用这种形式。
2 .作者单位临时制作的表格式文书。根据写作目的,将有关统计数据编制成表格。
三、应用文结构的基本内容及写法
(一)标题
应用文写作的标题,要求充分体现主题,有的标题还有规范要求。这与文学作品形式多样、灵活多变的标题有着明显的不同。应用文的标题通常有三种形式:
1 .公文式标题。这类标题程式性强,表达直接而少变化,主要用于公文。
2 .新闻式标题。新闻式标题通常又称文章式标题,又可分为单标题和双标题两种形式。单标题有的直接提出文章主题,如 “小商品也要高质量” 、 “做好纪检信息工作实践与体会” ;有的概述主要内容,如 “积极财政政策仍将持续至少两到三年的时间” ;有的在标题中提出问题,如 “日本经济何时走出低谷” 。
双标题是有正题和副题的双行标题,其中正题符合单标题的要求,更多地突出文章主题,副题则对正题起补充作用,常常说明应用文的内容范围和文种,如 “靠名牌赢得市场——关于深圳市飞亚达(集团)股份有限公司的调查” 、 “繁重 · 活跃 · 稳定 · 上升—— 2002 年国内市场发展趋势” 。
3 .论文式标题。这类标题或表达文章的观点和内容或点明所论述范围。如 “核心竞争力——企业制胜的根本” 、 “双峰县农村劳动力转移的调查与思考” 。
(二)开头
应用文写作开头担负着统领全文,揭示主题或全文的作用。开头要求开门见山,直接显露,常见的开头方式有:
1 .概述式。这种方式要求用简明扼要的语言,围绕主题介绍有关情况或背景。如一篇题为《加强民族团结 繁荣民族事业》的总结开头: “山东省青州市是少数民族居住比较集中的地区之一,有回、满、蒙古、朝鲜、土家等 27 个民族, 2 . 6 万余人,占全市人口的 2 .5 %。近年来,青州市积极加强 民族团结,繁荣民族事业,有力地推动了全市经济和社会各项事业全面发展。” 就是用了这一开头方式。报告、会议纪要、调查报告等文种也常用此开头方式。
2 .说明依据式。开头引用上级指示精神或有关法律,常以“根据”、“按照”、“遵照”等词语领起下文。如《关于粮食政策性财务挂帐停息的意见》一文的开头: “根据中共中央、国务院关于妥善解决粮食财务挂帐问题的一系列文件精神,结合各地清理粮食财务挂帐的实际情况,经过反复研究,对粮食财务挂帐实行停息的有关政策提出如下意见”。 这种方式常在通知、批复、通告、规章等文种的开头使用。
3 .陈述目的式。开头以简明的语言,直接说明写作的目的和意义,常用介词“为”、“为了”领起下文。如《国务院关于成立经济贸易办公室的通知》一文开头写道: “为适应加快改革开放和经济建设的新形势,加强宏观调控和协调日常经济工作,国务院第 100 次常务会议决定,……”。
4 . 说明原因式。开头常用“由于”、“鉴于”、“因为”等词领起下文,也可以简述发文原因,再引出写作目的。如《广州市建设用地起坟通告》的开头 “因建设的需要,经核准,市公安局天河区分局征用天河区东圃镇堂下乡(村)土地。为便利建设工程顺利进行,……”。
5 .议论式。开头用议论的表达方法,表达作者的看法,提出观点。如《现代化企业需要什么样的复合型会计人才》的开头: “随着社会主义市场经济的不断深入发展,会计工作也不断拓宽,过去那种单一的会计知识结构已远远不能适应会计管理工作的需要,会计人员作为企业经济管理的重要的专门人才,必须相应地提高自身的专业素质,改变原来那种单一的知识结构,以适应市场经济发展的需要。因此,培养造就一批复合型会计人才是当前会计工作的一项重要任务,也是企业发展向现代化迈进的关键所在。”
6 .提问式。先提出问题,然后引出下文。这种开头方式能引起读者的注意和思考。这种开头方式常见于调查报告、学术论文的写作。如《核心竞争力——企业制胜的根本》的开头: “在激烈的市场竞争中,一个企业制胜的根本是什么?为什么有的企业能长盛不衰,有的企业只能成功一时,而有的企业却连一点成功的机会都没有?笔者一直为这些问题所困惑。” 这篇论文就是采用了提问式开头。
(三)结尾
应用文的结尾讲究言尽意尽,不留“余味”,不添“蛇足,更不能草率。常用的结尾方法有:
1 .强调式。对文中提出的问题作强调说明,以引起重视。
2 .结论式。对文中的主要观点或问题,加以归纳总结或略作重申,以加深印象。
3 .说明式。对与主体内容有关但性质不同的问题或事项作补充交代、说明,以保证内容的完整性,如公文结尾交待施行日期、执行范围、传达对象、与该文规定不符的原有规定如何处置等;论文结尾处说明尚未解决而应另作讨论的问题。
4 .号召式。提出希望,发出号召,展望未来。如公文的通报、市场预测、计划等常用这种结尾形式。如《关于成都矿产综合利用研究所值班人员勇斗歹徒先进事件的通报》一文结尾就是采用这一方法。
5 .建议式。针对设定的施行目标、产生的问题提出意见和建议。
除了上述几种结尾方式,还有请求式、责令式、表态式等不一一列举,有的则没有结尾,自然收尾。
第四节 应用文的表达方式及语言
一、表达方式
应用文写作中常用的表达方式只有叙述、说明、议论三种,而描写、抒情一般在广告、调查报告、经济新闻等文体中偶尔使用。我们现在只谈叙述、说明、议论这三种方式在应用文体中的使用。
(一)叙述
叙述这种表达方式是应用文体写作常用的一种方法。有的以叙述事实作立论的依据,如通报、经济活动分析报告、市场调查、总结等;有的以叙述事实为依据进行决策和预测;有的对事实作如实反映和记载,如会议纪要、合同、诉讼公文等。叙述在应用文写作中有如下几个特点:
1 .以记事为主
应用文写作反映现实,解决问题,与记叙文以写人为主不同,而是多以记事为主,如反映经济活动状况、市场情况、经济信息、介绍典型经验、阐述事情原委、总结工作等,采用叙述来记事。
2 .叙述客观真实
文学作品的叙述可作艺术加工,所述事件不必是客观存在的事实。但应用文不同,其所述事实,必须客观真实,不允许对事实夸大或缩小,更不能歪曲事实或主观臆造,否则就会导致决策失误,使经济活动混乱,使企业和消费者蒙受损失。如市场预测所依据的市场事实失真,那么预测结果必定出现很大的偏差,从而导致决策的失误。
3 .以概括叙述为主
文学作品需通过叙述细节来塑造人物形象,展开故事情节。而应用文写作则是通过叙述为文章得出正确结论作依据。如通报的叙述是为后面阐述事实的性质,达到对这一事件学习,鉴戒或引起注意的目的而服务的。叙述本身不是全文的核心(主题)所在,因而应用文写作的叙述大多用简明扼要的概括叙述。
4 .多用顺叙
为使应用文条理清晰,让读者掌握理解所述的客观事实,在文章中常常使用顺叙。在叙述时有的按照时间顺序,有的以事件发展的顺序,有的按人们认识事物的客观过程来叙述,这样叙述能使较复杂的事实头绪清晰,一目了然。
5 .语言较平实
应用文的语言要求平铺直叙,较少使用修饰性词语,笔法较朴实。因为应用文语言是需把握问题实质,直接表现主题,为主题服务,而不像文学作品那样文笔的曲折,主题的含蓄 , 讲究语言的修饰性、词语的色彩,常用修辞手法,应用文的实用性决定了其语言的简洁朴实。
(二)说明
说明这一表达方式在应用文中是与叙述相结合的,起到对客观事物真实介绍说明的作用,有很多文种都依赖这一表达方式。如说明书、报告、请示、经济活动分析、合同、自荐书等,都离不开说明。说明在应用文写作中表现出以下几个特征:
1 .说明客观、科学
通过说明真实客观地反映事物的真实面貌,本质特征,这就要求说明需客观、科学、严肃。
2.多用数字进行说明
说明不但要客观真实,而且要做到准确无误,用数字进行说明就能起到这样的作用。因此在应用文写作中就少不了数字进行说明,特别是需要反映量的变化时,数字的作用就尤为突出。
3.综合使用多种说明方法
在说明方法使用的过程中,常常是多种方法结合同时使用。如数字说明和比较说明、定义说明和分类说明等说明方法结合运用,这样可以把事物说得更具体、准确。
(三)议论
应用文写作常常用议论的方式进行评论、分析,探寻事物发展的规律,阐述主题。其议论有以下几个特点:
1 .重数据、重材料
与议论文的议论不同,应用文中议论不是靠言论的雄辩,而是需要无可辩驳的事实材料和数据为依据,正可谓“事实胜于雄辩”。应用文反对不切实际的议论。如在一篇《三季度物价水平》的经济活动报告中,对该季度的物价水平转降的情况分析是这样议论的:“ 三季度,居民消费价格总水平同比上涨 0.8 %,涨幅比二季度缩小 0.8 个百分比,其中 9 月份已转为下降,同比下降 0.1 %;社会商品零售价格总水平同比下降 0.9 %,已连续 4 个月处于下降之中,并且降幅在不断增大;工业品出厂价格指标同比下降 1.7 %,降幅比二季度增大 1.4 个百分点。各种物价总水平再次全面转降在很大程度上是外生性涨价因素所致,但这也清晰地表明困扰我国经济的紧缩和总需求不足问题并未真正消除,而只是被外生性涨价因素掩盖起来了。一旦政策支持力度减弱,经济就会再次下降。” 这段文字在议论时采用了大量的数据材料,材料充分,议论切合实际,得出的结论有说服力。
2 .常与说明、叙述等方式结合使用
夹叙夹议、说议结合,是应用文中的议论特点。应用文写作往往不单独进行完整的议论,议论依赖于所叙述的事实和说明的现象,是在事实和现象的基础上进行议论。如在一篇《靠名牌赢得市场》的调查报告中,文章是这样写的:“ 90 年代初,瑞士、日本各种品牌的钟表开始大规模进入中国市场。面对严峻的市场形势,公司决策层认真研究数量和质量的辩证关系,决定借鉴国外钟表工业发展的成功经验,走‘少而精的道路,即以提高‘单位面积的产出取胜,生产高技术含量、高附加值的产品,在工艺上精益求精,把人、财、物集中用到刀刃上,争取在最短的时间里后来居上。 ”这段文字采用夹叙夹议方法,材料具体,剖析深入,语言生动活泼。
二、 语言运用
应用文的语言与文学创作的语言有较大的差别,其主要特点是:
(一)程式化
程式化的语言是写作实践的产物,是应用写作实践中常用的习惯用语,这种语言已经约定成俗,得到广泛的认可和共识。学习掌握这种语言的关键是表达要简明合乎规范。程式化的语言根据功用不同,可大致分为下列几方面内容:
(二)书面化
应用文的写作性质决定其语言风格表现为简明、规范、严肃,而书面语能较好达到这一语言要求,因而应用文语言大多采用书面语进行书写。如《中共中央关于接受宋庆龄同志为中国共产党正式党员的决定》中写道: “她一贯是共产党最亲密的战友,是中国各族人民包括台湾同胞和海外侨胞衷心敬爱的领袖之一,是爱国主义、民主主义、国际主义和共产主义的伟大战士,是保卫世界和平事业久经考验的前驱,是全体中国少年儿童的慈爱的祖母……。” 中的“同胞”、“战士”、“祖母”等用的都是书面语,改为口语就不合适了。
(三)常用数词
应用文写作常用数字来说明问题,因此经常大量使用数字。在分析问题、说明问题时,运用数字,可以比较明确地表达事物的状态,从而加深对该事物的认识。如一个企业管理是否先进,只有运用同行业国内外的对比数字才能说明。邓小平同志在《关于科学和教育工作的几点意见》中,讲到我国科研人员少、队伍小时用了三个数字:美国科研队伍有 120 万人;前苏联是 90 万人;我们是 20 多万人。这三个数字勾勒出三个国家科研队伍的基本状况,十分清晰地说明了我国科研人员少、队伍小的现状。应用文常用的数字有以下几种:
(四)运用应用文语言的要求
1 .叙述语言需简洁、概括。
在进行叙述时要用最简短的语言陈述特定时空的信息,通过概述事实的主干,而不应纠缠于耗时费事的具体情节之中。如有一篇表彰通报是这样写的: “ ××× 在科学研究上走的是一条不平凡的路,他全心扑在科研上,而忘记了个人的事。有一次孩子病了,他妻子在家里忙着护理,打电话到 ××× 单位叫他赶回家把孩子送医院治疗。 ××× 接了电话答应后,电话筒一放他又埋进了实验。他妻子在家中左等右等等不到他回家,急得像热锅上的蚂蚁,又往 ××× 单位打电话,这时 ××× 正潜心做实验,电话铃声都没听见了。他妻子又急又气只好打 120 急救中心的电话,才把孩子送往医院治疗。他的小孩高烧退后,还在问他妈妈:‘爸爸又出差了吗?或者还没下班……” 该公文将 ××× 先进事迹作为表彰决定的理由时,不懂得以最简洁的文字陈述特定时空的信息,通过快叙概述事实的主干,而仍用记叙文慢叙写话的方法表述公文事实,结果摆脱不了耗时费字的情节纠缠,公文内容冗长,不简明扼要,失去了公文的品味,违背了文约事丰的要求。
2 .语言表达要严谨、有分寸。
应用文语言表达是否严谨有分寸,关系到对问题的判断、处理是否合理、准确。如一份处理决定,其中这样写道: “李××在 1998 年 9 月间收受×××工程公司的 50 万元的巨款。案发后李××还和×××工程公司经理及会计订立攻守同盟,妄图掩盖其过错”。 文中“过错”一词有失严谨,表述与事实不符,李××的行为不是过失而是严重犯罪。
3 .数据语言书写要规范、清晰、准确。
具体要做到以下几点:( 1 )在同一篇文章中序数数字的体例要统一,不能体例混杂。如 “农历初一至初 7 放假” 一句,前后数字体例书写不规范,需统一书写。同时分数与小数的体例也必须统一。如 “该县企业所得税收入完成 95.6 万元,比去年增长百分之十三 ” 也出现了混写的错误。( 2 )表示公元世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻均需使用阿拉伯数字 , 而星期则用汉字。如” 21 世纪 ” 、“ 90 年代 ,“星期五”。( 3 )邻近两个数字并列表示概数时,应该用汉字书写,数字与数字之间不能用顿号将其隔开。如“ 3 、 4 天 ” 应写成”“三四天”,“七、八种”的“七”和“八”之间不能用顿号隔开。
4 .朴实、简洁。
应用文的语言要求准确无误,朴实无华,简洁有力,不像有些文学作品用华丽多彩的语言去描摹事物,呈现事物的形象,而是提倡朴素美,简洁美。如一篇公文是这样写的: “ 2000 年某天深夜,乌云密布,雷声隆隆,大雨倾盆而下,刹那间,美丽富饶的鱼米之乡被一片汪洋吞没。接连几天如注的暴雨,淹没了田野、冲毁了村庄和工厂,交通、电力、通讯一度中断。这百年不遇的特大洪涝灾害,给我乡造成了不可估量的损失。……” 这段语言就违反了应用文语言的写作要求,带有浓厚的文学色彩,不够朴实、简洁,也有失真实。