2015年英语六年级写作基础知识精选8篇 作文【推荐20篇】

一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论?

二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托(正衬、反衬)

三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语?

四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙?六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写?

七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉?

九、描写景物的方法：动静结合(以动写静)、概括与具体相结合、由远到近(或由近到远)?

十、描写(或抒情)方式：正面(又叫直接)、反面(又叫间接)

十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用?

十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：举例(或事实)论证、道理论证(有时也叫引用论证)、对比(或正反对比)论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：立论、驳论(可反驳论点、论据、论证)

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总;分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：引用;强调;特定称谓;否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

二十四、其他：

To whom it may concern,

I am one of your customers(顾客). I ordered(订购)a set of(一套) Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday. And much to my disappointment, thebooks were so poorly packed up that the cover of one book was torn. To makematters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missing.

I am sorry to have received such poor service, and I believe I have every rightto ask you to deal with this problem. I hope that you either return my money ordeliver a new set of books to me. Besides, I’d like to be informed of theprocess of your dealing with my complaint.

Lookingforward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

1. 不用说……

It goes without saying that …

= (It is) needless to say (that) ….

= It is obvious that ….

例：It goes without saying that it pays off to keep early hours.

不用说早睡早起是值得的。

2. 在各种……之中，……

Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

在我看来，玩电脑游戏既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do/that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

=It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.

我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：At least it will prove how honest you are.

那至少可以证明你很诚实。

8. 状语从句

⑴ 如果你不…，你就会… If you don’t ..., you’ll ...

例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

⑵ 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

⑶ 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一.��清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不...... I think / I don’t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

School eduction has played an important role in people’s life. When reaching three tears old, the little children will go to kindergarten for a preschool education. And then they will take part in the primary school, middle school, high school, college and so on. School eduction almost run through people’s whole life. So it is very important. We all know that thereare many knowledgeable teachers in school will teach the students. But it’s not enough. School eduction needs the coordination of family education. The British educator, Hosea Ballou once said,”Education commences at the mother’s knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. Therefore, we can see that the successful of school education needs the help of family education so that the children can have a perfect education. The promissing future is waiting for them.

学校教育在人们的生活中扮演着很重要的角色。在小孩三岁的时候，他们就会去幼儿园进行学前教育。之后他们会去上小学，初中，高中，大学等。学校教育几乎贯穿人的一生。所以它是非常重要的。我们都知道，学校有很多知识渊博的老师来教学生知识。但这是不够的。学校教育需要家庭教育的协调。英国教育家巴卢曾经说过，“教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成”。因此，我们可以看到，学校教育的成功需要家庭教育的协助，使孩子们拥有一个完善的教育。光明的未来在等着他们。

知识就是力量(knowledge is power)

Recently there has been a discussion regarding the issue of knowl- edge in the newspaper. As can be seen from the picture， knowledge is symbolized by a clenched fist as power. The fist sends out a message for "obedience"， threatening to crack with power any hard nut. The more demanding and challenging a task is， the more powerful the fist seems to grow. Similarly， knowledge， the strongest power for human beings， feeds up the field of science and technology. The more ad- vanced and developed a field is， the more profound knowledge seems to become.

A specific example is the dunaping of Mir， Russias space station. As is the case of the Russian space program， the country could no longer afford to keep Mir aloft in orbit because of lack Of financial support. Therefore， Rus- sia decided to dump the space station. The effect is both immediate and far -reaching. As far as the present is concerned， the successful launching and dumping of IVrLr has proved to the world that mankind， armed with pro- fca. md knowledge， cannot just build things but can operate them welt. For the distant impact， the once- in- a- lifetime success of/VFtr provides man with valuable and indispensable experience for manned space flight in the years to crane. Then， someday in the furore， them might appear in space more Mirs， visiting Mars， spreading friendship， parading the perfect maste- ry of knowledge.

As to the best way to master knowledge， I suggest that everyone of us "ask not what others will learn from you， but what you can learn from the others." By so doing， I sincerely believe each person， pro- tected by the "fist"， will be learned and knowledgeable.

As thesaying goes,”as a country has its state laws, a family also needs family rules.”Every family has its rules. My family rule is no matter where you go, you haveto come back before ten o’clock at night. My family always obeys this rule.

俗话说，“作为一个国家有法律，一个家庭也需要家庭规则。“每个家庭都有自己的规则。我的家庭规则，无论你去哪里，你必须在晚上十点回来。我的家人总是服从这一规则。

I knowthat my parents make this rule is for our safty.

我知道我的父母使这条规则是为了我们的安全。

I remember that one day my sister break this rule, and then she was criticized for a long time.

我记得有一天我妹妹打破这个规则，然后她被批评了很长一段时间。

每年的英语中考都有写作这一考查的内容，所以同学们要重视写作的方法，消除畏惧心理，排除心理障碍。纵观近几年中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面简单介绍一下中考英语写作六个要素：审题清，要点明，列提纲，全文顺，无病句，打草稿。

一、审题要清

看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容。在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面，确定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下笔，看懂题意，根据提供的资料和信息来审题。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。

二、要点明确

要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐一罗列出。

三、列出提纲

为写作做好准备。根据文章要点短文的中心思想将主要句型、关键词语记下，形成提纲。

四、写顺全文

写短文时要做到五个方面：

1.避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用自己熟悉的句型。

2.多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当多使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或独立主格结构等较复杂的句型。

3.注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。语态、时态要准确无误;主谓语要一致，主语的人称和数要和谓语一致;注意冠词用法，例如：It takes Tom half an hour to go to school by bus.中的an不能写成a;注意拼写，例如：fourteen，forty，ninth等不要写成forteen，fourty，nineth等;注意标点符号和大小写。

4.描写人物时，要生动具体，可以选择使用下列词汇，例如：外形：tall，short，fat，thin，strong，weak，pretty等;颜色：red,yel-low，blue，white，green，brown，black等;心情：glad，happy，sad，excited，anxious，interest-ed等;情感：love，like，hate，feel，laugh，cry，smile，shout等。

5.上下文要连贯。同学们应把写好的句子，根据故事情节，事情发生的先后次序(时间或空间)，使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理，使文章连贯、自然、流畅。同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：并列关系：and,as well as,or…;转折关系：but,yet,how-ever…;时间关系：when,while,after,before,then,after that…;因果关系：so，there-fore，asaresult…;目的：in order to，in order that，so as to,so that…;列举：for example ,such as…;总结性：in general,in all,in a word,generally speaking…

五、没有病句

中考作文时，由于时间紧、内容多，同学们出错在所难免。因此，改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分，根据错误多少来扣分。因此中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：(1)看字数是否达到要求，看有无遗漏要点。

(2)看文体格式是否正确规范。

(3)看有无语法或用词上的错误。

(4)看单词拼写、字母大小写是否有错，标点符号有无遗漏或用错等等。

(5)注意时态、语态、人称是否上下文一致。

六、先打草稿

考试中，书面表达应做到先打草稿，写完后多读几遍，检查是否有误，然后再抄到试卷上，注意字迹要工整，不涂、不画、不勾不抹，避免不必要的扣分。

Mother’s Day is a holiday when children honor their mothers with cards, gifts and flowers. In many countries, such as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia and the US, people cel lebrate Mother’s Day on the second Sunday in May while many other countries of the world celebrate their own Mother’s day at different times through out the year.

One of the best ways to celebrate Mother’s Day is to give your mom the day off. Let her relax with the rest of the family doing all the housework. Usually, dad and the kids will let mom sleep late that morning as they go into the kitchen to prepare her favourite breakfast. Never forget to place a vase with a single flower on the table beside the food. The kids can pick up the flower from the garden or buy one from the shop. Arrange everything nicely before mom wakes up. Some families will carry the food and mom’s favourite sections from the newspaper to her bedroom so that mom can have breakfast in bed. Presents and cards from the kids can be handed to mom by themselves or just placed on the dining table.

After breakfast, go anywhere mom likes to go. Shopping, swimming or going on a picnic in the garden. Make a special Mother’s Day dinner or take mom out for a great meal in a famous restaurant she loves most.

Anyway ,let mom enjoy the whole day and feel your love, and then the Mother’s Day can be a good one. As Mother’s Day is around the corner, it’s time to take actions!

母亲节是一个节日当孩子纪念他们的母亲,卡片,礼物和鲜花。在许多国家,如丹麦、芬兰、意大利、土耳其、澳大利亚和美国,人们庆祝母亲节在5月的第二个星期天,而世界上许多其他国家在不同的时间庆祝他们自己的母亲节在。

庆祝母亲节的最好方法之一就是给你妈妈一天假。让她放松和其余的家人做所有的家务。通常,父亲和孩子们会让妈妈睡晚了,早上当他们进入厨房准备她最喜欢的早餐。永远不会忘记一个花瓶和一个花旁边桌子上的食物。孩子们可以拿起花的花园或从商店买一个。妈妈醒来之前很好地安排一切。一些家庭将携带食品和妈妈最喜欢的部分从报纸上她的卧室,这样妈妈可以在床上吃早餐。礼物和卡片的孩子可以自己交给妈妈还是放在餐桌上。

早餐后,去任何地方妈妈喜欢去。购物、游泳或者去野餐在花园里。做一个特别的母亲节晚餐或带妈妈出去吃一顿大餐著名的她最喜欢的餐厅。

无论如何,让妈妈享受一整天,感觉你的爱,然后母亲节可以很好。母亲节即将到来,是时候采取行动了!

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay

commenting on the saying “Knowledge is a treasure, but

practice is the key to it.” You can cite one example or two to

illustrate your point of view. You should write at least 150 but

no more than 200 words.

纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以读为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以看为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，

(1)一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;

(2)左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;

(3)正文部分;

(4)祝愿的话;

(5)写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

国际劳动节又称“五一国际劳动节”、“国际示威游行日”，是世界上大多数国家的劳动节。定在每年的五月一日。它是全世界无产阶级、劳动人民的共同拥有的节日。

International Labor Day is also called "the five one international Labour Day", "International Day", is the worlds labor day in most countries. On May 1st of each year. It is the world proletariat, the working people have holiday.

五一国际劳动节源于美国芝加哥城的工人大罢工。1886年5月1日，芝加哥的二十一万六千余名工人为争取实行八小时工作制而举行大罢工，经过艰苦的流血斗争，终于获得了胜利。为纪念这次伟大的工人运动，1889年7月第二国际宣布将每年的五月一日定为国际劳动节。这一决定立即得到世界各国工人的积极响应。1890年5月1日，欧美各国的工人阶级率先走向街头，举行盛大的示威游行与集会，争取合法权益。从此，每逢这一天世界各国的劳动人民都要集会、游行，以示庆祝。中国心!

The workers International WorkersDay source in Chicago city USA strike. In May 1, 1886, Chicago of 20 workers for the implementation of the eight hour working day strike held, after a bloody struggle, finally achieved victory. To commemorate the great labor movement, in 1889 July Second International declared May 1st each year as the international labor day. This decision immediately positive response from workers around the world. In May 1, 1890, Europe and the United States to lead the working class to the streets, held a grand demonstrations and rallies, fighting for the legal rights and interests. From then on, every day working people of all countries in the world to rally, parade, to show to celebrate. The heart of china!

六年级圣诞节的英语作文【一】

I like Christmas, it is just like our Spring Festival.

Maybe the Spring Festival is much more important and interesting than Christmas, but I like Christmas Day better. Because we can spend time with our friends and classmates during Christmas. When it is snowy, Christmas becomes much more lovely, just like in fairytales. I can imagine I am in a fairytale, the girl who sold the matches is my friend, the ugly duck becoming more and more beautiful and so on. What a beautiful place! So we can also call Christmas “Snowy Lovely Day.”

On Christmas Day, shops are red and green. There are so many Christmas cards, Christmas hats, Christmas dolls and many colourful things. So shops look very beautiful. We can give a card or a doll to our friends and say “Merry Christmas.” By the way, I think studying can also become much more interesting.

Christmas is coming, it also means a new year will come. Let’s study harder to welcome the new year!

六年级圣诞节的英语作文【二】

it was christmas day yesterday. we had a christmas party at school. many friends of mine came to the party. after we said"merry christmas",we began to sing christmas songs, such as edelweiss, andso on. then we told some christmas stories, such as christmas father. then i danced and laughted with my friends. we all had a good time. when the party came to the end,we said "happy new year" to each other.

六年级圣诞节的英语作文【三】

christmas is one of the most important celebrations of the year for the western countries. it falls on the twenty- fifth of december and has the same importance as chinese new year to people with english backgrounds. the celebration is for the birth of jesus christ, who is the son of god in christianity. now days christmas is no longer only celebrated by the christians, but by most people from all over the world.

on the twenty- fourth of december everyone gets excited for it’s the day before christmas which is called christmas eve. the children are usually sent to bed early and are warned that “santa claus will only come and give you a present if you be good.” the younger kids actually believe that santa will come down the chimney on the sleigh that’s pulled by his reindeers. food like short bread and beer are prepared for santa when he comes, however most times parents just eat them. some children put socks and sacks up for the holding of the presents (that their parents put in).

rise and shine on christmas morning! the children are always the first ones to wake up, some even do at four. present wrappers everywhere! they look into their presents with a big smile on their face and oh dear….i hope no one’s disappointed. i feel sorry for anyone that got pink underwear. children play while dinner is prepared by the adults. the christmas dinner are usually eaten together by relatives. the tradition of christmas pudding and roosters are usually eaten with deserts afterwards. the rest of the day is usually games and fun before the good

六年级圣诞节的英语作文【四】

Christmas is the most important festival in the western world.It falls on December 25th.When my mother and Istayed in America,we were invited by one of my mothers friends to have Christmas with an American family.We bought some presents for our American friends on our way to their house.They had prepared different kinds of gifts for their family and guests when we got to their house,such as Christmas candles,cakes,cards,little toys,biscuits and so on.A Christmas tree was placed in the comer of the brilliant hall.How beautiful it was！We were impressed by these.We had abig meal.After dinner,they told us some interesting stories about Christmas.We learned that Christmas had something to do with God.We went to bed at midnight.Though we knew the Santa Claus was not true,we were still waiting for the Santa Claus with white beard to bring us presents.And we received many beautiful presents the next morning.This Christmas was really unforgettable.Not only did Ihave agood time,but also Iknew something about foreign culture.

导语：活动类作文属于叙事作文，在写作过程中重点表现活动的重点。下面是活动类作文写作基础，欢迎参考!

一、写学习和文体活动的作文类型

1.写一次学习或文体活动，反映校园生活的丰富多彩;

2.写一次学习或文体活动，表现同学们有着广泛的兴趣和爱好;

3.写一次学习或文体活动，表现全班同学的精神风貌和合作态度。

二、写学习和文体活动的参考题目

1.《记一次兴趣小组的活动》

2.《记一次学习的争论》

3.《记一次智力竞赛》

4.《记一次游戏活动》

5.《记一次_______比赛》

6.《一次快乐的周末联欢会》

7.《记一次升旗仪式》

8.《记一次入队仪式》

三、写学习和文体活动的参考开头

1.《记一次兴趣小组活动》的两种开头

第一种开头：下午第二节一下课，我们就一起来到了生物活动室，参加“红蜻蜒生物活动小组”。

第二种开头：“今天的红蜻蜒生物活动小组不知道活动什么内容?”下午第二节课下课的铃声一响，我们就议论开了。

2.《记一次智力竞赛》的两种开头

第一种开头：星期三下午，我们五年级举行了一场别开生面的学习竞赛：语文知识智力竞赛。

第二种开头：“善耕小学五年级语文智力竞赛，现在开始!”随着年级主任王老师的一声宣布，别开生面的竞赛活动开始了!

3.《记一次升旗仪式》的两种开头

第一种开头：星期一的早晨，天，格外地蓝;风，格外地柔，这一天，我们五(2)中队就要举行隆重的升旗仪式。

第二种开头：绿绿的草坪，高高的旗杆，一队队少先队员精神振奋，他们正等待着庄严的升旗仪式的到来。

四、写学习和文体活动的参考词句

书声琅琅/有条不紊/心不在焉/欢声笑语/静悄悄/掩卷沉思/频频点头/聚精会神/跳了起来/笑眯眯/有高有低/比唱歌还要好听/瞥见了/华丽/思路开阔/老高老高/乱蹦乱跳/冷不防/左瞧右看/仔细欣赏/轻轻飘浮/郁郁葱葱/变幻无穷/广阔无垠/心里痒痒的/端端正正/难分难解/一马当先/鼓起勇气/动作灵巧/不负众望/以守为攻/一鼓作气

1.队员们的脸上泛起了笑容，惊奇的目光变成了赞叹。

2.这时，全场静寂得连摄影师拨弄快门的声音都听得见。3.最吸引人的是五年级同学表演的“红领巾考察团”的节目。

4.我一出台，就在小白兔屋外的篱笆边探头探脑地张望着，台下的观众一下子哄笑起来。

5.“我”把嘴张得大大的，爪子伸得长长的，黑鼻子狂嗅着，活像一只真的大灰狼。

6.二十秒，不分胜负!三十秒，不分胜负!啊，五十秒，还不分胜负……

7.比赛开始了，投掷区内垒球、手榴弹像天上的流星一样飞落在很远的地方。

8.“砰”的一声，一颗红色的信号弹腾空而起，场上身穿各色衣衫的运动员，“刷”地从起跑线上飞出去，像一片彩云。

9.守门员敏捷灵巧的动作，博得全场热烈的掌声。

10.比赛场上响起一阵轰雷似的掌声，我们终于赢了!

五、写学习和文体活动的参考段落

1.去年夏天，我第一次到龙潭湖采集标本。那天天很热，我拿起捉蝴蝶和蜻蜓的网子，背着标本采集箱，在草丛中来回巡视着。忽然，不远的一棵小树上，一只蝉在鸣叫。我走到树下，抬头望去，只见一只螳螂从蝉的下面沿着树干爬了上去。渐渐近了，蝉没有发觉，还在叫着。螳螂又爬了几步，来到了蝉的后面，举起“大刀”，一下子把蝉按在下面，蝉不叫了，它受到了这突然的袭击，有些慌乱，它挣扎着想逃走。可绿色卫士似的螳螂哪里肯放过，它把蝉翻过来，让蝉肚皮朝天，然后挥动着“大刀”，一下刺进了蝉的肚子里。蝉疼得乱动乱叫，可螳螂不慌不忙，一口一口，把蝉吃下肚去。我看着看着有些吃惊，因为我从来没见过螳螂吃蝉。这一次真是让我大开眼界。

(采集标本活动让我增长了不少知识，见到了很多没有见过的精彩场面。)

2.同学们心情大概也和我一样，大家伸长了脖子，睁大了眼睛，盯着李老师的每一个动作。李老师从一个小瓶子里倒出一点深褐色的粉末，又在粉末上滴了几滴液体。几秒钟过去了，不见动静。教室里鸦雀无声，大家将信将疑地等待着。又过了几秒钟，只见石棉板上出现了一丝青烟，袅袅上升。不一会儿，烟越来越浓，还听见噼噼啪啪的炸裂声。啊，要烧起来了。果然，一下子腾起了蓝色的火苗，火越烧越旺。教室里一下子像开了锅似的，欢呼声，鼓掌声，议论声响成一片。

(小作者写声音的变化很有本事，你看他先是“鸦雀无声”，到“一丝青烟”，再到“噼噼啪啪”的炸裂声，最后是“像开了锅似的”，多么生动，多么有味!)

3.我俩摆开阵势扭打开了。我光凭着自己劲大，加之求胜心切，想一下子把他拉倒。可是越急，越乱了脚步。张忠对我的扭拉只是躲闪招架。忽然他看准我的一个破绽，脚下一使绊，使了个“拐把”，把我摔了个狗吃屎。第二次交手，我使出浑身解数，拿出平生力气，死扭硬拉，可他像一尊铁塔，任我怎么折腾他也摔不倒。突然，他一只手抓起我的脚，一只手在我胸前稍微往后一推，我又仰面倒在地上。周围又是一片叫好声。

(虽然很想赢，但是因为技不如人，也只好认输了。)

4.观众们一个个瞪大了眼睛看布条往哪儿走。正在这时，红布条慢慢向三(3)班方向移动了。周围的观众都喊：“三(3)班加油!三(3)班加油!”我们听到了喊声，都鼓起了勇气，脸涨得通红，眼睛睁得大大的，身子拼命往后倾斜，差点快碰到地上了。红布条又慢慢向我们班级移动。“哗……”比赛场上响起了一阵轰雷似的掌声，我们赢了。

(抓住了红布条来写，是很正确的。因为红布条是胜利的象征。)

5.轮到我们钉了。我迫不及待地把线浸了唾沫捻了捻。可是我这一捻，把那几个小毛头捻成又细又长的了，穿针的时候，我穿来穿去就是穿不进。我把毛头拽下来以后才穿了进去。接着，我在线的末端打结。由于线上有唾沫，打结的时候，老是粘在手指上打不起来，好不容易把结打好了。开始钉钮扣了，我用右手拿着针从布底下穿上来，可是没穿到钮扣眼里，倒戳在钮扣上。我觉得针前面硬硬的，还以为布是硬的呢，于是我就使劲地戳。哪知道针戳不穿钮扣，反而歪过来，正戳在我手上。这时我才感觉到钉钮扣不简单啊!一颗钮扣钉好了，该打结了，这一项我干得很顺利，一会儿就打好了。

(能把穿针引线的事情写得这样详细，不容易!的确，在写作之中，有的地方是要像穿针引线一样仔仔细细，认认真真。)

6.游戏一开始，同学们就高高兴兴地排好了队，有的同学认为画鼻子很简单，显出很不在意的样子;有的同学却皱着眉头在想画的办法。排在最前面的李红高兴得手舞足蹈，她刚把红领巾蒙到眼睛上，就迫不及待地向前大步走去。她事先也没看好目标，就走了过去，结果她越走方向越歪，旁边有个同学小声地说：“太往左了，往右!”她愣了一下，站住了，马上向偏右的方向走去，又太歪了。到了黑板前，她也不想想黑板的位置，就随便一画，结果把鼻子画到了头顶上，引得同学们哄堂大笑。

(写活动时，周围人的态度和言行是很重要的，不可缺少。这能起到渲染气氛和突出人物的效果。)

7.第四场比赛就轮到我们四年级同学了，我们全班同学按座号坐下后，只听得监考老师一声令下，比赛开始了。同学们连忙打开桌上发的试卷，迅速地算了起来。这时，赛场上一片寂静，我耳朵里只听到沙沙的写字声。“快做!”催促着自己，不断地挥动手中的铅笔。“八九七十二、八八六十四……”我默读着乘法口诀，还运用我自己的“加减速算法”，作出了一道又一道算术题。时间一秒一秒地过去了，我忘记了一切。嘿，快做完了，就剩下最后一道四则运算题了，我高兴得差点叫了起来。可就在这一瞬间，“收卷时间到!”随着监考老师的一声，比赛结束了。我不得不放下手中的笔。我拍着自己的脑袋，恨我自己做得太慢了，为什么不能按时完成呢?我低着头难过地离开了考场。

(有面的描写——赛场上一片寂静;也有点的描写，就是写我在赛场上的表现。点面结合，就立体化了，给人的印象就比较深。)

8.一声哨响，第三局比赛开始了。我的心怦怦直跳。我屏住了呼吸，用足力气，两只手像两把小钳子一样牢牢握紧绳子。在我前面的小胖鼓着腮，把牙咬得格格响，脸涨得通红。平时很文静的小芳也变得非常严肃，只见她的眼睛瞪得大大的，紧锁双眉，拼命地用力。尽管我们使足了劲，可绳子中央的红领巾并不听话，正偷偷向五(1)班那边移去。“加油!加油!”场外的小观众为我们急得直跺脚。“不要急，要沉着，劲往一处使，一定能胜利!”我们的班主任老师带领着啦啦队也在为我们鼓劲。

(写活动，要注意把“点”写好，所谓的“点”，实际上就是一个个人的情况，而不是一群人的情况。比如在这段文章里，作者写的是一场拔河比赛，当然有很多的人参加。在描写时，适当地描写一下个人的情况，能够把这场比赛介绍得更加详细。你看，这一段文字就写了“我、小胖和小芳”的比赛情况，使人能够更具体地了解当时比赛的过程。你觉得是不是这样?)

9.楼上的一排教室灯火通明。陈强那个班的教室在最后一间。他依次从宽敞的窗户望进去，嗬，教室全都变了样：五色纸链织成的一道道彩虹在灯光下交相辉映，课桌都拼成了一张张长条桌，桌上铺上红格或蓝格的桌布，一瓶鲜花放在桌子中间的生日蛋糕圆盒旁。长桌的数目与小队的数目一致，讲台上也铺着桌布，放着鲜花。陈强觉得，那生日蛋糕在商店里给人的感觉只不过是一种精美的食品，可今晚放在教室里就有了另一种含义，不由得令人肃然起敬。

(写活动时，需要进行周围环境的描写，因为活动的地点需要介绍呀，是不是?所以，在描写活动前，应该先把活动的场地介绍一下。一般来说，活动前，总要先把环境布置布置。美一点，才能开开心心地搞活动呀!)

10.有趣的斗蛋比赛在热烈的气氛中结束了。斗蛋手们，有的高兴，有的难过，你瞧：胜利者正在津津有味地吃着蛋，他们一定觉得手中的蛋格外香吧!那些“败将”们呢，愁眉苦脸地看着那不争气的蛋，吃也吃不下，扔又舍不得扔。不过到了最后，他们还是偷偷地把蛋吃掉了。他们一定一边吃，一边安慰自己：蛋破了更好，还省得自己敲碎呢!

(写活动结束后的情景，这一段写得较好。特别是写那些比赛失败的选手们的心情，写得很有特色。作者不是净写他们的愁眉苦脸，还写了他们对自己的安慰，而且还的确有点道理。这种很有幽默感的句子，可以看出小作者的水平的确高人一筹。不过，大家有没有注意到，这些句子，作者全都是用一种猜测的语气写出来的，为什么要这样处理呢?)

11.我走进二楼的比赛室，看见许多选手已经在写了，就赶紧走到自己的座位上，拿出了文房四宝。我一边折纸，一边自己叮嘱自己：“千万不要紧张，要发挥出自己的最佳水平来。”我看了看边上的几位选手写的字，真不错，便更加感到自己肩负的责任重大。我暗暗下了决心：一定要战胜他们!我定定了神，就拿起毛笔，蘸足了墨水，开始写字。

(文中有两处心理描写。看起来，如果要表现自己的一种精神，就可以用这种手法。写的时候，可以用文中“叮嘱自己”和“暗暗地下定了决心”这样的句式，后面跟上冒号就可以了。)

12.中秋节的晚上，月儿格外地明，我和妈妈来到学校。不一会儿，老师宣布晚会开始。第一个项目就是竞选中队长。我和竞选对手——周玉，同时坐到了主席台上。我的心怦怦地跳着，再看看一旁的周玉，他也是那样地紧张。我想：如果竞选失败，那多难为情……

(竞选中队长，这种场面的确是够让人紧张的。作者通过写景，写竞选对手周玉和自己的内心活动，把这种紧张一层一层地写出来了。)

13.哗哗哗……一阵阵热烈的掌声;哈哈哈……一阵阵朗朗的笑声。这里出了什么稀罕的事?啊，原来是我班女同学正在进行梳辫子比赛。前几天，同学们就得到了这个消息。今天上午第三节课，比赛正式开始了。一个个女同学站到了讲台前。我们男同学不时地在后面挤眉弄眼，悄悄议论着，谁能取胜。

(写活动，开头很容易写得一般化，或是简单地交待时间，或是简单地交待地点，等等。这里的一段文字就显得与众不同。你看它的开头，又是拟声词，又是排比句，非常地新颖，很能吸引读者。)

14.夜幕降临了，操场上燃起了熊熊的火焰，营火晚会开始了，全场欢腾起来，大家手拉手跳起了优美的集体舞。同学们的表演更是精彩。瞧，张刚和李强的相声多么有趣，逗得大家合不拢嘴;夏艺同学的电子琴独奏，让人暗暗称赞;田珂同学的魔术表演，让同学们琢磨不透，联想翩翩……

(用一两句话简单地介绍当时活动的情况，这很有必要。如果全是详细的描写和叙述，没有简略的介绍，这就像没有绿叶的红花一样，是不够完美的。当然，反过来也一样。)

15.班里联欢会进行击鼓传花游戏。鼓停时，拿着花的同学就要表演节目。顽皮的刘平又开始捣鬼，他一直抓住花，咚咚咚——鼓点刚落，他眼疾手快，猛地把花丢给旁边的沈晴。花在沈晴的怀里打了个转，落到了地上，沈晴傻乎乎地把花捡在手里，这才知道上了当。她犹豫了半天，还是被推到场中。她挠挠头皮，又使劲咽了一下口水。“来来，唱一个!来来，唱一个!……”经不住同学们再三欢迎，她只得放开嗓子唱了起来。

(写那朵花在沈晴怀里的情景，写得很不错，细致而又生动。)

六、写学习和文体活动的参考题材

1.举行各种学习竞赛，让同学们在充满趣味和竞争的学习气氛中得到知识，丰富课外生活;

2.老师让同学们学做小老师，一帮一，一对红，大家很欢迎这种学习的形式;

3.我们的课外活动很是丰富，我们搞了写字比赛、漫画比赛、普通话比赛、诗歌比赛、小品比赛、童年回忆录写作比赛等等;

4.我们的学习活动不仅在课堂里，而且有时还安排在工厂里，田野里和大街上，老师们是让我们认识到社会就是一个大课堂，知识的学习并不局限在教室里;

(以上可以作为写学习活动的题材。)

5.班级举行文娱活动，活跃同学们的课外生活，同时也是在锻炼大家的各种能力;

6.班级举行自炊活动，同学们自带米、菜和煤炉，在教室里做了一桌饭菜;

7.班级里举行小奥运会，与国际奥运会的项目基本相同，大家感到很有兴趣;

8.班级举行**比赛，大家经过几轮赛事，最后比出了冠亚军;

9.班级里掀起了学下国际象棋的活动，两周以后，大家还举行了国际象棋的比赛。

(以上可以作为写文娱和体育活动的题材。)

就“说明对象”而言，英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类，比如：对“LASER（激光）”、“Computer Problem of Year XX（计算机XX年问题）”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明，而“The Successful Interview（谈成功的面试）”、“How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能写好英语作文）” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说，在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者，即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中，阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重，其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述，英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说，文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容；第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对文章的主题进行展开说明；第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出，要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中，常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种：

1.罗列法（listing）

在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的：

Early Rising

Early rising （早起） is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit （健康）。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise （做早操）。

Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

Thirdly， early rising enables （使能够） us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”

罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：

There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …

We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，

必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。

2.举例法（examples）

举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：

Recreation

It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation （娱乐）。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous （有活力的） There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“

There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles （肌肉） with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work （体力活） should adopt （采纳） reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk （轻松） walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。

3.比较法（comparison and contrast）

比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法，比如：

From Paragraph to Essay

Although they are different in length （长度）， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure （结构）。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence （主题句） or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus （主题所在） Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory （引导的） paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence （结束句） ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions （例外）， most well written expository （说明文的） paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.

可以看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。

European Football and American Football

Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America （the United States and Canada）。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions （位置） on the field， is played with an elongated （拉长的） round ball. Soccer has little body contact （接触） between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting （顶） it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponents （对手） goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish （区别） association and American football.

这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。

4.定义法（definition）

定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：

被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语

可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：

A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以……为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.

其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession （专业）。

5.顺序法（sequence of time， space and process）

顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。

下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的：

Coal

Coal underwent （经受） many changes before it became the bright， brittle （脆的）， black substance which we now use. During ancient times （在上古时代）， when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed and began to sink （下沉） a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit （沉淀） of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.

Generations after generations （几世纪后）， as the ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and clay was again deposited （积聚） above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted （作用） and the peat （泥煤） was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.

Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine （煤矿）。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.

6.分类法（classification）

分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》（Of Studies）一文中就用到了分类法：

Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others； but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…

参考译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所需摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者……

——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》（张培基等）

可见，如果能够根据具体情况，选用合适的写作手法，就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。

除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外，还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下，对于中学生来说，上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是：在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此，必须根据具体情况，选用合适的展开主题的写作手法，才能写出优秀的英语说明文。

Actions speak louder than words.

事实胜於雄辩。

Adversity leads to prosperity.

逆境迎向昌盛。

A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.

吃一堑，长一智。

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难朋友才是真朋友。

A friend is a second self.

朋友是另一个我。

A friend is best found in adversity.

患难见真友。

All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子要变傻；尽玩耍，不学习，聪明孩子没出息。

A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.

远亲不如近邻。

An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Business before pleasure.

事业在先，享乐在後。

Diligence is near success.

勤奋近乎成功。

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

刻苦是成功之母。

Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

Education has for its object the formation of character.

教育的目的在於培养品德。

Every brave man is a man of his word.

勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。

Every man is the architect of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。

Every man is the master of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己的命运的主宰。

Failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

Faith will move mountains.

精诚所至，金石为开。

Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.

友谊是两人一条心。

Grasp all, lose all.

贪多必失。

He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge.

没有知识，才是贫穷。

Health is above wealth.

健康胜於财富。

Health is better than wealth.

健康胜於财富。

He who does not advance falls backward.

不进则退。

Honesty is the best policy.

诚实是上策。

Hope is life and life is hope.

希望才有人生，人生要有希望。

Idle young, needy old.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

If you dont aim high you will never hit high.

不立大志，难攀高峰。

I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort.

成功之道唯三点∶努力、努力、再努力。

Improve your time and your time will improve you.

珍惜时间，时间才会珍惜你。

In doing we learn.

行而知。

Industry if fortunes right hand, and frugality her left.

勤勉是幸福的右手，节俭是幸福的左手。

In lifes earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.

在人生的搏斗中，只有日日前进不甘失败的人，才能获胜。

It is dogged (that) does it.

天下无难事，只怕有心人。

Judge not according to the appearance.

不要以貌取人。

Labour is often the father of pleasure.

勤劳常为快乐之源。

Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous.

学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。

Like tree, like fruit.

有其因必有其果。

Manners make the man.

礼貌造就人。

Never neglect an opportunity for improvement.

抓住大好时机，切莫等闲错过。

Never too old (or late) to learn.

学到老，学不了。

No great loss without some small gain.

塞翁失马，安知非福。

No one can call back yesterday.

往日不复返。

No sooner said than done.

言而必行。

No sweet without some sweat.

不劳则无获。

Nothing is difficult to a man who wills.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

Nothing is impossible to willing mind (or heart).

有志者事竟成。

Nothing is impossible (or difficult) to the man who will try.

天下无难事，只怕不努力。

Nothing is really beautiful but truth.

只有真理才是真美。

No time like the present.

只争朝夕。

One cannot put back the clock.

光阴一去不复返。

Overdone is worse than undone.

过犹不及。

Paddle your own canoe.

自立更生，自食其力。

Perseverance is vital to success.

不屈不挠是成功之本。

Second thoughts are best.

三思而行，再思可也。

Selt-trust is the essence of heroism.

自信是英雄的本色。

Self-trust is the first secret of success.

自信是成功的首要秘诀。

Success belongs to the persevering.

坚持到底必获胜利。坚持就是胜利。

Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties.

成功来自於克服困难的斗争。

The first element of success is the determination to succeed.

成功的首要因素是要有成功的决心。

The more a man knows, the less he knows he knows.

懂得越多，就越知道自己懂得不多。

Union is strength.

团结就是力量。

Virtue is a jewel of great price.

美德是无价之宝。

Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.

浪费时间是一切花费中最奢侈豪华的费用。

When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.

没有希望就不会努力。

Without a friend the world is a wilderness.

没有朋友，世界就等於一片荒野。

You cannot judge a tree by its bark.

人不可貌相。

首先是基础知识的掌握，在这一项我觉得自己还是不错的，因为基础知识主要的都是字，词，句这三方面。而字这方面就是最容易掌握的，只要知道这个字是怎样写和它的读音是怎样读就轻而一举的把这个字掌握了。当然啦，既然你的字掌握好了那你的词也是很容易掌握的了，只是要我们去知道这个词的近义词和反义词也就基本的掌握了，如果你想更加深入的掌握这个词的话就要知道这个词的同因字和形近字了，那你对这个词就更加容易掌握了，如果想更好的话那就连它的意思都记下来吧！从现在开始说一说句子了。句子也不是很难掌握，其实句子变来变去还是离不开修改病句和按照题目去缩句或扩句等等的。只要知道它是怎样做的就已经掌握的了。如果说我对基础知识的掌握程度，我觉得自己也是挺厉害的了，虽然还没到达滚瓜烂熟的程度但是我相信只要我努力的去学习就肯定会成功的。

到了第二方面知识的灵活运用了。在这方面我就觉得自己不是很行了。运用就人人都会的，但要说到灵活的话那就挺难的。就象上次期中考试的作文我就没有灵活的运用一些优美的句段，还有没去认真的审清楚题目，句子也写的比较乱，所以被扣了五分。

阅读的能力培养这方面我就做的比较好，我经常都买一些书籍回来看的，因为多看书也是培养阅读能力的方法之一。还有就是做一些阅读的练习。

习作方面嘛，也算不错。习作只要多看，多想和留心去观察。以上3步做的好了写出来得作文也是挺好的了。要想更加好的话那就要多收集一些优美的句段和词语，加多一些比较生动的东西再你的作文里，那这就是一篇好作文了。

现在是最后的方面语文日常学习习惯了。要是说起这方面哎我可真是有点惭愧啊！在读书这方面呢，我就是做得很好的，每天都会看书。看报就挺少了，因为我们现在都不订报纸了所以很少看报。不过我虽然不看报，但是我也是有看新闻的。这样也弥补了一点。前面两项还不错，但后面两项就没那么理想了。写日记这个方面就最差，我到现在写的日记还不超过五篇。但从现在开始我会坚持写日记的，相信我。背诵也不是很好，我也没有经常背诵lt；lt；小学生必背古诗gt；gt；里面的诗。不过现在不会了，我对我自己的要求是每天要背熟《小学生必背古诗》里面的两首诗。

要学好写英语短文，就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。日记是每日生活的记载，是一种记事文体。

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端 是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况， 如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy，Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：

A)September 1，2004或September 1st，2004也可省略写成Sept. 1，2004或Sept. 1st，2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日：September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月：September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写，可将其放在日期前或后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。如：

Saturday，October 22nd，2004;October 22nd，2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。如：

Saturday，March 4，2004，Windy;1st January，2004，Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生，谓语动词多用一般过去 时。但也可根据具体情况，用其它时态。如：记叙天气、描写景色，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或 将来时态。记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句，以防繁杂，造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中，可按以下步骤进行：

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来，不附加任何感情色彩，这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记，并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th，2003，Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning，all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard，and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired，we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨，中心突出，有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事)，并加以分析和评论。

知识就是力量(knowledge is power)

知识就是力量(knowledge is power)Knowledge is power, especially scientific and technological knowledge. Science and technology are the motive power of the social development. Without them human society could never have developed from primitive society to modern society. Therefore, to conquer and transform nature, we must master scientific knowledge.

However, social knowledge is also essential. Without it we can not understand society and dont know the law of the social development. As a result we are unable to tovern society. Therefore, besides scientific knowledge we need to master social science, philosophy, politics, history, aesthetics, etc, so that we can know society from all perspectives and form a correct world outlook.

To meet new challenges in he 21st century, we university students should lose no time to acquire as much knowledge as possible so that we will become qualified successors of the socialist cause.

if a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me.

上当一回头，再多就可耻。

if you make yourself an ass, don‘t complain if people ride you.

人善被人欺，马善被人骑。

if your ears glow, someone is talking of you.

耳朵发烧，有人念叨。

if you run after two hares, you will catch neither.

脚踏两条船，必定落空。

if you sell the cow, you sell her milk too.

杀鸡取卵。

if you venture nothing, you will have nothing.

不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

a cat may look at a king.

人人平等。

adversity makes a man wise, not rich.

逆境出人才。

a fair death honors the whole life.

死得其所，流芳百世。

a faithful friend is hard to find.

知音难觅。

a fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.

吃一堑，长一智。

a fox may grow gray, but never good.

江山易改，本性难移。

a friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真情。

a friend is easier lost than found.

得朋友难，失朋友易。

多学习一些文学常识有利于孩子爱上文学，减少对文学、古文的抵触情绪，可以帮助孩子更好地成长。

一、两种语言类型：口语、书面语。

二、三种人称：第一人称、第二人称、第三人称

三、三种感情色彩：褒义、贬义、中性。

四、四种文学体裁：小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文。

五、句子的四种用途：陈述句、问句、祈使句、感叹句

六、六种病句类型：1成分残缺;2搭配不当;3关联词语使用不恰当;4前后矛盾;5语序不当;6误用滥用虚词(介词)

七、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论

八、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托(正衬、反衬)

九、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语、双关

十、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

十一、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙

十二、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十三、记叙线索：实物、人物、思想感情变化、时间、地点变换、中心事件(找线索的方法：标题、反复出现的某个词语或某个事物、抒情议论句)

十四、描写角度：正面描写、反面描写

十五、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

There are four people in my family.My father is a worker.He goes to work by car.He likes playing computer games.My mother is a farmer.She likes singsing.she is taller than me.My brother is younger than me.He likes watching TV.I am a student.I like dancing.