SAT英语写作技巧之首段与主体段（精彩20篇）

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：套用一些英语作文模板可以得到分数的提高哦!下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)

有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。

Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.

觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。

Some people advocate that ....

有些人在坚持认为_________。

They hold that ... 他们认为_________。

People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons (grounds)

坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。

Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.

那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。

Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.

强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。

Many people would claim that...

有人会认为___________。

Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.

俗话说，""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。

To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.

对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。

There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...

万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。

When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....

提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____.

When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...

提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。

下面是语文迷网小编为大家整理的英语写作的经典句式，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

12a. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view&nbsnbsp;is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although people’s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day.

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job&nbsnbsp;markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

1)做模版：拿几片范文，找几句比较拽的结构型句子，拼凑出一个你自己顺手的框架即可。不用到处找，也不用找很多，一个框架即可，当然，准备一些可以替换的词：比如recommendation替换conclusion.漂亮句子很多，但若水三千，我只掬一瓢饮。

2)找出主要的错误类型，每种写出一道两句经典的表述即可。

3)考时30分钟分三个阶段：一)12-15分钟，写出完整的第一段，三个征文段的topic sentence，和完整的末段。写第一段的同时就构思topicsentence,末段无非是重复结论和三句topic。这样的好处是结构已经完整了，你不用慌了。。二)13-10分钟，完成三段正文。我以前觉得这个很困难，后来想通了。无非是把这层意思说清楚就行。3句话就够了。也够长了。三)5分钟check.还一个作用时，是在前面没有完成，还有一个buffer,也不至于弹尽粮绝。

4)非常措施：考试万一时间不够，首段就抄原句;如果时间还不够，末段就cut-paste首段和topic 的文本，稍加修改即可。但是，结构是完整的。

5)ok作文法的精髓和适用范围：精髓：看上去很美。适用范围：不想得6分的人(因为想的6分的人追求的是实际上也很美。如果运气好，可以的5分，运气不好，可以的4分。

1.书信

一般书信(包括请柬)包括五个部分：(1)称呼。信纸第一行顶格写，后面加冒号。(2)正文。第二行空两格写起，转行顶格。可有若干段落。(3)结尾。正文写完，如果正文最后一行空格比较多，可以接着写“此致”、“祝”等词语，否则，另起一行空两格或四格写“此致”、“祝”等词语。然后另起一行顶格写“敬礼”、“进步”等祝颂语。(4)署名。一般写在祝颂词下行的后半行。(5)日期。写在署名下一行，靠右边写上年月日。

请柬除具有书信的特点外，还要特别写明出席的具体时间、地点。用语要客气有礼貌。

另外，还要注意信封的写法。要写清收信方的邮政编码和详细地址。收信人的姓名、称呼位置居中。称呼是邮递员对收信人的称呼，不宜写“父母大人”、“姐姐”等称呼。发信人的详细地址及邮编要写清楚。如果是挂号信，还要写清发信人姓名。

2.启事

启事的写法是：第一行正中写启事的名称，如“征文启事”。第二行空两格起，写启事内容。末尾右下方分两行写署名、日期。启事的有些内容要十分具体明确，如地址、时间、联系办法等。有些内容就不应写得具体明确，如“失物招领”中有关失物的详情，以防冒领。

3.通知

通知的一般格式是：第一行居中写“通知”二字。第二行顶格写被通知方的名称，加冒号(如果正文已明确了通知的对象，被通知方的名称也可略去)。下行空两格起写正文，如果正文内容较多，可分条写，以便读者把握内容要点。署名和日期分两行写在正文的右下方。

4.电报

在电报专用纸上按要求逐项填写收报人的姓名、地址。电文一般不加称呼，不点标点，不留空格。署名紧接正文，可用对方熟知的略语表示。数字一般用阿拉伯数字表示，每一格最多可写四位数。写电文既要简洁，又要明白，不要因过简而产生歧义，引起误解。

5.新闻

新闻的样式很多，下面简介一下简讯的格式：(1)标题概括简讯的主要内容。(2)导语 导语是简讯开头的一段话，要求用极简明的话概括简讯的最基本内容。(3)主体 主体是简讯的主要部分，要求具体清楚，内容翔实，层次分明。(4)结尾是对简讯内容的小结。有些简讯可无结尾。

6.广播稿

广播稿的格式和一般报刊用稿的格式没有什么区别。但要注意收听效果，语言要通俗口语化(书面语改为口头语，文言改为白话)，避免因音同字不同造成误解，也不要因念不出标点而产生误解，如“‘希望小学’每个学生都有本《家长捐资助学调查》。”读起来容易使人产生不同的理解。

写申请书的目的是通过向上级或有关主管部门提出自己明确而具体的某种要求并申明理由，以期得到批准。申请书的一般格式是：(1)标题括事由和文件名称，如“入团申请书”。(2)正文包括申请原因(含申请者有关方面的基本状况)、事项、理由和要求。(3)结尾署明申请者和日期。写申请书，事项要明确，态度要积极，言辞要恳切，理由要充分。

8.说明书

说明书要求对所说明对象的介绍既全面又有重点。要客观、准确、简明、通俗，不可因追求文词华美生动而失实，产生误导作用。

应用文为特定需要服务，受到明确的写作目的、专门的阅读对象、一定的使用场合等条件的制约，因此，行文要注重得体：既要准确表达意思，又要适合对方的心理情感，适应特定的人际关系，适应传递信息的环境条件和其他条件。遣词造句既要说得“明”，又要说得“雅”，因此，要学会正确使用一些习惯用语和少量惯用文言词语。

注意：

应用文较之一般记叙文、说明文和议论文，与生活、社会联系更紧密，格式、行文习惯更有规矩。我们无论使用哪种应用文，都必须按其各自规范化的约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意杜撰。

强化常见应用文的格式训练，包括书写要求、行款式样、结构形式、习惯用语，称谓和签署等，这是应用文写作训练的重点。

语言要简明得体，注重规范性。

1)简明。简明是指语言简要、明确，不能象记叙文那样细致描述，也不能象说明文那样具体阐明，更不能象议论文那样逻辑推理。

2)得体。得体是指语言的运用要注意语言环境。这里主要指具体的时间、地点、场合、对象及表达方式等。语言得体首先要注意表达对象。对领导、老师、父母及其他长辈，一般不能用“希”“望”，应该用“请”、“恳请”。应用文中的某些公告，有告之于公的意思，所以表达上应十分客观，如合同、规则等，而有些则不同，如报告、请假条等，带有请示性质，语言应谦敬些，应用文中的书信，带有最重的主观色彩，给不同对象写信，更得强调语言的得体。语言的得体还要注意表达方式。有的应用文要用书面语表述，如计划、总结、调查报告、告示等，有的则强调口语，如发言稿等;大部分应用文在表达方式上用记叙、说明和议论性文字，如果用抒情笔调来写，则显然不得体。

一、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

二、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

三、一定要完篇。熟话说，好文章是凤头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

四、特别要注意不能缺题。不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

五、文章要有一至两个亮点。广州中考(微博)助手建议：如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有1--2个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

六、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，“回眸一笑百媚生”。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

七、思想要健康。“思想健康”不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，“健康”是针对“病态”、“庸俗”而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

八、观点不可太绝对，要留有余地。“义正”未必要“辞严”，“理直”未必就要“气壮”。联系现实生活时，涉及社会黑暗面时，要有分寸，不要一味指责。“质问京山大冤案”。批评家长(微博)、老师和社会要与人为善，抱着协商与治病救人的态度，要提建设性意见。不可尖刻、讽刺、挖苦，甚至恶意地进行人身攻击。

九、充分发挥自己的优势。擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择记叙文，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。初中生一般不提倡写议论文。

十、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或。巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

十一、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔，“宁停三分，不争一秒”，因为写作是“开弓没有回头箭”的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了。干着急。建议打草稿，防止“三边工程”(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。

十二、临场写作时可以根据题意和你的表达需要想像一个或一类读者就在你的面前。如以‘沟通’为话题作文，写与家长的沟通，可想像父母就在身边;写‘沟通’之艰难和必要，就好像误解过你的人正在听你倾诉;写国际间通过沟通走向合作，就设想自己参与了国与国的谈判。即使所写文章没有明确的阅读对象，你也可以想像此文是写给你的语文老师的。你要知道，你的文章的惟一读者是那位跟你的语文老师非常相似的人。写记叙文，且最好将主人公设定为自己。想想阅卷老师的喜好，说他们想听的话。尽可能赢得评卷老师的同情。

十三、写法上可以求新，要考虑，怎样表现更智慧，更艺术，更有可读性;但更要求稳。中考助手再次强调：大家一定要在一种比较稳的情况下，确有把握时才可写小小说或者是写戏剧，或者是写别的，确有把握之后才写这种文体，如果没有把握的话，就选择比较稳妥的老的文体，老的写法。

十四、不可按上年或前几年的中考作文思路行文。求新、求变是人们所追求的，中考作文也不例外。但若按上年或前几年的中考作文思路行文，甚至拿来套用，机械模仿，不懂灵活应变，就会吃力不讨好，这也是失分的点。因为阅卷者大都是相对固定的，对以前的中考作文非常熟悉。不主张写诗歌、文言文。

十五、苦于材料缺乏则可以突出自己的爱好。你如果喜欢体育，那你就像体育记者一样，叙体育、议体育，只要切合题意就好。你如果喜欢听××的歌、看××的书、爱好上网……你就可以将自己这一方面的经历和感受与命题联系起来。那样就不愁内容贫乏、文思枯竭。不要瞎编乱造。靠编故事骗取老师的眼泪从而获得高分的时代已经一去不复返了。

十六、要美化自己，而不是丑化自己。要显现自己的高境界、大抱负、多知识、同情心，要显现自己以天下为己任的豪情。不要出于反衬别人等考虑而故意丑化自己，如果让评卷老师以为你真就是那样，那就麻烦了，因为中考是选拔性考试。从某个角度讲，评卷老师评卷的过程就是一个选择淘汰对象的过程。

十七、字数以600-900字为宜。不能给人凑字数的感觉，但也不能拖得太长，不允许加纸条。喜欢写长文的同学，开篇要注意不要放得太开，开口不要太大，能跳过去的就跳过去，要相信读者的理解能力。要注意节省篇幅，要防止高潮来了没地方写了。切忌三段文。要突出的句子(扣题的、表现主旨的、文眼、点睛之笔、抒情议论、议论文的分论点等)最好单独成段。

十八、看到题目后，可先搜索一下自己以往所写的优秀作文，看有没有可以再利用的。须要注意的是一定要不牵强。

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

导语：我们大家都知道，每个公民都有维护好自己权益的义务，所以日常生活中发生一些小摩擦我们当然要理智的去处理，那么投诉信是不是一个很好的办法呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Dear_______,

I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.

The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).

I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

一、什么是记叙文

对中学生而言,记叙文是一种比较熟练也比较容易掌握的文体。然而，我在阅卷中也常常看到文体感不强的记叙文。例如1994年的高考作文，要求以“尝试”为题，写一篇不少于700字的记叙文。可是，有不少文章或叙议并重，平分秋色;或议论过多，喧宾夺主;或叙少议多，本末倒置。据江苏省高考语文阅卷点的粗略统计，该省20万考生中，不符合文体要求的有3%之多。有的考生，其选材的眼光就决定了他不可能写出像样的记叙文。例如，有一位考生，写同学到“我”家来玩，因为父母不在家，“我们”就自己“尝试”着包饺子，一篇700多字的文章，用了23个“再”字：先弄一点面粉，再加水，再揉，再搓，再擀成饺皮……先把菜剁碎，再加一点盐，再加一点酱油……尽管文章也是有头有尾，清楚完整，但却很难说是一篇记叙文，而是比较典型的“怎样包饺子”的程序说明文。当年，许多写“尝试”着做一个物理实验、化学实验，“尝试”着解剖一只青蛙、一条鲫鱼的作文，严格地说来都不是记叙文，而是说明文或应用文。

记叙文以叙述、描写为主要表达方式，运用形象思维的手段，通过叙事、记人、写景、状物等来反映丰富多彩的现实生活。

二、记叙文的特点

1. 创造性

这可以从三个方面来理解：首先，记叙文虽然不像文学作品那样，对生活现象进行集中概括，通过典型形象来反映生活;而是常常选择日常生活中的那些亲眼所见、亲身经历、亲自体验过的生活内容作为写作的材料;但是，这决不意味着作者可以把现成的生活材料照抄到文章中去，决不意味着作者不需要对生活材料进行加工改造、提炼生发;相反，这是把生活材料转化成文章的必不可少的“工序”。这种加工改造、提炼生发的过程，包含着作者大量的创造性劳动。以写作成品形式出现的记叙文，不可能是客观生活的翻版，也不仅是作者心灵的视像，它是饱和着作者心血的精神产品，是作者心灵和客观事物遇合所孕育出来的创造物。其次，记叙文是用语言文字作为传达的媒介的，从本质上看，记叙文就是某种经验(外在世界的人、事，内在世界的思想、情感等)的陈述，运用语言文字进行叙述，本身就是一种创造。语言文字无法代替真实存在，语言化了的世界就不再是真实存在的世界本身。将真实存在转化成语言文字的工作，就是一种创造性的工作。第三，把真实存在转化成语言文字可以有千万种不同的方式，选用哪一种方式，即最后完成的文章是何种模样，其中必然包含着作者个人心灵的运作。因此，任何记叙文总是不可避免地带有作者个人心灵的色彩，正如苏联作家秋切夫所说：“我在一切之中，一切之中都有我。”所以，我认为，尽管记叙文是客观世界的反映，但这种反映，又总是和作者个人的创造性劳动结合在一起的，是通过作者个人的创造性劳动来反映的。

用语言文字把生活材料转化成记叙文，本身就包含创造性因素在内，如果在转化的方式上能够别出心裁，与众不同，其创造的程度就愈高。所以，写好记叙文的关键，一是要选择新颖的材料，二是要采用新颖的写法。

2. 形象性

议论文是以抽象的概念、判断、推理来揭示事物的本质，表达对生活的认识，它在许多具体的个别的事物中概括、抽取共同的特点，而把产生这些认识所依赖的一个个具体的个别的表象留置在作品之外。记叙文则恰恰相反，它往往抓住具体的个别的事物“做文章”。所以，它以叙述、描写为主要的表达方式，即使偶用议论，其目的也是为了“画龙点睛”，并且也往往是在画好全龙以后，才去轻轻一“点”。在这里，“龙身”是主体，是基础。记叙文要靠具体的形象去感染读者。叙述，必须清楚地交代事情的来龙去脉、前因后果以及具体的发展过程;描写，必须使读者如见其人，如闻其声，如触其物，如食其味，历历可感，如在目前。在记叙文写作中，创造场面是最基本的手段。因为说到底记叙文总是要在纵横两个方面来组织结构，纵就是时间的延续，横就是空间的展开，而场面就是对人或物在特定的时空中存在或活动状况的描述。只有组织起一连串的场面，记叙文才能获得生动具体的形象感。

所以，那种连贯、整一、富有动态感的材料，是记叙文最需要的材料。对短小的记叙文来说，就更是如此。那种千里来龙，百年纷争式的材料，不是记叙文的好材料，记叙文需要的是缩时间于一瞬，寓空间于一隅的短小精悍的材料。

3. 情趣性

从格调上来说，记叙文不像议论文那样庄重严肃，也不像说明文那样冷静客观，它追求的是以情动人，以趣逗人。从选材方面来看，记叙文并不要求一定要选择重大题材，而往往是从日常生活中选择富有情趣的凡人小事，作者往往通过对凡人小事的记述，来寄寓自己的感情，来表现丰富多彩的现实生活的某一侧面。从表现手法方面来看，记叙文追求的是引人入胜的表达效果，它要求把写作内容表现得曲折生动，意趣盎然。有时，记叙文也传达作者对某种事理的认识，但是，它一般不展开直接的议论，而是把这种认识潜藏在具体的生活画面之中。它通过具体形象的描绘，潜移默化地影响读者，从情感、情趣方面去晕染读者，让读者用审美的眼光去领悟作品的意蕴。

在写作记叙文的时候，写人，最好要选择那些内心情感丰富复杂的人物作为描写对象;写事，固然要注意事件本身的脉络，但更要注意流荡在事件中的情感线索，特别要注意选择富有情感内涵的细节来充实、丰满事件的血肉;写景、状物，固然要注意准确地描摹景物的外在状态，但更重要的是，要写出客观景物与主观感受的“化合”。

三、写好记叙文的关键：选材

写好记叙文的关键是选材，选到了一个好的材料，文章就成功了一半。那么，什么样的材料才是记叙文最需要的材料呢?

1.要选择有较强的情感内涵的材料

老舍先生说过：“小说是情感的记录，而不是事实的重述。”记叙文写作也是如此。事件，线索等等仅仅是记叙文的表层结构，其深层结构是充溢其中的情感内涵。事件、线索等等仅仅是承载情感内涵的框架，真正感动人的是蕴含在框架中的情感。为什么有的文章看起来也是有头有尾，清楚完整，但就是清淡无味，不生动，不感人呢?最关键的一点就是其中缺乏深厚的情感。在“记叙经历”的文章中，最好要选择富有情感内涵的经历。那些没有情感内涵的“经历”不是记叙文的好材料。把一次一般性的大扫除的经过记叙得再详细，把一次实验课的过程描写得再具体，把一次郊游的经历写得再热闹，如果其中不流淌在真挚的情感，也是不可能动人的。因为“感人心者，莫先乎情”(白居易语)。

1988年的高考作文题是《习惯》，文体不限。这与近两年的话题作文有点相似。当年不少写记叙文的考生都选择了写老师。应该说，这是一种比较聪明的选择。因为阅卷的是老师，写老师容易博得好感。然而，写老师的什么呢?不少考生都是这样写的：到了晚上，某老师又习惯性地坐到了窗前的书桌旁，照例开始备课、改作业。这样的材料其实没有什么写头，因为它只是在表扬老师的敬业精神，在情感上没有什么特别的动人之处。试想，一位老师晚上不去备课、改作业，而是去跳舞、搓麻将，会是一位好老师吗?可是，有一位考生的选材却不同凡响，他写道：新学期开学了，王老师又像往常一样来到了学校，当他快到教室门口时，突然想起自己已经退休了。于是，只好悻悻地回了家。第二天一早，他又准备到学校去了，但这一回他记起自己已经退休了，他应该在家“挎垮篮子，生生炉子、抱抱孙子”了。可是，他在家里犹如芒刺在背，坐立不安，什么事也干不了。他老是惦记着他的学生。于是，他又来到了他任教的教室旁。他要看一看他的学生。然而，他又怕影响正在听课的学生。于是，他蹑手蹑脚地来到了教室的窗下，躲在那里听学生上课的情况……这样的选材就要高明得多了。因为这个材料中饱含着王老师对学生的梦萦魂牵的一腔深情，这是一个老教育工作者挥之不去、无法排解的对教育事业的真情。这样的选材与晚上备课、改作业，不是一个精神等级，不可同日而语。由此可见，只有那些饱含情感内涵的材料，才是记叙文真正需要的材料。

那么，在“记叙经历”时，可以写哪些情感呢?

从程度方面来说，可以写温情、热情、激情等等;从类属方面来说，可以写亲情、友情、爱情等等。要把文章写得激动人心，要使文章具有较强的情感冲击力，在选材时还要注意以下几点：

(1)要写那些人人都能感知、体会的人之常情。情感虽然是一种说不清、道不明的内在感觉，但是“人同此心，情同此理”，这就是情感具有可体验性的生理、心理基础。有许多情感内容是人们共有的，共通的，传达这样的情感，就会激起别人的共鸣，就会使人感动。例如，1999年江苏的高考优秀作文《伤心儿女》一文，写三个不孝儿女，在母亲的弥留之际，不是给母亲留下最后一点安慰，而是通过移植母亲的记忆，寻找母亲的遗产，然而，他们在母亲的记忆中，却看到了母亲的艰辛，母爱的伟大，母亲的忍辱负重，看到了自己的丑陋。母亲的记忆，荡涤了不孝儿女灵魂深处的污垢，于是，他们的灵魂也得到了升华。对父母的孝顺，是埋藏在中华民族心灵深处最深厚的感情，写这样的内容，最能激起人的共鸣。这篇作文，在阅卷现场就使许多阅卷教师感动得热泪盈眶，在媒体发表以后，又广为传诵，被视为当年全国高考的最佳作文。其中最主要的一点，就是它所传达的情感打动了千千万万人的心。

(2)要写那种超出常规的强烈的反常合道的情感。有时候，人物的所作所为与一般的人不一样，似乎不大正常，但这种反常的行为中往往包含着强烈的情感。这种情感具有很强的冲击力，往往给人留下难以忘怀的印象。例如，上面说的那位退休的王老师，在一般人看来是有点不大正常，这么大年龄了，居然蹑手蹑脚躲在窗户下听课。但是，正是从这反常的举动中，我们看到了他对学生执着的爱，看到了他对教育事业的痴迷，并对他产生了崇高的敬意。相反，那种一到晚上就坐到窗前备课，改作业的老师，正因为他们的合常、平常、正常，反而激不起我们情感的涟漪。当情理冲突，必须舍理取情的时候;当正确与正确之战，必然要舍弃一方，形成悲剧冲突的时候;当人物对某种事物痴迷、执着到难舍难分而与常规的做法不一样的时候;情感就开始动人了。《灌园叟晚逢仙女》中爱花如命的“花痴”，《聊斋志异》中的书痴、石痴、鸟痴、情痴，都是这方面的典范，我们应该从中得到启发。

(3)情感要能产生振荡和分化。文似看山不喜平，那种一览无余的、直线发展的情感，缺少回环蕴藉的美感，很难使人产生情感的激荡。因此，在描述情感的时候，要尽量展示情感的曲折和波澜，一步一步把读者引入情感的旋涡。

2.要选择有较深的主题潜能的材料

所谓主题，是指文章使用的材料所蕴含的基本意义以及作者通过对材料的思考、体验所传达的基本思想和评价。前者是主题的客观性，也就是说，这种基本意义是材料本身所固有的;后者是主题的主观性，是指作者对材料内涵的洞见开掘。主题是客观性和主观性的结合。所以鲁迅先生要求“选材要严，开掘要深”。选材和立意是记叙文写作中两个重要的环节，他们处于互相影响的联动状态。材料选得好，为开掘主题提供了最大的可能性;主题的开掘和深化，又反过来制约、促进材料的选择和加工。就选材这一环节而言，和选择矿点的道理是一样的，矿藏的深厚度如何，质量如何，有无开采价值，这都是打井前需要认真考虑的。有些考生在选材时往往只考虑是否切题，却很少考虑材料的主题潜能，正如鲁迅先生批评的那样：“将一些琐屑的没有意思的事故，便填成一篇。”这样的文章当然不可能获得高分。有时候，同一材料，在不同的作者手里，可以写出主题深浅不一的作品。但是，也有不少材料，本身并不具有什么内涵，无论你怎样妙笔生花，也很难开掘出多深的主题来。这就提示我们，在选材的时候，一定要事先估测一下材料的主题潜能，看看它们有没有可开发性。

举一个例子来说吧。1994年的高考作文《尝试》，不少考生写的都是尝试着学骑车，学游泳，学烧饭做菜，学干农活等等。这样的材料固然也切题，却没有什么可以深层开发的主题潜能，充其量也就是告诉人们“只要去尝试，就可能成功”的道理。而这样的道理是人们共知的常理，是相当肤浅的，它并没有为人们提供新的认识和新的启示。这是材料本身的局限。

那么，怎样才能选择到具有丰富的主题潜能的材料呢?

(1)要摒弃老套的选材思路，开拓选材的视野。比如，写《灯下》，就不要只是想到自己或别人在台灯下刻苦读书;写“假如记忆可以移植”，就不要只想到不劳而获地去移植名人的记忆。这一类老套的材料本身的主题容量就很小，当然更谈不上新意了。其实，每一个题目，每一个话题，可写的材料很多。就拿《灯下》来说吧;灯，可以有电灯、油灯、路灯、探照灯、聚光灯等等多种多样的灯;人们在灯下也可以做各种各样的事。“假如记忆可以移植”，本来就是一个开放性极强的话题，可写的东西太多太多了。为什么非要去一窝蜂地移植别人的记忆呢，可不可以把自己的记忆移植给别人呢?为什么非要去移植名人、伟人的记忆呢，可不可以移植普通人的记忆呢?移植了别人的记忆，人物双方会发生些什么事呢?……一旦把思路打开，选材的天地是非常广阔的。当年，有的考生要把自己游历祖国名山大川的美好记忆移植给自己从来没有出过门的奶奶，让她也体会一下祖国美好河山的大好风光;有的考生要把自己看到的万紫千红、五彩缤纷的大千世界的记忆移植给从小失明的“小弟弟”;有的考生要把自己聆听美妙音乐的记忆移植给从小失聪的“小妹妹”。角度一变，境界全出。

(2)要善于从日常的生活小事中发现具有丰富内涵的材料。中学生的生活阅历当然不可能太丰富，但是，“对于我们来说，生活中不是缺少美，而是缺少发现”(罗丹语)。其实，具有丰富内涵的写作材料无处不在，关键是作者要有一双善于发现的眼睛。也正因为中学生的生活阅历不够丰富，就更需要从日常的生活小事中去发现有意义的材料。从某种意义上来说，愈是能从细小的生活现象中发现深邃的内涵，其作品的质量就愈高。“一粒沙里看世界，半瓣花上说人情”，这是艺术的高致。2001年江苏的高考优秀作文《一毛钱与诚信》，从微不足道的一毛钱中看到了诚信的弥足珍贵，看到了道德的巨大力量，这样的选材是独具慧、颇有新意的。

(3)要处理好虚和实的关系。中学生写记叙文，大多数选材都比较实，都是实实在在地叙述、描写。其实，最具有主题潜能的材料，往往是那些具有象征意蕴的事物。如《白杨礼赞》《荔枝蜜》等都是运用事物的象征意蕴来拓展作品的主题的。因此，我们在选材时，不仅要注意那些写实性的材料，也要注意那些具有象征意蕴的材料。象征的事物往往能使作品的主题具有多义性、多层性、多向性，从而使读者产生丰富的联想，使作品产生特有的艺术魅力。像《门》《坡》《风》这样的题目，就既可以是写实的，也可以是象征的，当然也可以是二者结合的。有时候，在总体写实的情况下，选择一些具有象征意蕴的事物穿插其间，也能使作品荡出虚神，收到言已尽而意无穷的艺术效果。

3.要选择有有初步形式意味的材料

在考虑记叙文选材时，许多考生往往只注意材料内部方面的某些因素，强调选材要积极健康、典型生动等等。这固然不错。但是，如果忽略了记叙文的形式规范对选材的特殊要求，就会造成文体感不强，记叙文的文体特征就会因为选材不当而显示不出来。从某种意义上来看，记叙文区别于其他文体的特点主要就表现在选材上。

那么，记叙文本身特有的形式规范，对选材有哪些要求呢?概括起来就是三点：连贯、整一、动态。

(1)整一。整一，就是记叙文的材料必须相对集中。这种集中，不是要求作者像写议论文那样围绕中心(主题)选材，而是要求围绕记叙文自身的内部要素选材，或集中于人物，或集中于事件，或集中于环境，这也是记叙文内部又可以分为写人、叙事、绘景等类型的原因所在。议论文是旁征博引，运用零散的、片断的材料来证明中心论点，它是在观点与材料统一的原则之下，靠理性的辐射来集中材料;而记叙文则要靠自身的时空关系来凝结材料。在写作训练中，我们经常可以看到《记XXX》 之类的作文，但是，这类作文往往不像记叙文而更像议论文，其原因就在于作者在选择材料时运用的是议论文选材的方法：为了证明xxx具有某种思想品质，于是就从XXX 的生活经历中选择出与这种思想品质有关的“二三事”。其实这正是议论文中的例证法。用这种方法来选择材料、记叙经历、刻画人物，其事件往往是凌乱的，人物的思想性格往往是浮浅的，主题也往往是直露的。在1999年的高考作文中，运用一连串的“假如记忆可以移植”的排比段来展开记叙的文章，之所以文体感不强，显得松垮，散乱，其原因也就在这里。

(2)连贯。连贯，就是要求记叙文的材料，最好是截取现实生活中连续发生的片断。当然，在具体描写的时候，可以有详略，疏密等。这里需要特别注意的是记叙文的一个重要因素：时间。在记叙文中，要始终潜藏着时间的暗流，也正因为如此，人们把叙事作品称之为时间的艺术。在议论文中，也往往要叙事，但是，它所叙之事，往往是拧去了时间的抽象的说明性格或主题的例证。无论是整篇的议论文还是作为例证的叙事片断，时间往往消解在议论的逻辑展开之中，它所使用的材料，也没有时间序列的具体要求。

在充分认识到时间在记叙文中的重要作用以后，又必然引出记叙文的另外两个要素：原因和结果。我们强调时间序列在选材时的重要作用，并不意味着一切具有时间序列的“流水账”都可以作为记叙文的材料，相反，只有在时间序列中包含着“价值”的材料，才是记叙文需要的材料。这里的所谓“价值”，就是伴随着时间演进的因果裂变。福斯特曾经打过一个很有意思的比喻：国王死了，王后也死了，这叫做“时间生活”，没有入文的价值;国王死了王后也伤心而死，这叫做“价值生活”，就可以入文了。由此可见只有伴随着时间的演进中，产生一系列因果裂变的材料，才是真正适合写记叙文的材料。至此，我们可以说，所谓连贯，不仅仅包含着时间的连续，而且也包含着因果关系的连缀。

(3)动态。动态，就是要求在事物的发展过程中，在动态流程中表现某种主题。因此，只有那种具有动态感、过程感的材料才是记叙文真正需要的材料。从本质上看，叙事都是对已经过去了的事情的追述。但是，这种追述，在不同的文体中有不同的方式，在说明文中，运用的常常是“一般现在时”;在议论文中，运用的常常是“一般过去时”;而在记叙文中则常常要把它转化成“现在进行时”。

我们说，记叙文的真正中心是人，但是，决不是用二三事的例证法就可以把人写活的只有把人放到动态发展的人生中去，放到人的历史性展开的过程中，才能展示人的丰富生动的性格。即使是在写景状物，主要表现空间关系的游记之中，也只有写出诸如曲径通幽、移步换景、豁然开朗等动态景观，写出人与自然景物的沟通、交流、融合等等，才能带来艺术的美感。这也正是静止的介绍景物的导游图、说明书与散文、游记的区别所在。在议论文中作为例证的叙事片断，只要交代人物做过些什么，做了些什么;而在记叙文中，则不但要写出人物做什么，更主要的是，要表现人物怎样去做(动态)。在导游的说明中，主要是交代那里有什么(静态);而在记叙文中则主要描写“我”在那里看到了什么(动态)，它在“我”心里引起了什么反应(动态)，“我”的行为引起了别人什么反应(动态)。

选择具有动态感的材料，还要注意，动态发展的流程最好是波浪式的，而不是直线式的，因为那种直线式的事件、直线式的情感缺乏回环蕴藉的美。“文似看山不喜平”，在那些优秀的作品中，我们总会感到，人物的性格、人物的内在情感、事件的发展过程，总是曲曲折折地向前发展的中国古代小说中的那些三迭式情节，如三打祝家庄、三顾茅庐三打白骨精等等，为我们提供了成功的范例，我们应该从中得到启发。

[佳作示范]

好 奇 心

2008年 江苏考生

在那个不寻常的中午，在她坚定地迈出每一步时，阳光碎了。

很喜欢这样一句话，每个女孩都是天使。但当我第一次看到她时，我觉得她不是。

她是那个坐在教室角落里的女生，不美，而且她只有一条腿。也许正是因为这，我的好奇心才会像雨后的小草一样“嗖嗖”地长了出来。

那天的阳光好像格外刺眼，中午放学后我走得迟了点，刚好看见她拄着拐杖缓缓地走向楼梯。这时，我的好奇心告诉我：为什么不跟过去看看她怎么下楼梯呢?于是，我悄悄地跟了上去。

只见她拄着拐杖艰难地走下楼。楼梯并不高。但对于她来说每一步都是一次挑战吧!她先将拐杖拄在下一级台阶上，再用腋下顶住拐杖，用力地将那条独腿挪到下一级台阶。我看到她的双手紧紧抓住拐杖，手上的青筋清楚可见。

这时，我的好奇心不但没有减退，反而更加强烈了。不知是谁将吃剩的香蕉皮随手扔在了楼梯上，大概是想恶作剧吧!不知道她会不会注意到，我屏住呼吸看着她艰难地一步一步地走下去。近了，近了……

她要做什么?只见她一手抱住栏杆，一手将拐杖放下来，接着，她蹲下身……她，竟将香蕉皮捡了起来。我的好奇心仿佛一下子被击碎了。我觉得自己好像是一个恶魔，站在这个角落，阴险地看着这样一个天使走进危险。

阳光透过窗射进来，我仿佛一下子被照亮了。我不再好奇她会怎样走下楼梯，赶紧思考怎样去弥补我的好奇犯下的错误。

于是，我飞快地朝她走去。她正努力着站起来。也许是因为太累了，她怎样努力都没有用。这时，我伸出手想把她拉起来。她抬起头，用疑惑的眼神望着我。我轻轻地对她微笑，她便也微笑着将手递给我。于是，我就这样扶着她走下了楼梯。虽然，我们没有说一句话，但我却从她手心的温度中感受到了来自她内心深处的温暖。这温暖慢慢地将我融化，将我的好奇心融成了一颗有爱、有温暖的心。

走出教学楼，她微笑着对我说：“谢谢。再见。”接着便向路边的垃圾筒走去，她小心翼翼地将香蕉皮扔进垃圾筒，然后又迈着坚定的步伐走出校门。耀眼的阳光洒在她瘦小的身上，我仿佛看到了她变成了一个天使。只不过她是一个单翼的天使。她头顶上的隐形的光环温暖了我的心。

我站在金急雨的花树下，将那颗好奇心小心翼翼地放进心中的角落，用她给我的充满爱的心温暖自己。

评析

我已经好久没有看到写得这么精彩的记叙文了!见多了粗糙的叙述，俗套的描写，读到这样的开头：“在那个不寻常的中午，在她坚定地迈出每一步时，阳光碎了。”我禁不住陡然一惊，我预感到：好文章要来了!

果然，每一处描写，都是那样的细腻、真切，每一处心理的变化都是那样的自然、动人，每一句话都是那样的耐得起咀嚼、品味。请特别注意文中关于“阳光”的描写，在阳光的映衬下，文中的许多描写，都成了诗，成了画，成了美的精灵!

写人，固然要写人物“做什么”，但动人处往往在“怎样做”。

请仔细体会以下的细节描写：

只见她一手抱住栏杆，一手将拐杖放下来，接着，她蹲下身……她，竟将香蕉皮捡了起来。我的好奇心仿佛一下子被击碎了。我觉得自己好像是一个恶魔，站在这个角落，阴险地看着这样一个天使走进危险。

想一想，作者为什么要着力描写这个细节?“她蹲下身……她，竟将香蕉皮捡了起来。”这一句中的“……”和“，”隐藏着“我”怎样的心理过程?

好 奇 心

2008年 江苏考生

坐在我前桌的那个人竟然没来参加考试?!看着前面空荡荡的座位和那空白的答案纸，我的好奇心蠢蠢欲动。

她(他)是因为害怕吗?

如果是这样，我只能表示理解但并不赞成。我们这一届是江苏高中课改的第一届，放在科学实验中也就和“小白鼠”差不多，从教材内容到考试形式都是全新的，从老师到学生都是摸着石头过河，真正信心百倍的能有几个呢?但是，我们不能因为这些不确定的因素就临阵脱逃。高考固然可怕，但仔细想想，高考也是可爱的。它意味着我们终于能和数不清的作业、上不完的晚自习和考不完的试卷说再见了!我们终于能以最公平的方式和同龄人展开较量，证明自己的实力了!毛主席说得好，“数风流人物，还看今朝”!所以对于高考，今朝的咱们不用怕!

她(他)是因为复习太认真而病倒了吗?

如果是这样，那真的太不值得了。高考对于我们这群人来说是很重要，从某种意义上来说，它直接决定了我们未来五六十年的生活质量，很多家长都把高中生活说成是“辛苦三年，幸福六十年”，但高考的成败并不代表一切，上大学是一条出路，不上大学也照样有很多创造美好生活的选择，“条条大路通罗马”的古训永远都不会过时。所以，何必为了一次高考把自身给搞垮呢?高考诚可贵，健康价更高啊!还是咱毛主席说得好：“身体是革命的本钱!”

她(他)已经被某所著名院校提前录取了吗?

如果真是这样，我只能说：“太羡慕了!”上学期，我们班也有一位同学被南大录取了，当时那个轰动啊，真是无法形容。班上同学都羡慕得有点儿嫉妒，拼命吵着让那人请客，后来还是“老班大人”结束了这场骚乱，以每人一块德芙巧克力收场。要是我前桌的这个人真的被提前录取了，我倒挺幸运的，兴许还能沾沾她(他)的仙气，最后也能上一所重点大学，不知道这算不算是唯心主义思想啊?

去年有部特火的电影，叫《好奇害死猫》，说的是好奇心毁了一个家庭。不过今天，在这个考场上，好奇心帮了我一个大忙!顺利完成了这篇命题作文。要是有幸能拿到不错的分数，我一定会对身边所有的人说：“好奇心真是个好东西!”

评析

在紧张的考场上，作者居然注意到前面有一位缺考的考生，于是激发了自己的好奇心，展开了丰富的联想，成就了这样一篇奇文。

文中关于为什么缺考的三种揣测，来自活生生的高中生活，个中滋味，甜酸苦辣，既自然真切，充满了生活的质感，又写得轻松活泼，幽默诙谐。能做到这一点，靠的是平时对生活的体察，靠的是从容和自信的心态。

仔细体会，本文绝不是简单的“灵机一动”，而是长期积累和妙手偶得相结合的成果。

从本文中我们应当得到这样的启示：写作的素材其实是无处不在的，关键是要善于体察。文中富有现场感的“前面空荡荡的座位和那空白的答案纸”，以及关于缺考原因的三种揣测，无不来自于作者对生活的体察。而我们的许多考生，被沉重的书山题海压得连喘气的工夫都没有了，感觉器官也迟钝、麻木了，对书山题海以外的事物，甚至对与自己紧密相关的生活现象也变得视而不见，听而不闻，触而不觉了，哪里还有什么“好奇心”呢?闭目塞听，麻木不仁，哪来写作的素材呢?身在宝山不识宝，也只能空手而归啊。从这个意义上来说，开发五官，永远保持一颗敏感而活跃的“好奇心”，拥抱生活，体察生活，才能接纳写作的源头活水。

让我走远看看你

2008年 湖南考生

我是你生命的延续。命运的精灵在我出生之日起便用血缘的长绳将我和你绑在一起，挣不脱，扯不断。我们紧紧相伴十八年，却因置身太近，使我在这十八年的晨光与黑夜感受不到我们之间真实存在的温暖厚重的那个字。

以后啊，让我走远看看你。

很小的时候，别的孩子还被全家捧在手心的时候，别的父母还小心翼翼地牵着孩子过马路的时候，你把我带到游泳池边，用命令的口吻说：“下水。”几岁的孩子，即便在浅水区也不及水深的高度，怎么敢走向那未知的恐惧?你没法向我说明求生技能的重要，狠心扔入水中，且拦住急欲下水救援的哥哥半分钟，任那么小的小孩子在水中挣扎、叫喊、哭泣。那是如死亡般恐怖的记忆。让我在那么近的距离里深深怨恨着你。然而，当十岁的我被教练一眼相中，加入县游泳队的时候，当独自去海南潜水却中途弄掉氧气嘴的时候，我突然发现这一技之长竟如此有用，而此时，我已经远离了你。

小学的时候，别的孩子还举着棉花糖坐在单车后座的时候，别的父母还做好可口的饭菜为孩子端上桌子的时候，你配了一把亮闪闪的钥匙挂在我胸前，随口叮咛：“靠着右边走。”于是，长长的20分钟的路程，一个刚上一年级的丫头片子，便这样一点一点学着自己走了。因为步行，每天要早起10多分钟;因为步行，每天要晚回家10多分钟。回家后，没有炊烟，没有人声，先做作业，等父母回来。你永远不会觉得一个人呆在家里是多么恐怖的事，自强如你，只会觉得那是天经地义。那是如粗布般灰暗无光的记忆，让我在那么近的距离里深深怨恨着你，然而，当四年级的我便能独自骑车去上学的时候，当12岁的我便一个人走南闯北的时候，我突然发现我的自立竟如此超人，而此时，我已经远离了你。

初中的时候，你调去外地，留我一人在家读书。妈妈尚且每周回来一次，而你，即使我过去，也未必能找到时间陪我。好强如你，只是在偶尔见面时责备我的功课，那是如羽毛般苍白无力的忘记，让我在那么近的距离里深深怨恨着你。然而，当我顺利考入重点中学的时候，当我在高中亦能平平稳稳的时候，我突然发现严厉竟能如此激励一个人的成长，而此时，我已经远离了你。

今天早上，你又骂骂咧咧地责怪我不会买圆规，硬是自己上街重新买回一个最好用的，亲自送到教室，然后转身离开。我站在远处看着你，和近距离的相处不同，我突然觉得你已苍老一个世纪。

父亲，我亲爱的父亲，过去的十八年，我们相离得太近，因而感受不到爱的存在，那么以后，让我走远看看你。看看你是如何用自己坚实的臂膀为自己的女儿撑起一片爱的天空。

评析

2008年，湖南的高考作文题是这样的：

阅读下面文字，按要求作文。

“天街小雨润如酥，草色遥看近却无”是唐代诗人韩愈的诗句。意思是说，在滋润如酥的初春细雨中，春草发芽，远远望去，一片淡淡的绿色，可是走近后，却只见到极为稀疏的草芽，绿色反而感觉不到了。诗句的意境是美的，隐含的哲理也很丰富。它使我们领悟到：置身太近，有时反而感觉不到实际存在的东西;要把握某一事物，有时需要跳出这一事物;人对事物的看法与美的感受同距离是有关系的……其实，生活中的许多事物和现象都含有这两句诗的意境与哲理，关键在于你的观察和体会。

请根据自己阅读诗句所体会到的意境与哲理，联系现实生活，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

本文作者准确地理解了命题的意图，紧紧扣住材料中有关“距离”的提示，写出了在“近处”看父亲和在“远处”看父亲的不同的体会和感悟，文章的内容切合题意;文章记叙了“很小的时候”、“小学的时候”、“初中的时候”与父亲在一起的时候感受到的父亲的严厉和自己的怨恨，以及“远离”父亲时才体会到这些特殊的教育方法所带来的好处。全文线索清楚，内容充实，语言流畅。

文章最后，父亲为自己“买圆规”这个细节以及自己站在远处看父亲的感受，不仅与全文的内容相扣相合，而且使文章的主题得到了进一步的强化。

仔细想想，本文的几个主要片段，也就是《我的父亲》之类的文章中常见的内容，但是却被作者用到规定性很强的试题中来了，而且非常切合题意，其中的奥妙在哪里呢?这就是我多次讲过的“语言周旋”“拉一拉，靠一靠，扭一扭”的技巧。你看，从文章的题目“让我走远看看你”到文中每写一事都反复强调“让我在那么近的距离里深深怨恨着你。”“而此时，我已经远离了你。”作者在“拉、靠、扭”上用了多大的力气!

把本文和2006年湖北的高考优秀作文《三生有幸遇上你》结合起来阅读，想一想，同样的材料，怎样转化运用到不同的题目中去。你学到一手了吗?

三生有幸遇上你

2006年 湖北考生

前生，今生，后世，这三生我所有的幸运都只是能够遇上你。——题记

佛说，因果有缘，千百年的轮回皆由缘而起。我想，上辈子也就是前生，我一定是千万次的回眸，亿万次的寻觅，才能在滚滚人流中遇到了你，惟一的你!

我是一个受命运诅咒的孩子。在我很小很小的时候，上天就带走了我的妈妈……一个熟悉的身影，眨眼间消失了，那种感觉，那种心痛贯穿了我的整个生命。从此，我变得敏感多疑，寡言少语，心灵封闭，没有安全感，缺少人情味儿。

我以为我会一直这样生活下去，与空虚相伴，与孤独同眠。然而，三生有幸，我遇见了你……

我还记得第一次见到你，是在那个微凉的晚秋，枯黄的叶子漫天飞舞的时候。你作为小学三年级的班主任出现在我的视线里：微胖，短发，一身黑色衣服，笑时给人温暖，不笑时给人一种严肃。那时，我已习惯于独守自己的心灵世界，不容外人涉足，那是伪装到最后的坚强，也是不容任何人去打破的宁静，对你也没有任何多余的感情。

奇怪的是，你并未因我的冷漠而忽视我，还让我当了学习委员，掌管班上大小事务。一有机会，便表扬我，一有时间，便找我谈心，鼓励我多与人交往，不断地教我一些做人的基本道理。你心疼我，我知道，可是，我心里的冰块是那么牢固，那么寒冷……

时光在你的关心和我的冷漠中如白驹过隙，一晃三年过去了，我离开了你，升上了重点初中，与你的联系少了许多，但是，你始终没放弃过对我的感化与疼爱。

几年如一日，你对我关爱有加，问寒问暖，情浓如水。

中考前的那个下午，我记忆犹新。你托人送给我一封信，看到信封上的熟悉笔迹，我感受到世界上最美的亲情：加油，好好考，我始终相信，你是最棒的!我的眼泪潸然而下，心里有股暖流在涌动，我仿佛听见了自己心里的冰层开始破碎的声音，我不禁笑了，这是妈妈“走”后，我第一次幸福而快乐的微笑。

考入县城重点高中后，我们学校与你家的距离更远了，但我们的心更近了。你时常拎着水果来看我，给了我全部的母爱。

你的信笺和电话成了我温暖的源泉，你的看望和谈心成了我愉悦的家园，你的汇款和米菜成了我幸福的粮仓，在我渴望的时候，你是春天般的及时雨。

高考临近，你发短信来说：“孩子，亲爱的：你要认真复习啊，好好考试，我一直认为你是最优秀的孩子!”老师，你不知道啊，我又一次落泪了，你老是惹我哭，惹得我激动地哭，惹得我高兴地哭……

今天是六月七日，高考的第一天第一科。此时，我想，你肯定捧着保温盒站在考场外，因为你说过，离这儿再远也一定来送考。今天不知为什么你来晚了，是拎的东西多了，还是堵车了?是节约车费步行艰难，还是走错了路?……如果你现在已经从百里之外赶到了这儿，我真的很想跑到考场外，拥抱你，亲吻你，对你说一声：“我想叫你一声妈，老师!”

妈，我三生有幸遇见了你，虽然你并不是我的亲生妈妈，但你满足了我对母爱所有的希望，妈，我爱你!是你教我懂得爱，懂得生活，懂得追求。上帝是公平的，它带走了一个亲妈，却还给我一个伟大的母爱!

三生有幸遇见你，希望我还有下一个“三生”，再下一个，生生世世，永远有幸与你相见!

妈妈，你听见了吗?但愿生我之身的妈妈升入天堂，爱我之身的妈妈永驻人间!

我爱你，妈妈!

评 析

本文从自己的生活经历中选材，写出了对一直关心“我”的老师的真挚、深沉的感情，文中对老师的肖像描写、对老师在场外送考的想象，都写得真切动人。文章从“题记”人手，扣上命题的要求，结尾时，又进一步照应“三生有幸”，首尾圆合。特别是“但愿生我之身的妈妈升入天堂，爱我之身的妈妈永驻人间”一句，更把文章的感情推向高潮，读来令人动容。

2006年湖北的高考作文题要求写出对带“三”字的词语(一个或几个，如“三思而行”“举一反三”“三省吾身”，等等)的联想与感悟，题目出得相当灵活，考生自由选择、自由发挥的余地是很大的。这位考生非常聪明，她(他)所写的其实也就是《我的老师》《记一个人》等题目中常见的内容，但她(他)巧妙地把这些内容融会到《三生有幸遇上你》这个题目中去了。我曾经在许多场合讲过，同样的材料，是可以转化运用到不同的题目中去的。北京有一位对高考作文颇有研究的特级教师甚至说，任何命题都是“不命题”。你对这篇文章的构思，你对这样的观点，有什么看法呢?

母亲节是美国法定的全国性节日。在每年5月的第二个星期日举行。为母亲过节最早源于古希腊的民间风俗。那时，古希腊人每年春天都要为传说中的众神之母、人类母亲的象征——赛比亚举行盛大的庆祝活动。但这时还未形成母亲节。

Mothers day in the United States legal a national holiday. Held on the second Sunday of May each year. Mother festival originated from the ancient Greek Folk customs. At that time, the ancient Greeks in spring every year as a symbol of the legend of the mother of the gods, human mothers -- Serbia held a grand celebration. But at this moment is not formed on Mothers day.

1906年，美国的安娜·贾维丝小姐遭受到母亲突然去世的强大打击，因为她太爱自己的母亲了。如何表达对母亲的怀念和感激呢?贾维丝小姐决定实现母亲生前渴望创立一个母亲节的遗愿。为此，她首先提出了设立母亲节的设想，并为此而四处奔走，历尽艰辛。同年，她还在家乡费城组织了第一次庆祝母亲节的活动。她还分别给国会议员、政府官员、教师以及新闻界写了上千封信，恳求帮助。她的热诚和努力，终于赢得了社会各界的普遍支持。1914年，美国国会通过决议，并由威尔逊总统亲自签署，将每年5月的第二个星期天定为母亲节。当时很多国家成千上万的欧战中阵亡将士的妻子、母亲正深陷在痛苦之中，美国母亲节的创立，使她们得到了极大的安慰，引起了强烈共鸣。母亲节的活动丰富多彩。节日这天，家庭成员都要做各种使母亲欢心的事情，并向她赠送礼品表示祝贺。

In 1906, the United States miss Anna Jarvis suffered a strong blow to the sudden death of her mother, because she loves her mother. How to express thanks and remembrance of her mother? Miss Jia Weisi decided to realize the mothers desire to create a mothers day wishes. To this end, she first put forward the idea of the establishment of mothers day, and this everywhere, experienced all kinds of hardships. The same year, she was at his home in Philadelphia organized the first mothers day celebrations. She also gave members of Parliament, government officials, teachers and journalists wrote thousands of letters to ask for help. Her hard work and dedication, won widespread support from all sectors of society. In 1914, Congress passed a resolution America, and by Wilson president personally signed, will be held on the second Sunday of May is mothers day. At a time when many countries of Europe in the memorials wife, mother is mired in pain, the creation of the United States Mothers day, so they are a great comfort, aroused a strong resonance. Mothers Day activity of rich and colorful. On this day, family members have to do to make mother happy things, and to congratulate her gifts.

各家的父亲在这天则主动管理家务和孩子，以便让妻子休息一天。美国加利福尼亚的芬德尔镇庆祝方式尤为独特，即在每年的这天都要举行为期一周的“活动雕塑比赛大会”。现在，世界上已有43个国家公认这一节日，可以说，母亲节已成为一个世界性的节日了。

The house and the children active management in this day the father, in order to let his wife one day of rest. California American fendall town celebration is particularly unique, in every year of this day will be held the week of "mobile game conference". Now, 43 countries in the world have recognized this holiday, it can be said, mothers day has become a worldwide festival.

英语写作是中考学生的一个盲点，缺乏对英语写作的专门训练和反思，老师的工作量大，造成作文讲评大多数时候只谈现象，因此学生学得也不具体、不深入，忽略写作技能的提高，甚至误认为只要句子结构正确，无单词拼写错误就应该得满分。同学们应该走出对英语写作认识上的误区。那么怎样才能写出一篇优秀作文，而在中考中获取高分呢?下面是YJBYS网作文频道为大家整理的英语写作指导。

一、写作决窍

总体把握，要点齐全;人称时态，逻辑清楚;

关键词汇，动词第一;组词成句，结构完整;

组句成文，连词增色;此路不通，绕道迂回;

字迹工整，留好印象;从句适量，高分有望。

二、写作步骤

1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息，告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。

2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后，根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料;同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。

3.写完要点，但不随意发挥。

4.先草稿，后抄写。

三、习作点评

[2004年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初赛初三组] (14分)

Choose one of your hobbies and write an article for the school magazine about it. Tell the magazine readers.

·What exactly your hobby is;

·When and how you became interested in this hobby;

·Why you enjoy your hobby;

·About your hopes and plans for the future.

写作要求：

1.根据所提供的内容，适当拓展想象空间，灵活地将提供的信息体现在文章中。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺，书写清晰、规范。

3.词数60-80.

[高分突破]

①文体：记叙文。

②要点：what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.

③时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时的自然变化。

内容具有开放性，但它也是“控制性”的写作试题，因此不能随意发挥，要善于抓信息，写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作，一是因为他们选材相同，二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so…that，so，little by little，when，so that等，恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to，became interested in，come true……等，使内容丰富，读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会，只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评，同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。

四、培养途径

1.根据老师布置的写作内容，独立完成一篇写作。

2.与同伴合作，交流自己的写作，通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子，合作创造一篇新的文章，供大家欣赏。

3.找老师点评，请求老师指点，尤其是怎样润色。

4.自己纠错，写下反思。

五、备考演练

A

缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。

写作要求：

1.词数在100左右。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺。

3.开头已写好，但不计入总词数。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest …

B

阅读电视广告词：“If we don’t save water，the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.”根据提示，写一篇60-80词的短文。

提示：

1.生活离不开水。

2.可饮用水在减少。

3.水污染严重。

4.应保护水源，再利用水。

思路点拨与参考答案

A. [思路点拨]：

①文体：记叙文。

②时态：一般过去时态，一般现在时态。采用正反对比的写作手法，增加感染力。

③写作目的：告诉读者保护环境的重要性。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest.Every day a lot of tourists come here to enjoy its beauty. But a few years ago，some of them paid no attention to protecting the environment.They threw their rubbish，such as plastic bags，fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke trees，picked flowers and killed birds. Some even made fires in the woods to cook food.How dangerous it was.Luckily，great changes have taken place here.Tourists are used to putting their rubbish into dustbins，and they are doing their best to protect the birds and plants as well.They bring their own meals instead of cooking to prevent starting a forest fire in the mountains.All these changes make us very happy.

B. [思路点拨]：

①夹叙夹议(说明现状，谈谈感想)。

②时态：一般现在时态。

③广告词的含义——水很重要，应保护和再利用(写作意图)。

Water is very important to humans.We can’t live without water.The water we can drink is falling.But some people don’t seem to care about it.They waste a lot of water.They pour dirty water into rivers and lakes.Water pollution is getting more and more serious.So we must do something to stop the pollution.We not only protect the water but also find ways to reuse it.If we don’t do this，the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.

想要写好英语作文平常肯定少不了积累，下面是语文迷网整理的关于中考英语作文的句子素材，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和**.

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem， effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons：

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that， along with the rapidly economic development， the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation， environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me， Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology， and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people， reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style， it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes： it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。

一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s，前后不一致，以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。

1. 审题不清

如2004年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。

2.拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。

3.名词单复数问题

误 my father and my mother is all teacher。

正 my father and my mother are both teachers。

[中考英语作文写作常见的三个错误

以下是由语文迷网精心为大家整理提供的关于教育的英语名言，欢迎大家参考选择。

Education has for its object the formation of character.

教育的目的在于品德的培育。——斯宾塞

He can ill be master that never was scholar.

没当过学生的人成不了一个好先生。

Teaching others teaches youself.

教学相长。

Better untaught than ill taught.

宁可不受教育也强于受坏的教育。

Instruction knows no cladistinction.

有教无类——《论语》

The best bred have the best portion.

最好的教养是最好的嫁妆。

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)

教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)

Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)

与其不受教育，不知不生，因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

Dancing in all its forms cannot be excluded from the curriculum of all noble education: dancing with the feet, with ideas, with works, and ,need I add that one must also be able to dance with the pen? (Friedrich W.Nietzsche, German philosopher)

所有高尚教育的课程表里都不能没有各种形式的跳舞：用脚跳舞，用思想跳舞，用言语跳舞，不用说，还需用笔跳舞。(德国哲学家 尼采 F W)

Education commences at the mother’s knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)

教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)

Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)

教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)

Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)

教育不在于使人知其所未知，而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)

Education is a admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught. (Oscar Wilde, British dramatist)

教育是令人羡慕的东西，但是要不时地记住：凡是值得知道的，没有一个是能够教会的。(英国剧作家 王尔得 O)

Example is always more efficacious than precept. (Samuel Johnson, British writer and critic)

身教胜于言教。(英国作家、批评家 约翰逊 S)

Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

历史使人明智;诗词使人灵秀;数学使人周密;自然哲学使人深刻;伦理使人庄重;逻辑修辞学使人善辨。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)

If you dont learn to think when you are young , you may never learn .(Thomas Edison , American inventor )

如果你年轻时就没有学会思考，那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生 . T.)

Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.

(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。(英国哲学家 培根 . F.)

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)

教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)

And gladly would learn, and gladly teach. (Chaucer, British poet)

勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人 乔叟)

Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)

与其不受教育，不知不生，因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

Education commences at the mothers knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)

教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)

Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)

教育不在于使人知其所未知，而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)

Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)

教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)

For a cultivated man to be ignorant of foreign languages is a great inconveniece. (Anton P.Chekhrv, Russian dramatist)

一个受过教育的人，不懂外语是极不方便的。(俄国剧作家 契克夫 A P)

一、句式多变，词汇丰富。

鉴于这部分的写作要求和难度，不论是写书信还是编故事，由于100词的字数要求，考生必须要学会用具体的，多样化的语句来描写某样东西或某件事情。有的学生从头至尾都用"Thereis"的句式，而且重复多遍，看来单调乏味，很难得高分。我们不妨用主动和被动句式、各种不同的从句、动词不定式、强调句、虚拟语气等等，当然我们要写的句式必须是自己熟悉的，有把握的。

词汇量的大小影响写作成绩。试想你形容餐馆good，食品good，氛围good，那也太无聊了，我们平时就积累一些词汇，比如餐馆cleanandtidy，食品niceandtasty，氛围friendlyandpleasant等等，而不至于到考试时言之无物。

二、问题都答，加上连词。

如果第二单元你要给笔友写一份回信，信中有这么一个问题Haveyougotafavoriterestaurant?Tellmeaboutthefoodandwhatyoulikeabouttherestaurant。这个问题看似非常简单，但如果你就回答一句Ihavegotmyfavoriterestaurant.可以，但如果你不学会怎么扩展这个话题，那一封信中根本就写不了上百个单词。因此，学会拓展话题这一点在这部分中尤为重要，如你可以写餐馆的名字、位置、特色等等。

如果你选择编故事也很好。我们PET考生大多是青少年，正是想象力非常丰富的时候，很适合去编故事。但在书写的过程中，一定要注意尽量用自己有把握的语言来表达和描述。此外，既然是故事，就应该把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、过程以及结果都完整地表述出来。因此，我们在平时就把日常生活中所发生的有意义的小事儿用英文记录下来，日积月累你会发现，你的书写素材会越来越多，这种考试对你来说，将会是"apieceofcake"。

另外注意适当使用一些关联词，如and,but,so,if，使行文更加流畅。

三、平时勤练，克服畏惧。

因为该部分要求比较高，建议考生平时可以多做这样的书写练习。在学而思PET，我们会练习四五篇大作文，希望同学们平时就认真对待，描写到位，在老师的指导下，逐步明白自己的弱项在哪里，进而逐渐消除无话可写的心理恐惧，并提高写作水平。

只要是刚放完假或者是放假前夕老师一定会让学生写一篇作文，而关于写景作文除了要把景色描写清楚，还有很重要的一点那就是把中心思想交代清楚。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于小学写景作文写作技巧，希望可以帮助到的！

⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。

⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。

⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。

⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。

⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?

⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。

写景作文写作要点

景物描写在记叙文写作中往往是必不可少的。可是许多同学在写作中不懂得景物描写的特点，有的描写模糊不清，有的分不清主次，有的缺乏情感，出现了许多不应有的败笔。那么，在记叙文的写作中应该怎样去描写自然景色呢?具体来说，景物描写应注意以下三个问题：

1、写景要有顺序。

人们观赏景物都有一定的规律：或定点环顾，或边走边看。描写时也应该“顺其自然”。例如老舍先生的《济南的冬天》一文，描写济南城周围的环境时写道：“小山把济南整个儿围个圈儿，只有北边缺点口儿。这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱，好像把济南放在一个小摇篮里。”景物描写与作者的定点鸟瞰相吻合，自然清晰，形象准确。又如凡妮的《野景偶拾》一文，按照沿途所见，依次描写绕村的溪流，山梁的小路、盆地的高粱、山坡的谷穗、旷野的幽静、落日的霞光、宛如绸带的河流和公路、华美如贝雕的田野和山林。移步换形，有如移舟前进，时过景迁，景观随之改换，给人一种身临其境之感。

2、写景要有选择。

写景时应要有所取有所弃，抓住最能代表彼时彼地特征的景物加以描写，其它的景色则略写或不写。老舍先生的《在烈日和暴雨下》，为了突出天气变化的过程，就着力描写了杨柳的动态：“一点风也没有时——枝条一动懒得动;有一点凉风时——枝条微微动了两下;风大起来时——柳条横着飞。”通过杨柳的动态。显示了风的从无到有、由小到大，而对暴风雨降临时其它景象的变化，作者作了简略处理。这样，抓住特征，既形象地表现了天气变化的过程，又避免了描写的呆板重复，使得文字准确而精练。

3、写景要有情致。

人们观赏景物总是要带有某种感情的。因此，描写时也应该将这种感情一起表达出来，做到寓情于景，情景相映。鲁迅先生的《故乡》一文，反映旧中国农村衰败萧条，日趋破产的悲惨景象时，笔下的景色是“苍黄的天空下，远近横着几个萧索的荒村，没有一些活气。”而脑海中闪现出少年闰土的美好形象时，则为“深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。”景物描写之中渗透着作者爱憎分明的思想感情。以景促情，情景交融，有力地深化了文章的主题。

一、充分准备，打好基础。

为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。

二、认真审题，明确要求

在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素;最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。

三、遣词造句、表达规范

初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。

四、认真撰写，卷面整洁

初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题，如果时间允许，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题;之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当;最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。

中考复习研讨会指导课件，极具价值。

关联词

1.表示并列或递进: and, as well as, both…and,

not only…but also, neither…nor;

2.表示选择: or, either…or;

3.表示转折: but, however, although, though, after all,

4.表示因果: because, so, therefore

5.表示条件: if , unless

6.表示对比: instead, not…but,

on the one hand…on the other hand;

7.表示解释: for example, for instance, such as,

that is to say, in other words;

8.表示顺序: to begin with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next,

later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end;

9.表示强调: also, besides, what’s more, actually,

in fact,

10.表示结论: all in all, altogether, in a word,generally speaking。

导语：冬天来了，描写冬天的作文、描写冬天景色的作文、冬天的校园作文是必不可少的。在写景作文中，如何把景物描写详略得当，寓情于景，把文章写的有吸引力，一定的写作技巧是非常必要的。下面和小编一起来看看吧！

一、写景作文的开头方法

1、开门见山。开头直接写某个季节到来时你想写的景物。譬如你想写冬天，你可以这样开头：冬爷爷的脚步越来越近了，我仿佛看到了他带着白色的雪精灵来了。

2、反问句开头。提出问题开头，引发读者兴趣，吸引读者的注意力，这种作文，要体现出与读者对话的色彩。譬如写冬天，你可以这样开头：在一年四季里，你最喜欢哪个季节呢?春的明媚，夏的热情，秋的收获，冬的冰雪，各具特色，精彩纷呈。我最喜欢冬的白雪纷飞，银装素裹。

3、引用法。在描写冬的景色时可以用：忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开。等诗句来形容以让自己的文章更加的生动形象。应该注意的是，一是开头不宜过长，老师提倡的是50-80字，也就是说，最好控制你的作文稿纸的三行半，最好别超过5行。一旦超过，就显得“头重”了。二是语言要优美，要搜集些精美的词语，是开头显得文采飞扬。三是适当采用修辞方法，如拟人、比喻、排比等，使语言显得生动活泼，通顺流畅。

二、写景作文的层次和顺序

1、描写的景物固定，时间不固定——以时间来分类。

2、时间固定，描写的景物不固定——冬天的作文就可以写雪后的不同景象所展现出的状态，如落满了雪的地面，屋顶，或是还没落满雪，还能隐约可以看见水的小溪。

3、地点固定，时间也固定——以空间顺序分类。这种方法适用于冬天去游览某一景区，比如去某公园，就可以写先到了哪里看到了什么。

三、写景的几个要素

第一步是观察：观察是写好作文的基础，对于写景作文来说，离开了细致准确的观察，是绝对写不好的。观察必须确立好立足点。立足点可以是固定的 ( 空间方位 ) ，也可以是变换的 ( 移步换景 ) 。但无论怎样必须层次清楚。

第二步是抓住特征：写景物，要善于抓住在不同地区、不同季节、不同时间里的景物颜色、形态、声响、变化等方面的特征，不能生搬硬套，如冬天可以用白雪皑皑，银装素裹，瑞雪纷飞等形容词来形容，这样可以让你的作文更加的生动起来。

第三、要层次分明：层次就是文章的内容顺序，也即表达顺序。先写什么后写什么，心里要有数。比如可以先写近景再写远景，最后可以寓情于景，达到升华主题的目的。

第四、要动静结合：所谓动静结合，就是指描写景色时，不仅要写出景色的静态，而且要写出它的动态，使景色才能活起来，使读者的印象更深刻。例：夜里，下雪了，雪花簌簌的往下落。第二天，我推开门一看，对面的山白了，田野也白了。眼前的院子里也是一片白色，小狗在雪上踩着，踩出了一片小巧的梅花。

第五、要抒发感情，任何景物都是客观存在的，但这种客观存在的景物却能给人不同的感受。我们写景要写自己热爱的景色，表达一定的主题思想，要表达出对自然的热爱，这就是借景抒情。如：在写家乡的冬天时，可以表达我对家乡的喜爱或是思念，而这样的喜爱与思念就融入在我们所描绘的景中。

【范文】

冬季到了，气候慢慢冷了。树上的树叶像被剃头刀剃过的同样，光秃秃的。马路上的人们穿上了厚厚的棉袄，戴上了厚厚的帽子。小朋友的脖子也缩进了厚厚的衣领里。呼呼的冬风刮在脸上像刀子刺的同样。

一天凌晨，我推开门一看，院子里本来光秃的树上溘然“开”满了皎白的“梨花”。抬眼望去，远处更是银装素裹、花团簇拥，真是“忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开”呀!再看看地上，宛若盖上了一层厚厚的棉被。啊，原来昨天夜里下了一场大雪。

我弯下腰，从地上捧起一把雪，细心地看了又看，发现雪花毛茸茸、亮晶晶的，宛若是一件件优美的艺术品。但是还没来得及细细把玩，它便消散得无影无踪。

我轻轻地走在雪地上，听着那“咯吱咯吱”的声响，我的心啊，都快沉醉了!

俗语说：“瑞雪兆丰年”。农人伯伯又要迎来一个充溢期望的春季了。

我爱冬季!

所谓写景作文,就是把我们日常看见的那些自然景观或者人文景观,通过文字的方式记录下来。小编收集了写景作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

写景为主的记叙文包括描写大自然的各种景象，如云雾雷电、雪雨风霜、日月星辰、山河湖海，花草树木……描写人类社会环境中的各种设施和物体，如城镇街道、村庄住宅，学校工厂……景物描写，就是运用生动的语言把自然景象和社会环境的状态、特征，从形态色彩、声音、光影等方面，真实，具体、形象地描绘出来，再现于读者面前，给以身临其境的感觉。

要写好以写景为主的记叙文，首先要选好观察点。观察点就是描写作者观察景物的立足点。观察任何景物，都要有个立足点。立足点可以固定，也可以变换。写时就从这个角度出发去写看到的东西。其次，要按一定的的顺序写出。写景物可以按方位写，如从内到外，或从外到内;从上往下，或从下往上;从左到右，或从右到左;从前至后，或从后至前;从近而远，或从远而近。也可以按整体和局部的关系写，或先写全景再描述局部，或先描述局部再描写全景。还可以按时间的顺序写，可以依据白天、黑夜或清晨、上午、中午、下午、傍晚、深夜的先后顺序来写，也有的按春、夏、秋、冬的季节变换顺序来写。第三，要抓住景物的特点，有重点地写，不同的景物有不同的特征，即使同一类景物，尽管具有共同的特征，但是也各有许多差异。只有对描写的景物了然于胸，才能笔墨传神。如果抓不住景物的特点，泛泛地描写或者堆砌词藻、过分雕琢，都不能给读者留下鲜明深刻的印象。第四，要充分运用修辞手法。古今中外著名作家成功的写景片断都是非常具体、形象的。这是为什么呢?其中之一是，许多作家不约而同地运用了比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手法。准确、恰当地使用修辞手法有助于把景物写得具体、形象、真实感人。

1、描述自然景物：

自然景物包括日月星辰、雨雪风霜、春夏秋冬、山川花鸟等。描述自然景物还要注意以下几点：

⑴ 要注意选“景”与抒情。写景不能像拍照那样，镜头对准什么地方，就把那里，就把那里的什么东西都拍摄下来。这就需要选择。选择，要抓住特色。

写绘景为主的记叙文，还应该注意思想感情的表达。一般说，写景，往往为了借景抒情，或表达对祖国、对家乡的热爱，或是赞颂大自然的奇观……总之，不能这写景而写景。只有做到情景交融，文章才能扣人心弦。

⑶ 写好静态和动态，展开丰富的联想。自然界的景物有静有动，在绘景时如能动静结合文章效果就更佳，感染力就更强。

3、描述社会环境：

社会环境描写，就是对人物活动或事件发生、发展的社会背景和状态的描写。它包括的范围很广，小至房间住所，一街一巷，大至城区地区。它涉及的内容很多，可以是室内陈设，住宅内外的装饰布置，以及当地的风土人情等等。

记叙社会环境，要注意以下几点：

⑴ 要把最能反映时代或场所特点的东西，用准确恰当的语言写出来。

⑵ 不能面面俱到，要抓住重点写。

⑶ 要作必要的说明和介绍，从而使读者了解人物生活或事件产生的背景，了解事件的作用。

3、记叙游览经过：

记叙游览经过，就是写游记。游记是把记叙自然景物和社会环境融为一体的记叙文。

写好游记必须注意以下几点：

⑴ 要抓住特点，精选材料。涉足名胜古迹，往往步移景换，目不暇接，风光人情，处处诱人。如果写作时不分主次，不加选择地逐一罗列，那么写出来的文章势必平平淡淡，如同一本流水帐。所以落笔之前，务必把观赏来的景物来一番比较和鉴别，去粗取精，辨明主次，确定需要重点写的有关景物。一般来说，可以着重记叙那些特色鲜明的景物，写自己印象特别深刻感受特别强烈的景物，在记叙描述中，要尽力表现出事物的特点来。

⑵ 要把游踪写清楚。游踪，就是游览一个地方所经过的路线，踪迹。游览一个地方，往往要经过许多地方，看到许多景物。行文的时候必须按照游览先后顺序记叙，清楚地交代先到了什么地方，后到了什么地方。写清楚游踪的主要途径是“移步换景”。

⑶ 要结合历史文物或遗迹展开联想。

4、描述可爱家乡，可以描述家乡的山山水水、风土人情、土特产品，甚至一草一木。

描述可爱家乡，应注意以下几点：

⑴ 要写出鲜明的地方特色，家乡人人都有。那么，怎样才能写出家乡“与众不同”的地方特色呢?这就需要小作者们对家乡作一番深入细致的考察，并认真思考一下：家乡的哪些景物是最有代表性的?抓住了家乡中最有代表性的事物来写，就往往能表现出鲜明的地方特色。

⑵ 要善于以小风大，抒发真情实感。家乡的可爱，并不是只有通过写大事物大场面才能表现的。人们对家乡的认识，对家乡的情感往往是从身边的细小事情开始的。

导语：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，练习英语写作也是一样，三天打鱼两天晒网是不行的，必须得持之以恒的练习，才会有进步。下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less

laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

121. on the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.

一方面，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辩的。

122. students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.

离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性

123. whats more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.

而且，生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间，这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。

124. on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

另一方面，日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。

125. due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

因为较高的学费，大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。

126. since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

由于无需考虑学生的日常生活，日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。

127. furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。

128. from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论，寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。

129. there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

关于科学技术存在许多争论，其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时，传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡?

130. as for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.

我认为，传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事，这是社会进步的自然结果。

131. in the first place, some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.

首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。

132. although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.

尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。

133. in the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.

第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技所取代。

134. although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in peoples life, an increasingevidences show that it is less useful than many people think.

尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。

135. from what has been discussed above, i firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. the maintenance of the traditionaltechnology and methods is futile.

通过以上讨论，我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡，坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。

136. at the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.

当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时，我们比任何时候更需要森林。

137. nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

138. we cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

139. there is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

无可否认，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

140. it is universally acknowledged that trees are

indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

141. there is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。

142. an advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。

143. the reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

144. so precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它。

145. rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

虽然我们的国家很富有，但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。

146. the harder you work, the more progress you make.

你越努力，你越进步。

147. the more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读得越多，我们越有学问。

148. to average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that english often means a good opportunity for ones career, is this really the case?

对于一般人来说，他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作，然而这是真的吗?

149. by taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

通过体育锻炼，我们能够始终保持健康。

150. listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.

听音乐能使我们放松。

151. on no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。

152. it is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

153. those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

154. there is no one but longs to go to college.

人们都希望上大学。

155. since the examination is around the corner, i am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃作运动。

156. it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

157. summer is sultry. thats the reason why i dont like it.

夏天很闷热，这就是我不喜欢它的原因。

158. the progress of the society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

159. we should bring home to people the value of working hard.

我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。

160. taking exercise is closely related to health.

作运动与健康息息相关。

161. we should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

162. the condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

163. smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

164. reading does good to our mind.

读书对心灵有益。

165. overwork does harm to health.

工作过度对健康有害。

166. pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。

167. we should do our best to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

168. weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.

家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不仅是城里人，而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。

169. as is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.

众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。

170. today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. in order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.

现在，愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

171. from what i have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on tv has great influence on youngsters behavior.

从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

172. there are two reasons for the improvement in peoples living conditions. in the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.

人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。

173. my suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. to begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.

我对解决这个问题的建议如下：首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。

174. people differ in their attitudes towards failure. faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. others, however, lose heart and give in.

人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。

175. it is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.

人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。

176. as a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. on the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. people in many countries are suffering from public hazards.

常言道：事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家 的人民饱受公害之苦。

177. lets take cars for example. they not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. the noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.

就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。

178. it is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.

普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。

179. there is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.

毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。

180. additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

伏笔式照应，就是在文章的前面为后面设下埋伏的内容。这种照应，有的体现在事物上，有的体现在线索上，有的体现在情节上，用得比较多的是后者。以下是小编为您带来的记叙文写作照应技巧，欢迎阅读!

一、首尾式照应

首尾式照应，就是在文章开头出现的事物或语句，在文章结尾又再次出现，从而构成首尾呼应的关系，使全文形成一个首尾圆合、严密无懈的整体。首尾式照应的作用，主要表现在两个方面，一是在内容上，它可以强调某种思想感情，强化主题意义，加深读者印象，提高表达效果。二是在结构上，它可以增强文章的完整性和回环美。

首尾式照应在记叙文中的运用，常见的有两种情况。

一是运用倒叙方法的记叙文，必然是首尾照应，这种情况最多，也最典型。例如《记一辆纺车》，它运用了倒叙的方法，首尾照应很严密。请看首尾两段的有关内容：

首段：“我曾经使用过一辆纺车，离开延安那年，把它跟一些书籍一起留在蓝家坪了，后来常常想起它。想起它，就像想起旅伴，想起战友，心里充满着深切的怀念。”

尾段：“就因为这些，我常常想起那辆纺车。想起它就像想起旅伴和战友，心里充满着深切的怀念。围绕着这种怀念，也想起延安的种种生活。……”

这两段文字，在内容上、感情上、修辞上、时间上、地点上、表达方式上等方面，几乎都是相同的，前者放在开头，领起全篇，造成悬念，揭示主旨，激发读者阅读的兴趣。后者放在结尾，总结全文，强调中心，回扣文首。这样，既强调了作者与纺车的密切关系，又深化了纺车的不平凡意义，使文章形成了一个很严密的整体。

二是运用顺叙方法的记叙文，也有首尾照应的，但没有运用倒叙方法记叙文的照应那么周密，那么严整，运用的频率也不高，难度却较大，但如果运用得好，会产生别出心裁的效果，例如莫怀戚的《散步》，是一篇用顺叙方法写成的记叙文，其中就运用了这种照应的方法。

先看开头：“我们在田野散步：我，我的母亲，我的妻子和儿子。”

再看结尾：“这样，我们在阳光下，向着那菜花、桑树和鱼塘走去，到了一处，我蹲下来，背起了母亲，妻子也蹲下来，背起了儿子。……”

这两段文字的照应，主要体现在两个方面：一是情节的照应，即“散步”;二是人物的照应，即“我”母亲、妻子、儿子等祖孙三代四个人。而且，照应的顺序很有讲究，开头是“散步”总概，结尾是具体的“散步”;开头由“我”到“母亲”到“妻子”到“儿子”，结尾依然是这样的安排顺序。这样照应，既有序，又有物，既合理，又严密。

首尾式照应是使文章完整的最主要方法之一，运用时，有两点值得注意：一是照应的语句要有所变化，不能简单重复，否则显得呆板;二是开头和结尾的文字，要有明显的适应性，开头只能作开头，结尾只能做结尾，不能互换而用。

二、总结式照应

总结式照应，就是在文章有关段落的前面或后面，对上面或下面的内容进行总结或领起，这种总结总领式的语句或段落，至少出现两次，而且句式或段落的内容和形式基本相同，从而形成前后照应的关系，使文章浑然一体。

总结式照应既在内容上归束上文，领起下文，又在结构上勾连前后，具有明显的阶段性，有的从内容上，逐层引向深入，有的从感情上，依次推向高潮。它在内容上以总结总领为主，在结构上以照应为主。例如《白杨礼赞》这篇文章，全文共9个自然节，总结式照应主要体现在第4、第6两节。第4节：“那就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而实在是不平凡的一种树。”第6节：“这就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而决不是平凡的树。”这两段文字，前者总结是第3节内容，后者总结第5节内容，它们都是一名话，都是独立成段，二者不仅内容相同，都是说白杨树的不平凡，都是说白杨树的评赞，而且句式也都是相同的，都是二重转折复句，都是判断句加否定句，实际上，只有两个词之差，其余所用的文字也都是相同的。这样总结，就构成了明显的照应关系，使文章前后相联，彼此关照，避免了松散和拖沓，强调了白杨树的不平凡意义，总结很有深度和力度。

总结式照应的另一种形式，就是体现文章主题思想的语句在文中多次出现，如果出现在开头，则起领起作用，如果出现在中间或结尾，则起总结作用。这种照应阶段性不明显，但更自由灵活。《钓胜于鱼》这篇以记叙文为主的哲理散文，就采用了这种照应的方法。体现文章主题的语句是“我是为钓，不是为鱼”，这个句子在文中完整地出现有两次，一次是在第6节，二次是在第 18节，除此而外还有与之相近的句子，如第10节：“能够欣赏钓，而不计较鱼”;如第17节：“不是为鱼的钓者”等。这些语句，有的用于段落的开头，有的用于段落的结尾，概括领起，总结归纳，前照后应，十分和谐紧凑。

总结式照应有明显的阶段性，阶段的体现有两种形式，一是并列式，像《白杨礼赞》;二是递进式，如《钓胜于鱼》。运用时，要注意文章的发展顺序，是并列式还是递进式。如果是前者，总结的语句可以相同：如果是后者，总结的语句就要稍有变化，要符合递进的内容特点，还有，总结的语句宜简不宜详，以概括为主，表达上一般是议论或抒情。

三、伏笔式照应

伏笔式照应，就是在文章的前面为后面设下埋伏的内容。这种照应，有的体现在事物上，有的体现在线索上，有的体现在情节上，用得比较多的是后者。伏笔式照应讲究的是“伏”，“伏”的内容设计要服从全文的主要情节，不能旁逸。同时，后文要有对前文“伏”的内容的说明，使“伏”的内容有个圆满的交代，从而形式前伏后应的密切关系，使文章结构严谨。

伏笔式照应既有单一性的，又有多样性的，前者按一条线索设置伏笔，单线发展，这种照应，比较简单，读者容易掌握.后者多方面地设置伏笔，也多方面交代结局，这种照应有一定的难度 ，读者不易把握，但用得好，可以增加文章的结构美。例如，《挺进报》就运用了这种多样性的伏笔照应。

文章开头提到陈然：“决心学写仿宋字”，狱中党组织又指示陈然“心须坚持写仿宋字”，这两处都是伏笔，后来，特务们核对许晓轩的笔迹，得出“笔迹相同”的结论，这是对前面两处伏笔的交代，照应十分严密。如果前面没有那两处伏笔，这个结论就很难作出，如果硬写上这个结论，就显得突兀了，这是第一组伏笔式照应。