分词分句是什么（14篇）

Ⅰ单项选择

1.thehouseonfire,hedialed119.

A.ToseeB.SeeingC.HavingseenD.Beingseen

2.Ifelldownandbrokethreeofmyteeth.IwonderhowmanytimesIhavetocomehereandgetmyfalseteeth.

A.fixB.fixingC.fixedD.tofix

3.Weretolistentoher_voice.Itstohearhersing.

A.pleased;pleasing;pleasureB.pleased;pleasant;apleasure

C.pleasing;pleased;apleasureD.pleasing;pleasant;pleasure

4.somestamps.

A.Passed,buyingB.Passing,tobuyC.Havingpassed,buyD.Pass,tobuy

5.withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.

A.ComparingB.TocompareC.ComparedD.Havingcompared

6.Herearesomenewcomputerprogramsforhomebuildings.

A.designingB.designC.designedD.todesign

7.alittlemoney,Jimmywasabletobuyhismotheralovelynewlamp.

A.TosaveB.SavingC.SavedD.Havingsaved

8.Theteachercameintotheclassroombyhisstudents.

A.followingB.tobefollowingC.followedD.havingfollowed.

9.Withthemoney,hecouldntbuyanyticket.

A.toloseB.losingC.lostD.haslost

10.Therewassomuchnoiseintheroomthatthespeakercouldntmakehimself.

A.beingheardB.hearingC.heardD.hear

11.Theresultofthetestwasrather.

A.disappointedB.disappointingC.beingdisappointedD.disappoint

12.IveneverheardthewordinspokenEnglish.

A.useB.usedC.usingD.touse

13.howtodothehomework,Iwenttoaskmyteacherforhelp.

A.NottoknowB.NotknowingC.KnowingnotD.Notknown

14.Deeply,Ithankedheragainandagain.

A.beingmovingB.movedC.movingD.tobemoved

１

15.Withwinteron,itstimetobuywarmclothes.

A.cameB.comesC.comeD.coming

16.theoffice,theforeignvisitorswereshownroundtheteachingbuilding.

A.HavingshownB.ShowingC.HasshownD.Havingbeenshown

17.Hewentfromdoortodoor,wastepapersandmagazines.

A.gatheringB.gatheredC.gatherD.beinggathered

18.Thestudentcorrectedhispapercarefully,theprofessorssuggestions.

A.followB.followingC.followedD.beingfollowed

19.Thepricewillsaveyouonedollarforeachdozen.

A.reduceB.reducingC.reducedD.reduces

20.Peopleinthecitydonotknowthepleasureofcountrylife.

A.liveB.toliveC.livedD.living

21.Theforeignertriedhisbest,buthestillcouldntmakehispoint

A.understandB.understandingC.tounderstandD.understood

22.Thescientistswerewaitingtoseetheproblem

A.settleB.settledC.tosettleD.settling

23.Thelibrarysstudyroomisfullofstudentsfortheexam.

A.busilypreparedB.busypreparingC.busilyprepareD.arebusilypreparing

24.Thegroundiswithleaves.

A.covering,fallingB.covered,fallingC.covered,fallenD.covering,fallen

25.Lessonseasilyweresoonforgotten.

A.tolearnB.learnC.learnedD.learning

26.Thewalletseveraldaysagowasfoundinthedustbinoutsidethebuilding.

A.stolen,hiddenB.stealing,hidingC.stealing,hiddenD.stolen,hiding

27.Apersonaforeignlanguagemustbeabletousetheforeignlanguageown.

A.tolearn,toforgetB.learning,toforgetC.tolearn,forgettingD.learning,forgetting

28.differentkindsofpianos,theworkersfartherimprovedtheirquality.

A.ToproduceB.BeingproducedC.ProducedD.Havingproduced

29.Thestudentsintheuniversityarealltakingcoursesadegree.

A.comingtoB.goingtoC.leadingtoD.turningto

30.Manythingsimpossibleinthepastareverycommontoday.

A.considerB.consideringC.consideredD.beconsidered

２

31.manytimes,hestillcouldntunderstand.

A.HavingbeentoldB.HavingtoldC.HehavingbeentoldD.telling

32.Theoldsickladyenteredthehospital,hertwosons.

A.tosupportB.supportingC.supportedbyD.havingsupported

33.Chinaisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworld,9.6millionsquarekilometres.

A.tocoverB.coveredC.coversD.covering

34."Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsatthemanincharge

oftheinformationoffice.

A.discussed,staredseriouslyB.beingdiscussed,seriouslystaring

C.tobediscussed,seriouslystaredD.discussed,stared

35.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,

A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added

36."Canyouread?"Marysaidtothenotice.

A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing

37.thecomposition,Johnhandedittotheteacherandwentoutoftheroom.

A.WritingB.HavingwrittenC.WrittenD.Beingwritten

38.Wereyouwhenyousawthatwildanimal?

A.frightB.frighteningC.frightenedD.frighten

39.Properlywithnumbers,thebookscanbeeasilyfound.

A.markedB.markC.tomarkD.marking

40.Thechildsatinthedentistschair.

A.trembleB.tremblingC.trembledD.totrembled

41.Atthismomentthebellrang

A.announceB.announcingC.announcedD.toannounce

42.Hewalkeddownthehills,softlytohimself.

A.singB.singingC.sungD.tosing

43.Ihadtoshouttomakemyselfabovethenoise.

A.heardB.hearingC.heardD.tohear

44.Thegraduatingstudentsarebusymaterialfortheirreports.

A.collectB.tocollectC.collectedD.collecting

45.ThecarsinBeijingareasgoodasthoseinShanghai.

A.produce,produceB.produced,produced

C.produced,producingD.producing,producing

46.WhenIcamein,IsawDr.Liapatient.

A.examineB.examiningC.toexamineD.examined

３

47.asatisfactoryoperation,thepatientrecoveredfromillnessveryquickly.

A.HavingbeengivenB.HavinggivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven

48.asatisfactoryoperation,thedoctorbelievedthepatientwouldrecoverfromhisillness

verysoon.

A.HavingbeengivenB.HavinggivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven

49.HewrotealettertomethathistriptoJapanhadbeenputoffbecauseofthebadweather.

A.informB.informingC.informedD.beinginformed

50.Hereadsnewspaperseverydaytokeephimself__aboutwhatsgoingonintheworld.

A.informB.informingC.informedD.beinginformed

Ⅱ.用适当的非谓语动词形式填空

1.Shecaughtthestudent(cheat)inexams.

2.WhenIgotthere,Ifoundhim(repair)farmtools.

3.WhenIgotthere,Ifoundthefarmtools.(repair)

4.Justthenheheardsomeone

5.Heworkedsohardthathegothispay

6.Themissingboyswerelastseen(play)neartheriver.

7.His__________(frighten)expressionmadehiswife__________(surprise).

8.Theworkershadthemachines(run)allnightlongtofinishtheworkontime.

9.Peopleinthesouthhavetheirhouses(makeof)bamboo.

10.(lose)inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.

Ⅲ.改写下列句子,其划线部分应改为分词短语

1.Gentlemenalwaysshakehands

2.Acoldrainwasfalling.

3.Theoldmanwalkedslowly.

4.Theground

5.Thereisatalltree

一般说来，用on和at表示“as soon as, once”。on后面常接“来、去”之类的词，at后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词。in后面接其他带动作的词，相对于从属连词“while”。

例1：On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them.当他把晶体揭开时，发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙，他吃了一惊。

例2：In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.

我在跑下楼的时候，听见钟敲了十二下。

例3：He jumped with joy at hearing the news.他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。

在前文提到，在书面表达中老师喜欢看到的高级语法共有五种：倒装，强调，从句，独立主格和分词结构，以及虚拟语气。在所有的高级语法中，阅卷老师最喜欢看到的是独立主格和分词结构，其次是剩下的几项。但很多学生不知道如何在文章中使用这个最大的亮点。其实几乎所有的状语从句都可以变成独立主格或分词结构，时间状语从句，原因状语，条件状语等。例如条件状语从句：If such is the case, you should apologize to her. 如何变成独立主格或分词结构呢?学会下面的口诀，如果你的作文中有状语从句，马上可改成独立主格或分词结构这个最大的亮点。

口诀：一去，二看，三改。一去：去连词;二看：看主语;三改：改分词。

If such is the case, you should apologize to her.按照这个口诀来改，第一步，去掉连词if;第二步，看前后两句话的主语，前后主语不一致，所以要改成独立主格;第三步，改分词，is 变成分词是being，所以最后变成Such being the case, you should apologize to her.就变成了独立主格。如果前后两句话主语一致，就变成分词结构，例如2005年高考书面表达中的一句话Because I am a student, I’d like to know the price for students. 改成Being a student, I’d like to know the price for students.其他想表达状语从句的时候几乎都一样。所以想表达由于，因为，如果等都写成独立主格或分词结构会让阅卷老师多给几分。

总之，高考的书面表达重在设计，如何设计出让阅卷老师看了眼前一亮的句子，写出有分词，倒装，强调，修辞的句子，使整篇文章句型丰富，不单一，有效的使用连接成分使文章连贯，方能在高考中拿到高分。

当主句和从句的主语一致，谓语的时态又是同时段发生，可以把从句的主语省去，变谓语动词为现在分词或过去分词。如果分词的逻辑或时间意义不明确，还可以保留连词。

例1：Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats.

客人们一边吃蛋糕、喝饮料以及享用其它的食品，一边却在一起聊天。

例2：While speaking out against Hitler’s atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality.虽然美国人谴责希特勒的暴行，但是他们却一惯奉行孤立政策和中立态度。

例3：Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set into lasting form when shaped in a mold.

注：如果从句的谓语是系动词be，在简化句型时应该把be动词改成being，但是由于being语义意义，所以可以省略，这样就造成了形容词作状语了。

例1：These apples, when ripe, are picked.这些苹果一旦熟了就要被摘下来。

例2：She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant.她知道怀孕时吸烟的一切危害性。

1. the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

2. Nothing is + ~er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

3. ~cannot emphasize the importance of ~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

4. There is no denying that + S + V ... (不可否认的...)

例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

5. It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~ (全世界都知道...)

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

6. There is no doubt that + 句子~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句：There is no doubt that our air pollution leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的空气污染令人不满意。

7. An advantage of ~ is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)

例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

8. The reason why + 句子 ~is that + 句子 (……的原因是……)

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air / The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

9. So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此……以致于……)

例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们浪费不起。

10. Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V(虽然...)

例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. 【by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不】

虽然我们的国家富有，但我们的生活品质一点也不令人满意。

一． .................................................................................................................................................. 1

二． .................................................................................................................................................. 1

三． .................................................................................................................................................. 2

四． .................................................................................................................................................. 3

五． .................................................................................................................................................. 8

一简述

1. 当过去分词在句末时，不管有无逗号，都是就近修饰名词;

2.现在分词在句末时，无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语；

3.当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词. 所以OG127说C选项:"the phrasehaving been assigned...is uncertain in reference,making the sentence unclear."-->就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了. (另外在GMAT里,having been done的用法错误,应直接用done)

避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰--OG127正确选项B (而不用加逗号的现在分词修饰.其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义)就比定语从句简洁)还有 OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句.E选项的句尾现在分词错误.

4.当现在/过去分词在句中且前没有逗号,修饰前面紧邻名词;

5.当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语.

这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后-->形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG179

6.在前面有多个名词如名词1+介词+名词2结构,而要用分词修饰名词1时,为避免歧义要重复名词1即用同位语结构:名词1+介词+名词2,名词1+分词.见OG208

二．

1、doing/done,SVO 注意分词的逻辑主语与S一致

2、介词/连词+doing/done,SVO 也要注意分词逻辑主语与S一致

3、S,doing/done,V 分词作定语修饰主语（前后一对逗号隔开，相当于定语从句）

注意：如果出现: “名词,doing,名词”，则会有分词前后的修饰歧义，如179DE，245E

4、SVO doing 分词作定语修饰主语，如 96AC，121C，146E，222A，234B，237E

5、SVO,doing

A、分词优先作状语

1）修饰主语（与分词在句首一样，注意逻辑主语），如 33B，39C，44B，120E，163D，256B

2）修饰主句动作，如 78BD，119B，154A，259A

B、其次作定语，但没有定语从句清晰，会有修饰歧义，如 253DE，（“，including”除外 249）

6、SVO done 分词作定语修饰O（同4）

7、SVO,done

A、分词作状语修饰S，如 大全558

B、分词作定语修饰O，如 127A（分词相当于形容词 253A）

some people base on sth是绝对错误的。但是有sb. base sth. on sth.的用法. 三．

1.SVO+doing,无逗号的情况下doing是针对宾语的动作,96AC(OG says : assuring针对主语有问题)，121C，146E，222A(OG says: enabling很好的修饰了宾语)，234B，237E -------以上证明了ets的偏好,svo+doing修饰主语是模糊的,修饰宾语是清晰的

2.SVO, doing有逗号,33B，39C(Og says:protecting很好的

解释了主语的行为)，44B，120E(Og says:错误选项有可能混淆的指代主语而不是逻辑上正确的宾语)，163D(Og says:sleeping正确的修饰了主语)，256B --------以上证明了在Og中svo,doing的doing多指代主语

3.svo,doing有逗号,78BD(doing指代了前面整个句子的行为)，119B(同前)，154A(*)，259A(同前)------------以上证明了Og中svo,doing的doing多指代前面的整个句子

四．例子

产生participle phrases原点是为了to reduce wordiness by replacing longer adverbial or relative clauses，另外要强调的重要讯息不会写成participle phrases，因为分词修饰语属于次等地位(The

modifier is subordinate to the main clause)。也就是说A….and B…(A与B一样重要)，如果A…V..,B...Ving (就重要性而言A>B)

简单一句：分词构句是主要句子的意义延伸。

目前我看到有几种句意：

1. 因果(★★★★★)

2. 补述：解释某事(★★★)、描述状态并列或伴随(★★)、纯举例

participle

phrases如此具困扰性是因为可以改写的来源多

1.由adj. clauses (如who, which开头)可改写成分词词组。考题中可分形容词子句限制性、非限制性改分词的考法。

2. 副词子句(有连接词开头的)也可改分词词组，所以有因果关系或时间关系，单纯就时间关系看，可以有先后或同时，会有动作是伴随或是并列关系。

3.当三个以上的动词用and相连时，后面的部分也改写成分词(V, Ving... and Ving...)。

我看过的说法中，觉得Manhatan GMAT备考网站，里面指导员所讲的分词概念不错，但是他的目的在卖书，所以讲的真的不多。

1.当分词构句放句首，修饰后面句子的主词。前几天看到有人发帖的整理，讲到分词在句首，表示此动作先于主要句子的动作，讲的真好。

2.当分词构句不放在句首时:

if

theres NO COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adjective phrase that modifies the noun immediately

preceding.

if

theres a COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adverb phrase that modifies the action of the preceding

clause.

PS：逗号的产生可能是插入语，遇到插入语可以跳过不看，不代表分词修饰这个插入语。

判断上抓前句的动词与主词，如果用中文想就是「此主体这个动作的行为导致或表示.....」(to modify the action of)。而且不可以只有思考主词或动词。 如果遇到前句有数个动词，以找最近的动词为主，譬如V1 to V2，分词构句修饰V2

3.

participle (V-ing) after the comma can not modify the subject of the preceding clauses

noun.

這個考「什么情况下不可以改成分词构句?」除了需要有对等连接词的句子，不可改分词构句，因为句意重要性会被改变外，

打逗号的Ving分词，无法修饰逗号之前的名词，所以非限制的形容词子句最好不要改分词Ving构句(有7個考題)，但是Ved分词例外(有两个考题)。

独立主格结构中都带有相应的逻辑主语，分词的选择需要把握清楚分词和逻辑主语之间的主被动关系。

例：随着独生子女家庭成为主要的家庭形式，父母试图给孩子一种近乎完美的保护。

[误]With one-child family been the dominant pattern of household， parents attempt to give a perfect shelter to their children。

[正]With one-child family being the dominant pattern of household， parents attempt to give a perfect shelter to their children。

[分析]“随着独生子女家庭成为主要的家庭形式”做伴随状语，译为独立主格结构，动词be和其逻辑主语one-child family 之间是主动关系，所以be 应该使用现在分词形式。

非谓语动词系列训练（二）

一：在句子意思不变的情况下用分词或不定式改写下列句子：

1.Whenhesawfromthetopofthemountain,heviewedabeautifulcity.

-----___________fromthetopofthemountain,heviewedabeautifulcity.(用分词)

2．Whenitwasseenfromtheofthemountain,thecitylookslikeagarden.(用分词)------_____________fromtheofthemountain,thecitylookslikeagarden.city.(用分词)

3.Whenhewasaskedwhyhewentthere,hesaidhewassenttheretobetrainedforaspaceflight.

-------When________whyhewentthere,hesaidhewassenttheretobetrainedforaspaceflight.(用分词)

4.DoyouknowtheboywhoknowsJapanese?

-----Doyouknowtheboy___________Japanese?(用分词)

5.DoyouknowtheboywhoiscalledTom.

----Doyouknowtheboy________Tom.-(用分词)

6.Thisisthemanwhoorganizedtheactivity.

Thisistheman________________theactivity.(用分词)

7.Hefollowedhisstudentsandcamein.

------Hecamein,____________hisstudents(用分词)

8.Hecameinandwasfollowedbyhisstudents

-----Hecamein,____________byhisstudents(用分词)

9.Thewomanwhowasdressedinablueskirtdeliveredaspeechtous.

----Thewoman_____________inablueskirtdeliveredaspeechtous.(用分词)

10.Becauseheisaphysicist,hecouldwellexplainedhowtodotheresearch.

----_______aphysicist,hecouldwellexplainedhowtodotheresearch.(用分词)

11.Hewasbornonthe18thofJanuary,1979inTaiwan,andhewasraisedbyhismotherandwasshyandquietduringhischildhood.

-----____________onthe18thofJanuary,1979inTaiwan,andhewasraisedbyhismotherandwasshyandquietduringhischildhood.(用分词)

12.Theflowershisfriendgavehimwilldieunlessitiswateredeveryday.

---Theflowershisfriendgavehimwilldieunless____________everyday.(用分词)

13．Whenwewerewalkingdogs,wecameacrossafamousprofessor.

------When____________dogs,wecameacrossafamousprofessor.(用分词)

14.Hedonatedover10billiondollarsinorderthathecouldsponsoreducation,culture,sports,andpublicwelfareintheearth-strickenarea.

-----Hedonatedover10billiondollars_____________education,culture,sports,andpublicwelfareintheearth-strickenarea.(用不定式)

15Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,heplayedthepiano.

-----____________hishomework,heplayedthepiano.

16.Afterthebridgehadbeencompleted,itwentthroughahardtimebecauseofthebadweather.

----______________________,itwentthroughahardtimebecauseofthebadweather.

17ItissaidthatBellinventedthetelephone.

18.Bellissaid__________thetelephone.(用不定式)

19.Idon’tdecidewhatIshoulddo.

Idon’tdecidewhat__________(用不定式)

20.Ithappenedthathehadbeeninvited

----Hehappened_____________

21.Hewassoyoungthathecouldnotgotoschool.Hewastooyoung__________toschool.

22.Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.

-----Thetest__________,webeganourholiday.(用独立主格结构)

23.Astimegoesby,hebecomsawareofit.

Withtime________by,hebecomesawareofthesignificantofit.

24.Themoon,whichtravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,isanaturalsatelliteoftheearth.

----Themoon,___________roundtheearthonceeverymonth,isanaturalsatelliteoftheearth.

25.Thoughhehadbeentoldseveraltimes,hedidn’tunderstandme.

-----_______severaltimes,hedidn’tunderstandme.

26.Aftertheproblemwassolved,hetookarest.

----Withtheproblem____________,hetookarest.

27.Iftimepermits,wewill

28．Helaythere,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.

---Helaythere,hishand_______,hiseyeslookingstraightup

29.IoncereadabookcalledMan,WomanandChild,whichenabledmetounderstandtheloveinafamily.

------IoncereadabookcalledMan,WomanandChild,______________metounderstandtheloveinafamily.(用分词)

30.Therearemanyplacesofinterest,amongwhichistheYunjimountain,whosesceneryisverybeautiful,whichattractslotsoftouristsfromdifferentplaceseveryyear.

------Therearemanyplacesofinterest,amongwhichistheYunjimountain,whosesceneryisverybeautiful,____________lotsoftouristsfromdifferentplaceseveryyear.(用分词)

二：非谓语动词完成句子练习

therewasnodoctoravailable.(only)

,playingcardsathomeortakingawalkinthepark?(spend)

.(think)

包括三名儿童）.(child)

5.根据他的话判断）,hedidwellinhisexam.(judge)

theTangDynasty.(date)

7.Thisisanarticle（由五部分组成）fiveparts.(consist)

fiveparts.(make)

assoonaspossible.(solve)

boredalotoffanstodeath.(concern)

,lcannotobjecttoyourmarriage.(concern)

子）atschool?（keep）

（躲在木箱里）behindthedoor.(hide)

,wehadtowalkhomelastnight.(be).

inthebroaddaylightyesterday.(rob)

（满是脚印）.(mark)

（石油价格上涨）,theeconomyofthatcountryisslowingdown.(go)

18.Whenthenationalflagisbeinghoisted,allthestudentsstandatattention,.(fix)

him,Idecidedtowriteagain.(hear)

20.Hedoesn’tseemtomindbyothers.(make)

nextweekisofgreatimportance.(hold)

isveryimportant.(hold)

isofgreatimportance.(hold)

theThirdWorld.(belong)

（致力于研究）,theprofessorpaidlittleattentiontohissurroundings.(devote)

inthemorning.(come)

（为了确保那孩子尽快康复），fivedoctorstookturnslookingafterhimdayandnight.(ensure)

，theoldmanstruggledtohisfeet.(help)

,theparentsweretakentothediningroom.（show）

（.support）

.（drop）

,Iamnotfamiliarwiththiskill.(tell)

（为了不被注意）byothers.(notice)

三：合并下列句子

1.Theannualschoolsportsmeetingwasheldyesterday.Itpresentedamarvelousopeningceremony.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.Aftertheopeningceremony,wesatinthebaseofourclass.Wewaitedpatientlyforthebeginningoftherace.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Someofmyclassmatesworkveryhard,andtheyhopetofulfilltheirdream.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4..MyfriendChristinetookpartinthe800-meterrace.Shehadreceivedtrainingmanytimes,soshekeptcalmbeforetherace.After400meters,thoughshelookedtired,shestilltriedherbesttorun.Wescreamedandbeatthedrumwhenwesawshepassedby.Shewonthemedal,andwewereproudofit.(把短文中的从句或并列句改成非谓语动词)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

四：语篇填空用所给动词的适当形式填空。(一）

Freudwasoneofthefirstscientists[1]_________（make）seriousresearchofthemind.Themindisthecollectionofactivities[2]_________（base）inthebrainthatinvolvehowweact,think,feelandreason.Heusedlongtalkswithpatientsandthestudyofdreams[3]___________（search）forthecausesofmentalandemotionalproblems.Healsotriedhypnosis(催眠).Hewantedtoseeif[4]________（put）patientsintoasleep-likeconditionwouldhelpease

[5]________（trouble）minds.Inmostcaseshefoundtheeffectsonlytemporary.Freudworkedhard,althoughwhathedidmightsoundeasy.Hismethodinvolved[6]________(sit)withhispatientsand[7]________（listen）tothemtalk.Hehadthem[8]________（talk）aboutwhatevertheywerethinking.Allideas,thoughtsandanythingthatenteredtheirmindhadto

[9]___________（express）.Therecouldbeno[10]________（hold）backbecauseoffearorguilt.基础写作:最近，你就读的学校——广东实验中学高中部将举办开放日。你将作为学校的

学生代表向前来参观的英语老师介绍高中校区的基本情况，请准备好你的解说词，文章的开头和结尾已为你写好。(学会用非谓语动词表达）

?位置交通：位于广州市西部，荔湾区；出行便利，步行到地铁站约10分钟。?学校历史：逾120年的悠久历史；现高中校区于2004年竣工并投入使用。?校园环境：占地面积约125,000平方米；植物繁茂，绿树成荫，环境优美。?校园设施：课室宽敞明亮，配备齐全；拥有标准运动设施，

其中综合体育馆可用于举办比赛、会议和典礼。

?师生情况：目前学生约3000人，教师约200人；全体师生正在

为学校更美好的明天共同奋斗。

?【写作要求】

?只能用5个句子表达全部内容。?【评分标准】?句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。

Goodmorning,teachers!WelcometoGuangdongExperimentalHighSchool!.....

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

非谓语动词练习答案

1．Seeing2.Seen(原句有误，请改成Whenitwasseenfromthetopofthemountain,thecityisbeautiful(用分词)3.asked4.knowing5.called6.organizing7.following8.followed9.dressed10.Being11.Born12.watered13.walking14.tosponsor15.Havingfinished16.Havingbeencompleted1718..tohaveinvented

19.todo20.tohavebeeninvited21.togo22finished23.going24.travelling25.HavingbeentoldTold26.solved27.permitting28.clenched29.enabling30.attracting

二：非谓语动词完成句子练习

Keys:

1.onlytobetold(that)2.tospendyourspare/freetime

3.thinkingabout4.includingthreechildren/threechildrenincluded

5.Judgingfrom/byhiswords/whathesaid

6.datingbackto/from(whichdatesbackto/from)

7.consistingof/whichconsistsof

8.madeupof/whichismadeupof9.tosolvetheproblem

10.concerningthefootballmatch11.As/SofarasIamconcerned

12.(in)keepingfivechildren13.hiddeninawoodenbox

14.Therebeingnobus15.tohavebeenrobbed

16.Seenfromthetopof17.Seeingfromthetopof

18.Tosee19.markedwithfootprints

20.thepriceofoilgoingup21.fixedon/uponthenationalflag

22.with(both)hishandstied23.Nothavingheardfrom

24.(his)beingmadefunof25.tobeheld

第三次课：分词在句子中的用法

教学目标： 使学生初步了解及在句子使用分词

教学内容：

一、 动名词及不定式作业讲解

二、分词

现在分词和过去分词两种。

作为谓语，现在分词和be 一起构成进行时；过去分词和be一起构成被动语态，和have一起构成完成时。

例如：

I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。（现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。）

Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。（过去分词和have 一起表示主语已经完成的动作。）

The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。（过去分词和be 一起表示主语是动作的承受者。）

作为非谓语形式，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。 现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态；它的完成式（having + 过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。

现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词)。

过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词（及物动词）本身可以表示被动的含义，因而没有别的被动形式。

例如：

Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.) 他失败了三次，不想再干了。（having failed 表示发生在前的动作）

Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe?) 克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候，看见沙上有人的脚印。（walking 表示同时发生的动作）

The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。

The old days are gone. 旧时代一去不复返了。（gone 表示完成的状态）

I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理发了。（cut 是及物动词的过去分词，表示“被人理发”。） 分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。

例如：

Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道怕火，用手去摸，把手指烫了。

Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁，就去找警察帮忙。

（一）现在分词和过去分词的区别

（1）在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物的行为；及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之，现在分词是它修饰

的成分所作出的动作，过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。

例如：

convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众

the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class被剥削阶级

a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗

driving gears主动齿轮 / driven gears从动齿轮

（2）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。

例如：

the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) / the risen sun（升起的太阳）

the falling rain（正在下的雨）/ the fallen leaves（落下的树叶）

stolen money（被盗的钱/偷来的钱）/ill-gotten wealth（不义之财）

a high-flying kite（高飞的风筝）

再看一些例子：

boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家/an exciting story 令人激动的故事/ excited people 激动的人们

（2）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。

再看一些例子：

surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到)高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪

（3）做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感到如何”。

例如：

His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。

We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。

The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。

常用的还有：amusing/amused，astonishing/astonished，disappointing/disappointed，exciting/excited，frightening/frightened，interesting interested，moving/moved， relaxing/relaxed，satisfying/satisfied，shocking/shocked，surprising/surprised，terrifying/terrified，tiring/tired，worrying/worried等等。

（4）做状语的区别，分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。

例如：

Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义，几乎同时)

The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president。秘书工作到晚上很晚，给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义，同时)

Tired of the noise，he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦，所以他把窗户关上。(被动意义，

在谓语之前)

Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动，再三谢我。(被动意义，在谓语之前)

Persuade by my mother，she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下，她才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义，在谓语之前)

如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，现在分词要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主动的。 例如：

Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。 Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left。完工后，他收拾起工具走了。 分词做状语时，前面可用连词或介词。

例如：

After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。 Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition。尽管是在二战以前建的，这引擎仍然处于良好状态。

Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款，请用现金付。 Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事，除非被逼无奈。 She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后，她大变了。

（二）用法

1．作定语。作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是something，anything，everything，nothing等，则分词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。

例如：

This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。)这是一本有趣的书。

There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。)消息中有些有趣的事。

The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。)靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师

The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。)那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。

Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing?)唱歌的学生多数是女生。

Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned?)被问的许多村里人都拒绝。

注意：（1）分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：

分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系，而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。

现在分词 动名词

A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping)正在睡觉的孩子 A sleeping car(a car for sleeping)卧车

A flying bird(a bird that is flying)飞鸟 A flying course(a course for flying)飞行课程

A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming)游泳的女孩 A swimming pool(a pool for swimming)游泳池

The running water(the water that is running)流水 The running track(the track for running)跑道 现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读，动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。

（2）现在分词作定语时，它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生(或差不多同时发生)。

例如：

Who is the boy dancing over there？在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?

The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。

如果两个动作在时间上有先后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而往往用主从复合句结构。 例如：

The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那个人会回来的。

The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。

（3）be的现在分词being不能用作定语(可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词)。表示这种概念时，也用主从复合句结构。

例如：

He has a brother who is a worker。他有一个当工人的兄弟。

2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。

例如：

Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 (时间)

Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间)

Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因)

Being a student，he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student，he was interested in sports。) 他是个学生，所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因)

Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。)李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞，决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因) The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)

The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里，许多学生围着他。(行为方式)

While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。)看报时，父亲不时地点头。(时间)(分词前，可加表示时间的连词while或when。)

3、作宾语补足语。

例如：

Can you get the machine going again？你能使机器再动起来吗？

You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。

I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。

4、作表语。

例如：

The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。

Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。

The visitors looked surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。

The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。

5、作句子独立成分（分词有自己的逻辑主语时，称为独立主格结构。）

例如：

Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬，军队在街上行进。

All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断，半死不活地躺着。

分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。

My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间，解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作，它们之间是主动关系)

Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系)

We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。 (独立主格) The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and)，因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。

例如：

误：Having been told many times，but he still couldn’t understand it。

正：He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。

注意：（1）分词作状语时，逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。 例如：

Looking out of the window，I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window，I saw lots of people there。)

我往窗外一看，看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window的逻辑主语，就是句子的主语I。)

（2）在see，hear，watch，notice等动词后，用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示动作正在进行。 例如：

We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我们坐了两个小时，看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验)

We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我们走过教室，看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教宰的一刹那间，看见老师正存做实验)

I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看见他走进房间，打开抽屉，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时，用动词不定式。

例： 1 She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.一般

Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.特殊

2 Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.一般

Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 特殊

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned

2.It goes without saying that...

3.It can be said with certainty that...

4.As the proverb says，

5.It has to be noticed that...

6.It`s generally recognized that...

7.It`s likely that ...

8.It`s hardly that...

9.It’s hardly too much to say that...

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.There’s no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that...

13.what’s far more important is that...

二.衔接句型

A case in point is ...

As is often the case...

As stated in the previous paragraph如前段所述

But the problem is not so simple. Therefore然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

But it’s a pity that...

For all that...In spite of the fact that...

Further, we hold opinion that...

However , the difficulty lies in...

Similarly, we should pay attention to...

not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

As has been mentioned above...

In this respect, we may as well (say)从这个角度上我们可以说

However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即…

摘要：2011高考英语作文提高15分的8个实用句型……

三.结尾句型

I will conclude by saying...

Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...

All things considered,总而言之

It may be safely said that...

Therefore, in my opinion, it’s more advisable...

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….

The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….

It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四.举例句型

Let’s take...to illustrate this.试举例以兹证明

let’s take the above chart as an example to

illustrate this.

Here is one more example.

Take … for example.

The same is true of….

This offers a typical instance of….

We may quote a common example of….

Just think of….

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.

3. I believe the title statement is valid because….

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …. I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.

2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.

3. A and B differ in….

4. A differs from B in….

5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….

6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….

7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….

8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….

9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.

10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….

11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.

5. The reasons are as follows.

八 因果推理法常用句型

1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.

2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot.

3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we’ve learned a lot.

4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we’ve learned a lot.

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.

6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.

7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.

8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.

代替主句的现在分词短语

下面A和B中的现在分词结构主要用于书面英语。

A如主语同时做出两个动作时，通常其中的一个动作可以由现在分词来表示，这时分词既可

以放在动词不定式之前，也可以放在之后：Herodeaway．Hewhistledashewent．他骑马走了。他一边走一边吹着口哨。相当于：Herodeawaywhistling．

他吹着口哨骑马走了。

Heholdstheropewithonehandandstretchesouttheothertotheboyinthewater．相

当于：Holdingtheropewithonehand，hestretches…

他一只手拉着绳子，把另一只手伸给水中的男孩。

B如主语所做的一个动作紧接着所做的另一个动作，第一个动作常常用现在分词来表示，而且分词必须放在前面：Heopenedthedrawerandtookoutarevolver．相当于：Openingthedrawerhetookoutarevolver．

他打开抽屉，拿出了一把左轮手枪。

Sheraisedthetrapdoorandpointedtoaflightofsteps．相当于：Raisingthetrapdoorshepointedtoaflightofsteps．

她把翻板活门拉开，指着一段台阶。

Wetakeoffourshoesandcreepcautiouslyalongthepassage．相当于：Takingoffourshoeswecreepcautiouslyalongthepassage．

我们脱了鞋，小心地、偷偷地沿着走廊走过去．

这里好像用现在分词的完成式更合乎逻辑，如Havingopened，Havingraised，Havingtakenoff等。但除了使用现在分词的一般式可能使意思含混不清的时候以外，不必要使用完成式。

举一个必须使用分词完成式的例子：Eatinghisdinnerherushedoutofthehouse会给人这样一种印象，好像他手里还拿着菜盘子就走出了房子。因此，这里最好用HavingeatenHisdinner…形式。

C第二个动作构成第一个动作的一部分时或第二个动作是第一个动作的结果时，可以用现在分词表示第二个动作：Shewentout，slammingthedoor．

269

她出去后，砰地关上门。

Hefired，woundingoneofthebandits．

他开了枪，打伤了其中一个匪徒。

Ifell，strikingmyheadagainstthedoorandcuttingit．

我摔了个跟头，头撞在了门上，划了个口子。（这个句子中有三个动作，后面的两个动作是用分词来表示的。）

这样使用的现在分词的主语并不一定要同前面的动词的主语相同。它可以有自己的主语：Theplanecrashed，itsbombsexplodingatithittheground．

飞机坠毁了，它携带的炸弹在它触地的同时爆炸了。

277代替从句的现在分词短语

这种结构主要用于书面英语。

现在分词可代替as/since/because+主语+动词，即分词可

帮助解释其后面所发生的动作：Knowingthathewouldn’tbeabletobuyfoodonhis

journeyhetooklargesupplieswithhim．相当于：Asheknow…

他知道路上买不到食物，就带了很多食物。

Fearingthatthepolicewouldrecognizehimheneverwentoutinday-light．相当于：Ashefeared…

因为害怕警察认出他来，他从不白天出门。

注意：当being位于句首时，通常意为asheis或ashewas（由于他是……）：Beingastudenthewasnaturallyinterestedinmuseums．相当于：Because/Ashewasastudent…

他作为一个学生，自然对博物馆感兴趣。

这里beingastudent的意思并不是whilehewasastudent（在他学生时代）。

这样使用的分词的主语并不一定要与跟在后面的动词的主语相同。它可以带有自己的主语：Thedaybeingfine，wedecidedtogoswimming．

天气好，我们决定去游泳。

在这种情况下分词必须跟在作其主语的名词/代词之后。Be-ingfinetheday，wedecided…是错误的。但是Beingathletic，Tomfoundtheclimbquiteeasy（作为运动员，汤姆觉得这次爬山比较容易）是正确的，因为汤姆同时是found和后面跟着的climb的主语。同一个句子中可以连着用两个或两个以上的现在分词：Realizingthathehadn’tenoughmoneyandnotwantingtoborrowfromhisfather，hedecidedtopawnhiswatch．

知道自己钱不够，又不想从父亲那里借钱，他决定把手表当掉。

Notknowingthelanguageandhavingnofriendsinthetown，hefoundithardtogetapieceofwork．

既不懂当地语言，在此城又没有朋友，他发现自己很难找到一份工作。

278分词的完成式（主动语态）

A形式

having+过去分词：havingdone?havingseen

B用法

分词的完成式可代替现在分词，如第276节B中所举的例子所示（即同一个主语的一个动

270

作紧接着另一个动作）：Tyingoneendoftheropetohisbed，hethrewtheotherendoutofthewindow．相当于：Havingtiedoneendoftheropetohisbed，hethrewtheotherendoutofthewindow．

他把绳子的一头系在床上，另一头扔出窗外。

分词的完成式强调第一个动作在第二个动作开始前就已经完成，但除非使用现在分词的一般

式可能使意思混淆不清外，一般不必要使用这种结构。下面是造成混淆的一个例子：Read-ing

theinstructions，hesnatchedupthefireextinguisher。这句话给人的印象好像是两个动

作同时发生的。因此在这里用分词的完成式比较合适：Havingreadtheinstructions，hesnatchedupthefireextinguisher．

看完了说明书之后，他迅速拿起了灭火器。

如果两个动作之间有一段间隔，则必须用分词的完成式：Havingfailedtwice，hedidn’twanttotryagain．

已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。

如第一个动作持续一段时间时，也必须用分词的完成式：Havingbeenhisownbossforsuch

alongtime，hefoundithardtoacceptordersfromanother．

自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。

279过去分词（被动语态）及分词的完成式（被动语态）

A形式

规则动词的过去分词由不定式加ed或d构成：worked?loved

不规则动词的过去分词参见第39节。

B用法

1用做形容词：stolenmoney偷来的钱

awrittenreport一份书面报告

fallentrees倒了的树木

brokenglass碎玻璃

tireddrivers筋疲力尽的司机

blockedroads堵塞了的马路

2用来构成完成时态、不定式的完成式、分词的完成式以及被动语态：hehasseentohaveloved

itwasbroken

3正如现在分词可以用来代替主语+主动态动词结构一样，过去分词可以代替主语+被动态动词结构：Sheenters．Sheisaccompaniedbyhermother．相当于：Sheenters，accompaniedbyhermother．

她由母亲陪着走了进来。

Hewasarousedbythecrashandleapttohisfeet．相当于：Arousedbythecrash，heleapttohisfeet．

他被撞击声惊醒，一跃而起。

Thebridgehadbeenweakenedbysuccessivestormsandwasnolongersafe．相当于：Weakenedbysuccessivestorms，thebridgewasnolongersafe．

Havingbeenweakened…

这座桥遭到接二连三的暴风雨的破坏，已经不安全了。（请看下面）

Ashewasconvincedthattheyweretryingtopoisonhim，herefusedtoeatanything．相271

当于：Convincedthattheyweretryingtopoisonhim，herefusedtoeatany-thing．

因确信他们正企图毒死他，他拒绝进食。

C当有必要强调分词表示的动作发生在其后一个动词表示的动作之前时，应当用分词的被动完成式（havingbeen+过去分词）：Havingbeenwarnedaboutthebandits，helefthisvaluablesathome．

听到关于强盗出没的警告，他把贵重物品都留在家里了。

Havingbeenbittentwice，thepostmanrefusedtodeliverourlettersunlesswechainedourdogup．

邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。

280误连分词

通常认为分词是说明它前面的名词或代词：Tom，horrifiedatwhathehaddone，couldatfirstsaynothing．

汤姆被自己所做的事吓坏了，一开始都说不出话来了。

Romeo，believingthatJulietwasdead，decidedtokillhimself．

罗密欧相信朱丽叶已死，就决定自杀。

Amancarryingalargeparcelgotoutofthebus．

一个拿着一大包东西的男人下了公共汽车。

但要注意分词也可被主要动词把它跟所说明的名词或代词隔开：JonesandSmithcamein，followedbytheirwives．

琼斯和史密斯进来了，他们的妻子跟在后边。

Sherushedpastthepoliceman，hopinghewouldn’taskwhatshehadinhersuitcase．她赶紧从警察身边走过去，希望他不会问起手提箱里有什么。

如果在分词前面没有名词或代词，则认为分词是说明后面主要动词的主语的：Stunnedbytheblow，Peterfellheavily．

彼得被这一击打昏了，重重地倒了下去。（彼得被击晕了。）

Believingthatheisalone，thevillainexpresseshisthoughtsaloud．

那恶棍相信他身边没别人了，出声说出了自己的想法。

如果不遵守上述法则，就会造成混乱。Waitingforabusabrickfellonmyhead的意思似乎是说砖头在等候公共汽车，那岂非笑话。分词与名词或代词被这样错误地连接时就叫做误

连分词。上述句子应改写成：AsIwaswaitingforabusabrickfellonmyhead．

在我等公共汽车时一块砖头落到了我的头上。

下面再举几个误连分词的例子：（误）Whenusingthismachineitmustberemembered…（正）Whenusingthismachineyoumustremember…

使用这台机器时（你）必须记住……

（误）BelievingthatIwastheonlypersonwhoknewaboutthisbeach，thesightof

someoneelseonitannoyedmeverymuch．

（正）AsIbelievedIwastheonlyperson/BelievingthatIwastheonlyper-sononthebeach，Iwasannoyedbythesightofsomeoneelse．

因我自以为是唯一一个在这海滩上的人，看到有别人在这里时所以心里很不高兴。

Clauseswithpastparticiplesarepossible(mostlyinaformalstyle)after协when,while,onceanduntil.

Ifaskedtolookafterluggage户;someoneelse,informpoliceatonce.

Whenopened;keepinrefrigerator.

Oncedeprivedofoxygen,thebraindies.

Leaveinovenuntilcookedtoalightbrowncolour.

AftertalkingtoyouIalwaysfeelbetter.

Afterhavingannoyedeverybodyhewent)tome.

Depressclutchbeforechanginggear.

Shesbeenquitedifj}erentsincecomingback加mAmerica.

W}tentelephoning加mabroad,dial1865,notOI865.

Onbeingintroduced,Britishpeople可yenshakehands.

Theylefturithoutsayinggoodbye.

Shestruckmeasbeingaverynervykindofperson.

t…so}nazmcompie}eryrumeaournoiiaay·}

Notethat-ingclausescanbemadewithverbslikebe,have,wishandknow,whicharenotnormallyusedinprogressivetenses(see47i).Inthesecases,theparticipleclauseusuallyexpressesreasonorcause.

Beingunabletohelpinanyotherway,Igavehersomemoney.

Notwishingtocontinuemystudies,Idecidedtobecomeadressdesigner.Knowingherpre仰well,1realisedsomethingwaswrong.

，.。?:.，杏，.一:，一}..}.,刁二，?;，;…，

Participleclausesareoftenverylikerelativeclauses(see494.5),exceptthattheyhaveparticiplesinsteadofcompleteverbs.

Whosthegirldancingwithyourbrother?(=，..thegirlwhoisdancing.，.)Anyonetouchingthatwirewillgetashock(=Anyonewhotouches…)

Halfofthepeopleinvitedtothepartydidntturnup.(=…whowere

invited…)

Perfectparticiplesarenotoftenusedinthisway.

Doyouknowanybodywhoslostacat?(NOT

勿汁食栩哟

Whyareallthosecarsstoppedatthecrossroads?

Somemorepastparticiplescanbeusedwithactivemeanings,butonlywithadverbs.Examples:

awell-readperson($uTNOTa--i时例黝阶)

amuch-travelledmanrecentty-arrivedimmigrants

Thetrainjustarrivedatplatformsixisthedelayed13.1S,fromHereford.Someactivepastparticiplescanbeusedafterbe.Examples;

Sheisretirednow.Thosecurtainsarebad妙faded.

MyfamilyareallgrownupnowThisclassisthemostadvanced.

Recovered,camped,stopped,户nished(see205)andgone(see229)areusedinthiswayafterbe,butnotusuallybeforenouns.

Whyareallthosecarsstoppedatthecrossroads?(BUTNOT...令孩举脚份份)Ihopeyourefullyrecoveredfromyouroperation.

Werecampedinthe加Id~thestream.

Illbefcnishedinafewminutes.Thosedaysaregone

1Wesometimes

Insteadof:

Wecansay:

2Wesometimes

Insteadof:

Wecansay:

usebeinginplaceofis,are,wasorwere,thoughthisisoftenformal:

Iwaslost,soIhadtoasksomeonetheway.

Beinglost,Ihadtoasksomeonetheway.

usehavingbeeninplaceofhavebeenorhadbeen(alsoformal):

“现在分词短语”作后置定语

此项要明白三点：(1)“现在分词短语”与前面的名词一定是主谓关系;(2)它隐含的时态为与谓语动词同一阶段的时态。例如：谓语是一般现在时或将来时，现在分词所隐含的是现在时、现在正在继续时;如果谓语动词为一般过去时或将来时，现在分词所隐含的时态为过去时、过去正在进行时;(3)being+-ed表示“正在进行时的被动语态”。如果信息的中心在什么时候可以用现在分词呢?

(1)当被修饰的名词为“不定代词”、“泛指意义的名词”或“专有名词”，可用现在分句短语作后置定语

由于主语是泛指，句子的意思往往表达的是一条“道理”或一件“事实”，所以它们的隐含时为“一般现在时”，此时就可以用分词短语作后置定语。为了看清分词所隐含的时态，配上定语。

为了读者看得明白，配上定语从句，把分词所替代的时间展示出来。

例1：Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock.

任何人碰到那根电线就会触电。

= Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.

例2：The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled taskrequiring (=which requires) constant care and concentration.

唯一一个有效、持久的方法是说法人们相信，开车是一种技术活，需要不断的小心，思想不能开小差。

例3：Charles and Sydney, looking (=who look)so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.

查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似，经常被人误解为双胞胎。

注：虽然被修饰的词是泛指意义的词，但是如果从句里的时态不是同步，则不可以用“现在分词”去作后置定语，只能用“定语从句”。

例句Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?

你知道有谁丢了一只猫?

(2) 当被修饰的名词为特指，即有the限定，可用现在分句短语作后置定语

此类与上面一类一样，与被修饰词之间的关系为主动关系，所不同的是它强调该动词“正在进行”。

例1：Would you help me to pass this note to the person sitting in the corner?

能帮助我把这个条子递给坐在角落的那个人吗?

= Would you help me to pass this note to the person who is sitting in the corner?

注：同上一个“注”道理一样，本项虽然主句的主语是特指，但两个动作时态不是在同一阶段时间内发生，所以也不能用“现在分词”作定语，只能用“定语从句”。

例：The police are questioning the criminal who robbed the bank.

警察在审问那个抢劫银行的犯人。

(4)“Being+过去分词”表示“正在进行时的被动语态”

“Being+过去分词”作后置定语等同于含有“正在进行时+被动语态”的定语从句。请注意与下面的“过去分词”作后置定语的区别，此项里的being是不可以省略的，否定表示现在时、完成时和过去时的被动关系了(详见2)“过去分词”作后置定语)。

例1：The dormitory being built is for girl students.

正在盖的宿舍是给女生住的。

例2：The baby being taken care of by my mother is mine.

正在由我妈妈带的这个婴儿是我的。

“过去分词短语”作后置定语

此项要明白三点：(1)“过去分词短语”与前面的名词一定是动宾关系;(2)主句为一般现在时或一般将来时，“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般现在时”或“现在完成时”。如果有时间/地点状语或有by引导的介词，还可以替代过去时，因为时间/地点状语以及by引导的状语都是强调的是动作。当谓语动词是“一般过去时或过去将来时”的时候，“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般过去时”或“过去完成时”。下面同样用分词与定语从句对比的方式要看看“过去分词”所替代的时态。

例1：The risk associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. 对于作出某项行动的决定，集体作的要比个人作的风险小。

= The risk which is associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. (由于主句为一般现在时，从句的时态与它同步，所以可以省略关系代词和助动词)

例2：In fall 1992, people in Iowa sent truckloads of water to help Floridians hit(=which was hit) by a hurricane.

在1992年的秋天，爱荷华州的居民将好几辆卡车的水送到受飓风袭击的佛罗里达州人的手里。

例3：I’d like to make some comments on the meeting held (=which was held)yesterday. 我想对昨天召开的会议发表一点看法。

1.everything has its time and that time must be watched.

万物皆有时，时来不可失。

2.take time when time cometh,lest time steal away.

时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。

3.when an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.

机不可失，时不再来；机会一过，永不再来。

4.make hay while the sun shines.

晒草要趁太阳好。

5.strike while the iron is hot.

趁热打铁。

6.work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow.

今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能阻碍多。

7.punctuality is the soul of business.

因循拖延是时间的大敌；拖延就是浪费时间。

8.wisdom is a good purchase though we pay dear for it.

为了求知识，代价虽高也值得。

9.every tide hath ist ebb.

潮涨必有潮落时。

10.knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

11.wisdom is more to be envied than riches.

知识可羡，胜于财富。

12.wisdom is better than gold or silver.

知识胜过金银，

13.wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有钱。

14.doubt is the key of knowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。

15.if you want knowledge,you must toil for it.

若要求知识，须从勤苦得。

16.a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

浅学误人。

17.a handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning.

少量的常识，当得大量的学问。

18.knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.

知识只能循序渐进，不能跃进。

19.learn wisdom by the follies of others.

从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。

[英语作文考试加分句