中考英语写作万能模板19篇

1、organize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc。 下笔前整合思绪：脑力激荡，写出纲要等。

2、write clearly。 be concise。 avoid wordiness。写作清晰，务必精简，避免赘言。

3、use good grammar and write complete sentences。 使用好的文法，写出完整句子。

4、write simple sentences。 avoid a fancy style。 尝试简单句，避免花俏的句法。

5、avoid slang、cliche and informal words。 避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。

6、avoid use of the first person (i。e。 i/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece。除非必要，避免使用第一人称：如“我/我的”。

7、writing naturally。 read it aloud。 does it sound natural? does it flow? 自然挥洒，大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗?通顺吗?

8、move logically from one idea to the next。 dont skip steps。 上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。

[坚持八条英语作文的写作守则

以下是由语文迷网精心为大家整理提供的关于教育的英语名言，欢迎大家参考选择。

Education has for its object the formation of character.

教育的目的在于品德的培育。——斯宾塞

He can ill be master that never was scholar.

没当过学生的人成不了一个好先生。

Teaching others teaches youself.

教学相长。

Better untaught than ill taught.

宁可不受教育也强于受坏的教育。

Instruction knows no cladistinction.

有教无类——《论语》

The best bred have the best portion.

最好的教养是最好的嫁妆。

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)

教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)

Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)

与其不受教育，不知不生，因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

Dancing in all its forms cannot be excluded from the curriculum of all noble education: dancing with the feet, with ideas, with works, and ,need I add that one must also be able to dance with the pen? (Friedrich W.Nietzsche, German philosopher)

所有高尚教育的课程表里都不能没有各种形式的跳舞：用脚跳舞，用思想跳舞，用言语跳舞，不用说，还需用笔跳舞。(德国哲学家 尼采 F W)

Education commences at the mother’s knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)

教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)

Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)

教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)

Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)

教育不在于使人知其所未知，而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)

Education is a admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught. (Oscar Wilde, British dramatist)

教育是令人羡慕的东西，但是要不时地记住：凡是值得知道的，没有一个是能够教会的。(英国剧作家 王尔得 O)

Example is always more efficacious than precept. (Samuel Johnson, British writer and critic)

身教胜于言教。(英国作家、批评家 约翰逊 S)

Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

历史使人明智;诗词使人灵秀;数学使人周密;自然哲学使人深刻;伦理使人庄重;逻辑修辞学使人善辨。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)

If you dont learn to think when you are young , you may never learn .(Thomas Edison , American inventor )

如果你年轻时就没有学会思考，那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生 . T.)

Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.

(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。(英国哲学家 培根 . F.)

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)

教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)

And gladly would learn, and gladly teach. (Chaucer, British poet)

勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人 乔叟)

Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)

与其不受教育，不知不生，因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

Education commences at the mothers knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)

教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)

Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)

教育不在于使人知其所未知，而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)

Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)

教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)

For a cultivated man to be ignorant of foreign languages is a great inconveniece. (Anton P.Chekhrv, Russian dramatist)

一个受过教育的人，不懂外语是极不方便的。(俄国剧作家 契克夫 A P)

导语：英语在小升初入学考试中的作用越来越大，小六的学生英语水平差距不大，如何才能在小升初英语考试中脱颖而出，小升初英语写作成为关键，下面是小编收集的如何写出高分英语作文方法，欢迎大家阅读!

书面表达是考查学生英语综合水平的一个重要途径，很多孩子英语口语好，却无法写好英语作文。而现实情况却是从初一甚至从小学开始就已经有了对书面表达的考查，所以练习英语写作也是我们学而思小升初课程的重要环节，帮孩子们打好基础。

1、语法：这是现在孩子们在英语写作中丢分最多的一项。

(1)写完作文后要记得检查：语法知识需要靠我们平时一步步积累，但是孩子们要注意在写完作文之后一定要细心检查自己的作文，一些学过的语法点不要再错了。

(2)避免使用自己拿不准的句子：很多孩子喜欢用长句、复合句等。可是又对这些句子掌握得不是很牢固，所以很容易出错。一切拿不准的词和句子，都应该使用自己会的简单句和简单词，这样才能给考官留下好印象。

2、格式：拿到作文题，一定要把握好题目的要求，看清是哪种类型的题目，确定好相应的格式。

常考的题如日记，日记的格式就是需要在第一行左方顶格写上日期和星期，右方写上天气，然后再开始写正文。需要提醒大家的是，日记基本上都是描写已经发生过的事情，所以孩子们注意一定要用一般过去时哦!

还有一类常考的作文题型就是书信，书信的格式更需要大家注意：

3rd April 2008

Dear Mr. I

How are you these days? I will go to shanghai for my holiday.

Yours truly，

Nancy

3、词汇：如果在文章中能够正确使用一些高级词汇和词组，而不再是简单词汇，这会让老

师耳目一新。例如：如果要孩子们来写holiday。很多孩子们一开始就会写I went to …… last year. 用went就很大众化了，但是如果用take a trip这个词组就会显得你的英语水平跟其他人不一样了!对于词汇这个点，我向孩子们提两点建议：

(1)词汇需要平时积累，但是大家积累的时候一定要注意灵活使用学过的词。大家已经学过很多词组和单词了，可是大家都不会拿出来用，原因就是在于大家学的时候只记得了它的意思，没有认识该怎么使用，该在什么情况下使用。所以大家以后学习词汇的时候一定要翻翻词典学习例句，自己也拿来造个句子，要知道自己以后该怎么用。

(2)学习语言并不是纸上谈兵，练习写作也应该要多加练习。熟能生巧，练得多了，自然也就会知道什么时候用什么词，该怎么写作文了。

4、书写：这一点看似不重要，却最影响老师对你作文的整体评价。我们不要求要做到美观，但那是一定要整洁、认真。这样老师也能很快读懂你的文章，更能对你作文产生好的印象。

攻克英语写作：滴水穿石，积累成章

考研作文作为考查考生语言表达等综合能力的题型，是考研英语的压轴戏。考生在日常复习中应更趋向于积累。考研作文的复习和提高是与一些科学的学习方法和有效的学习技巧分不开的，在此，万学海文考研英语辅导专家提供大家一些练习方法及技巧，希望对同学们有所帮助。

考研作文分为大、小两类。小作文多以应用文体裁为主，例如求职信、感谢信、辞职信，道歉信等，这类作文不需要复杂华丽的文采修饰，表意明确就可以了；大作文的题型多是通过图片或者提示文字，要求考生完成提示所透视出来的问题。命题范围，从近几年看，都比较倾向于当前社会热门话题或观念。

一、欲速则不达，步步行进

想要达到一定的程度，首先要向这个程度看齐。就写作来说，如果你想将自己的作文水平提高到一个质的飞跃，首先你要懂得去吸取别人文章中的精华。这个吸取精华的过程就是阅读。只有多阅读，才能够培养起良好的语感，才会知道如何去构思，如何去质疑别人的观点，表达清楚自己的意思。正所谓"读书破万卷，下笔如有神"。无论何时，大家都勿急躁，因为"跑"得好的前提是"走"，

作文这种慢火候才能提高的题更是如此，一步一个脚印才是写作稳步提高的策略。

近些年写作考题的内容和主题，基本都与当年的热点话题有一定的关系，所以平时多阅读英语报纸、杂志，能够帮助你掌握更多的话题资源。对于比较热点、比较重要的主题，可以有目的地进行搜集整理。阅读的过程也应该讲究方法，应该以泛读与精读结合的方式进行学习。一些好的文章建议你读过以后做英文阅读笔记（即观后感）。在读与写的过程中，你的写作水平自然会得到快速提高。

二、在研读中背记

除了读与写，还要进行适当的背。背诵是积极备战快速提高写作成绩的一条捷径。建议考生可以选择历年真题中的写作佳文，先是研究，思考人家是怎么构思，怎么写的，获得高分的闪光点在哪。再在理解的基础上记忆，更能够在无形中增强你的表达能力。同学们也可以拿一些英语原著名篇来读、背，这样可以加强自己的语感，使自己的表达更加地道。

三、每周一练，积累成章

表达能力需要考生平时多一点练习，给自己制定一个写作计划。一周至少练习一篇文章。在加强写作练习之后，你的文章才能够 "成章"。因此，实际动手的能力至关重要。平时训练的重点应该锁定在文章是否切题，行文是否表意明确、通顺，有无语法错误等。另外，一定要给每一次行文限定一个可行的时间。并且，按照这个时间严格要求自己完成。

如果你能够找到范文，然后在练习之后进行比较，效果会更加明显。假使没有范文作为标样，建议你可以找英语水平较好的同学看一看。也许评看你作文的这个考生英语水平不是很高，但个人看别人文章的缺点很容易看出来。如果条件允许，找老师请教一下最好。

掌握好的方法加之持之以恒，相信最后的成功一定属于你，继续坚定的考研信念，自信满满的走下去。

在我们的英语写作过程中，如果能够很好的运用英语谚语，能给我们的作文带来亮点。下面是语文迷整理的高频谚语，一起来看看吧。

(一) Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

(二) One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

(三) Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

(四) A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

(五) Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

(六) All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

(七) Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

(八) More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

(九) Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

(十) All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

(十一) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

(十二) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

(十三) Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

(十四) A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

(十五) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

(十六) Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

(十七) Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

(十八) well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

(十九) It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

(二十) Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

(二十一) Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

(二十二) An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

(二十三) As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

(二十四) To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

(二十五) Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

(二十六) Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

(二十七) First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

(二十八) Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

(二十九) A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

(三十) live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

(三十一) Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

(三十二) East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

(三十三) Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

(三十四) Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

(三十五) Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

(三十六) The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

一、代入法

这是进行英语写作时最常用的方法。同学们在掌握一定的词汇和短语之后，结合一定的语法知识，按照句子的结构特点，直接用英语代人相应的句式即可。如：

1. 他从不承认自己的失败。

He never admits his failure.

2. 那项比赛吸引了大批观众。

The match attracted a large crowd.

3. 他把蛋糕分成4块。

He divided the cake into four pieces.

二、还原法

即把疑问句、强调句、倒装句等还原成基本结构。这是避免写错句子的一种有效的办法。如：

1. 这是开往格拉斯哥的火车吗?

Is this the train for Glasgow?

还原为陈述句：This is the train for Glasgow.

2. 他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。

It was because he loved my money that he married me.

还原为非强调句：Because he loved my money, he married me.

3. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.

还原为正常语序：Light travels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed.

三、分解法

把一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。这样既能把意思表达得更明了，又能减少写错句子的几率。如：

1. 我们要干就要干好。

If we do a thing, we should do it well.

2. 从各地来的学生中有许多是北方人。

There are students here from all over the country. Many of them are from the North.

四、合并法

就是把两个或两个以上的简单句用一个复合句或较复杂的简单句表达出来。这种方法最能体现学生的英语表达能力，同时也最能提高文章的可读性。如：

1. 我们迷路了，这使我们的旅行变成了一次冒险。

Our trip turned into an adventure when we got lost.

2. 天气转晴了，这是我们没有想到的。

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

3. 狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。

Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon their cooperation.

五、删减法

就是在写英语句子时，把相应汉语句子里的某些词、短语或重复的成分删掉或省略。如：

1. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。

This typewriter is very cheap and fine indeed.

注：汉语表达中的“价”和“物”在英语中均无需译出。

2. 个子不高不是人生中的严重缺陷。

Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.

注：汉语说“个子不高”，其实就是“不高”。也就是说，其中的“个子”在英语中无需译出。

六、移位法

由于英语和汉语在表达习惯上存在差异，根据表达的需要，某些成分需要前置或后移。如：

1. 他发现赚点外快很容易。

He found it easy to earn extra money.

注：it在此为形式宾语，真正的宾语是句末的不定式to earn extra money。

2. 告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。

The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.

注：who told me this为修饰the man的定语从句，应置于其后。

3. 直到我遇到你以后，我才真正体会到幸福。

It was not until I met you that I knew real happiness.

注：not...until...为英语中的固定句式，其意为“直到……才……”。

七、分析法

指根据要表示的汉语意思，通过进行语法分析和句式判断，然后写出准确地道的英语句子。如：

1. 从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般料想的那样严重。

Seen in this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.

注：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，由于the matter与see之间为被动关系，故see要用过去分词seen。

2. 我没有见过他，所以说不出他的模样。

Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like.

注：如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，且与逻辑主语是主动关系，则用现在分词的完成式。

八、意译法

有的同学在写句子时，一遇见生词或不熟悉的表达，就以为是“山穷水尽”了。其实，此时我们可以设法绕开难点，在保持原意的基础上，用不同的表达方式写出来。如：

1. 汤姆一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。

Tom was upsetting the other children, so I showed him the door.

2. 有志者事竟成。

Where there is a will, there is a way.

3. 你可以同我们一起去或是呆在家中，悉听尊便。

You can go with us or stay at home, whichever you choose.

半命题作文因其比全命题作文给考生提供的自由度更大，因此考生可写的内容更多，切入的角度也更多。半命题作文以后的命题趋势将是自由度更大，普遍性更强，与学生生活实际联系更紧密，有利于考生尽情地写出自己感受到的最有意义的人生体验和对生活的思考。

半命题作文在选材、立意上的自由度一般都比较大，写好此类作文的第一步在于补充完整一个恰当的题目。补题时，先进行选材上的思考，然后根据所选材料拟定完整的题目。此后的构思写作同于“命题作文”。

半命题作文写作，关键在于高明 补题、精心构思。如果思维闭塞、缺乏创新，都是按照同样的思路去命题，则容易出现“干人一面”、千“空”一“词”的雷同题目现象。如何把半命题变为有利于自己发挥特长的命题，可以说是一种技巧和艺术。因此，要掌握半命题作文的补题技巧，写作时才会做到游刃有余、收放自如。

第一步：仔细斟酌 补好题目

1、准确理解，辨清题意

写好半命题作文，最重要的是拟好题目。我们应对题目认真审度，理解每个词语或句子的意思。如2010年江西南昌的作文题目“我读____”，从句子成分来分析，明显地缺了吗?不行。还要抓住至关重要的关键词。把握住了关键词语，也就掌握了正确理解题意的钥匙。题目中的关键词语，有的明显，有的隐蔽，有的甚至是命题者故意设置的迷惑和干扰因素。上面例题中的“读”就是关键词语，重点扣住“读”的程度或过程，把最能反映特殊爱好而自己又沉醉其中的那个事物名称填上就行了。如《我读四大名著》《我读松花江的浪花》《我读妈妈那颗期盼的心》等等。

2.细处入手，以小见大

如果拟题过大，往往难以下笔。以“善待 ____”这一半命题作文为例，不少考生运用散文化的笔法，写《善待生活》《善待他人》《善待时间》《善待大自然》……显然，要在如此短的篇幅中，写深写透一个主题，写起来不易把握，更不易写出自己的真情实感。要想使文章有深刻的立意，最好采用以小见大的手法来写，这样才能使文章内容充实，主题深刻。如选取生活中你最为心动的一个场景、印象最深的一件事、最受感动的一个细节，用自我独特的情感体验，去表现最动人的情感，这样的文章更容易得高分。因此补题要避免雷同，要从小处切入，才能写得具体，写得生动。如以《善待地球》为题，可以选取有代表性的场景，抓住几个真实的、震撼人心的镜头，注意细节取胜，让人感受到地球被毁坏的惨状和大自然警钟长鸣的力量，挖掘出深刻的立意。

3.诗意命题，匠心独具

在生活中，每个人都会在不经意时错过一些美好的、珍贵的、受益的东西。它可能是一位好友，一段真情，一片风景，一个物件，或者是一句真诚的劝说，一次难得的机遇，一声礼貌的道谢……而这一切错失的背后，应该都有一段刻骨铭心的故事与非同寻常的意义。请将你的故事与感悟写出来与大家分享。请以 “曾经错过的____”为题，写一篇不少于600字的记叙文。

近几年来，诗意化的命题逐渐走进了中考作文，成为一道亮丽的风景，但也因此增加了审题和构思的难度。考生要将诗意化命题的象征义、比喻义、引申义挖掘出来，使作文立意深刻含蓄。如上述命题，大多数考生补题为：一段友情、一次机遇、一个道歉等。如此补题易于构思行文，但均出自提示语中。造成雷同，毫无特色。我们不妨展开想象，化实为虚，补出新意。在文题的横线上补上：一轮明月、一米阳光、那个季节、那缕芬芳、暗香盈袖的日子、梦想拔节的日子……这些文题新颖生动，既富有诗意，又蕴有理趣，能激发读者美好的遐想。

第二步：理清思路 立意出新

不难看出，半命题作文的立意，实际上往往与作者的补题构 思同步进行。考场作文立意水平的高下决定着作文的成败，而立意水平的高下又取决于作者平时的生活积淀和感悟人生、提炼思想的水平。下面谈谈半命题作文立意的三点要求：

1.准确。准确是前提，立意不准，全盘皆输。求准，首先就是要准确理解文题中的关键词语：也有人称之为“题眼 ”“题魂”。立意前须把握题中已有的修饰或限制性词语，准确理解已给文字的含义十分重要。同时，半命题作文如果有引语，往往以精辟优美、寓意深刻、情感浓郁的语句导人作文情境，或阐释，或举例，或提示，往往有着激发写作情思、界定选材范围的作用。

2.新颖。即对题中已有概念的理解要避开一般层面而取题意允许的新层面。例如“拒绝____”一题，一般考生在横线上补充上“自卑”“儒弱” “平庸”“自我封闭”等宾语，构成动宾短语，这类文章都含有自我 审视和校正的色彩。有的考生却能避开这一般模式，机智地补出别具一格的题目，闪烁出与众不同的文学色彩、哲理色彩，如《拒绝再玩》《拒绝长大》《拒绝末日》等。在求新的同时，所补题目须利于我们选用自己熟悉的、有感情、有特色的题材，这样就能做到有材料可写，有情可抒发。

3.深刻。这不是指故作高深，而是指由表象进入本质，由感性进入理性。例如作文题“我多想____”，你若补“唱”，则文章未免肤浅;你若补 “飞”，这比“唱”可能要好一些，但也流于一般。其实所补写的内容可实可虚，可近可远，你只要大胆发挥想象，尽可以游览于草木山水之间，徜徉于琴棋书画之中，关键在于你是否有较为丰富深刻的人生思考。例如有位考生拟题《我多想把你留住》，作者从运河水当年的清澈、宁静写到现在的浑浊、喧嚣，写到了人对大自然的毁坏，也感悟到世态沧桑和“水如人生”的哲理，平中 见奇，于一般中见深刻。

第三步：明确要求 写出特色

有的半命题作文前有引语，要谨慎审视，提取关键词语和切题联想。在文题的后面，往往都有一个“要求”，常对诸如写作范围、角度、文体、字数等方面作了一些限定。审这些要求的方法与全命题作文的相同，此不赘述。

导语：高尚的道德就是最大的财富，我们这个社会需要高尚的道德去支撑，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

什么是财富，仁者见仁智者见智，但无外乎有如下观点，财富就是金钱，财富就是知识，财富就是阅历………严格来说这些观点没有问题，但笔者认为高尚的职业道德也是宝贵的财富。

比如这个船主和漆工的故事，船主交代给漆工的任务是刷漆，所以漆工只要能认真完成刷漆任务即可，但职业道德告诉这个漆工，这个洞可能会让这艘船沉没，所以道德的力量让他但这个漆工却在刷完漆之后补上这个漏洞。而正是这个不经意举动使漆工不仅赢得了船主大量的额外奖励，而且还赢得了大家的尊重。

德国哲学家康德这样一句话：“世界上惟有两样东西让我们深深感动，一是我们头顶灿烂的星空，一是我们内心崇高的道德。”灿烂的星空就是我们的理想，而实现理想的途径就是要具备崇高的道德。

西汉名相张良在椎击亲王未遂几近穷途末路之时，不厌其烦为一老人穿鞋，而正是陷入绝境的张良依然保持的这份恭敬，让他最终获得绝世才学，成为一个运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外的一代名相。而在张良的成功其实就是道德力量的再现。而当今社会，因何18路人会面对受伤的2岁小依依而见死不救生，因何号称世界一流的动车故障频出，因何会有那么多曾经风光无限的贪官落马，根本原因在于道德缺失。因为道德缺失，所以缺少了同情心，因为道德缺失，所以忘却了自己的职责和使命，因为道德缺失，所以忘却了为人民服务的宗旨。

正所谓道之不存，德将焉附?

吴斌，一个最普通的客车司机，驾驶客车行驶在高速公路途中，意外遭受金属片袭击，在生命垂危的情况下，吴斌用尽最后力气，换挡、停车、拉手刹、打开双闪灯，拯救全车乘客，而这一系列动作完成之后，吴斌倒下了。吴玉兰，一个普通的老师，面对无耻的劫匪，虽头破血流依然，保护659张考生准考证。从这些人身，我似乎看到道德的力量在中华这块大地上茁壮生长。

吴斌走了，但省委书记为他留下了眼泪，数万群众自愿去为护送他的灵车，整个中国为吴斌而感动，中国最美的司机的称号将是我们这个民族最大的财富。吴玉兰老师受伤了，但她面对凶残劫匪依然想着自己的职责和使命，她的行为让我们明白什么是真正的职业道德。

高尚的道德就是最大的财富，我们这个社会需要高尚的道德去支撑，建设民主、文明、和谐的未来中国需要高尚的道德，让我们一起呼唤，期待高尚的道德能占据每一个的心灵，高尚的道德能够在中华大地上茁壮成长。

​

所谓话题作文，指的是以提供一个有约束力话题的方式，限定写作范围、启发思考、激活想像的一种命题形式。小编整理了中考话题作文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

点击话题作文

所谓话题作文，指的是以提供一个有约束力话题的方式，限定写作范围、启发思考、激活想像的一种命题形式。话题作文的本质是鼓励创新，是让习作者在同一个谈话中心下，陈述各自从不同角度、不同立场产生的观点，或联想到的经历、体验。

1、解析话题作文的构成 话题作文一般由四个部分组成，即：材料+提示语+话题+要求。比如2004年x市中考作文试题中：在非洲大草原上，每天早晨，羊睁开眼睛所想的第一件事就是：我必须比跑得最快的狮子跑得还快，否则我就会被狮子吃掉。而就在同一时刻，狮子从睡梦中醒来，首先闪现在脑海里的第一个念头是：我必须比跑得最慢的羊跑得快，要不然我就会饿死。于是，几乎是同时，羊和狮子一跃而起，迎着朝阳跑去。——这是“材料”。

生存的压力，使羊成了奔跑“健将”，狮子成了草原“猎手”。在生活中，我们虽然没有像羊和狮子那样的生存压力，但学习、工作的压力仍然存在，正是这样的一些压力，使我们不断成功，不断进步。——这就是“提示语”。

请以“成长需要压力”为话题，——显然是“话题”。写一篇600字以上的文章，题目自拟，文体不限。——这就是“要求”。

许多话题作文没有材料，比如：

阅读下面的材料，按要求作文。生命是一个奇迹，在这个星球上相聚、相守、相处也是一个奇迹。但是世界给予我们的还有更多的忧虑和不安：战火纷飞、环境污染、瘟疫蔓延……

对此你一定有自己的体验或思考。请以“共享生命”为话题写一篇文章。立意自定，文体自选，题目自拟，不少于600字。

本题中“生命是一个奇迹，在这个星球上相聚、相守、相处也是一个奇迹……”，这不属于材料，而是提示语。有些话题作文则有材料却没有提示语，如：从下面两则材料中，任选其中的一则，然后按要求作文。

材料一：

在一个大花园里住着一个盲人，他把所有的时间都用来照料这个花园。一年四季，花园里总是一片姹紫嫣红。一个过路人非常惊奇地观赏这漂亮的花园，不解地问盲人：“你这样做的理由是什么?你根本就看不见这些美丽的花呀!”盲人笑了，他说：“我可以告诉你四个理由：第一，我喜欢园艺工作;第二，我可以抚摸我的花;第三，我可以闻到它们的香味;至于第四个理由，是因为总有像你一样的人从这里经过，会因为我美丽的花园而心情愉快!”盲人的花园是他的精神领地，苦心经营以后，他有了比花更美丽的理由。

请结合你的生活实际，以“理由”为话题，写一篇作文。

材料二：

据说爱因斯坦来到普林顿高级研究所的第一天，管理员问他需要什么用具，他回答说：“我看，一张桌子或台子，一把椅子和一些纸张、钢笔就行了。啊，对了，还要一个大废纸篓。”管理员奇怪地问：“为什么要大的?”爱因斯坦答道：“好让我把所有的错误都扔进去。”这个世界从来都是这样，每个平凡或伟大的人都会犯错误。只有像爱因斯坦那样的人，不断丢弃错误，才能看到一条向上的路。

请结合你的生活实际，以“丢弃错误”为话题，写一篇作文。

要求：1、文题自拟，文体不限。不少于600字。2、思想感情积极向上。3、文中不要出现真实的姓名和学校名称。

“理由”和“丢弃错误”两个题目都是直接从材料到话题，中间没有提示语。可见，构成话题作文的四个部分中，“材料”和“提示语”不必兼备，但“话题”和“要求”是不可少的。其中“话题”是核心，是审题立意的对象;“材料”是作用主要是引出话题，同时对话题起注释和说明作用;“提示语”的作用是启发审题、立意和明确写作的范围。“要求”则是写作时的注意事项，也要认真审读。

话题作文与以往的材料作文相比，最大的差别是：“话题作文的核心是话题”(教育部考试中心张伟明先生语)。话题作文提供的材料，不像以往的材料作文那样，是立意的出发点和归宿点，它只是命题者所作的“作前指导”，是引发考生思考的一个“由头”，是启发考生打开思路的一个“例子”，是“举一反三”的“一”;而材料作文行文的主旨要与材料相吻合。如果考生不了解这一区别，抛开话题，随意从材料中自行引出一个观点作文(比如写上面列举的话题“理由”，把文章主旨确定为“快乐了别人，也就愉快了自己”)，那么很可能下笔千言，离题万里。此外，从文体上说，话题作文淡化了文体，只要没有特殊限制，除了记叙文、议论文外，写成散文、诗歌、小说、剧本等都是允许的;而材料作文常常是写记叙文或议论文。再从结构上看，材料作文中的“料”是必须使用的，如果是议论文，一般应放在文章的开头作为引出论点的依据，而话题作文的材料，用不用它无所谓。

2、分清话题作文的类别 从内涵的显隐看，有显豁类和含蓄类，前者如“成长需要压力”、“理由”、“兴趣”等;后者如“风”、“忘忧草”、“人生没有草稿”等。一般含蓄类的话题除了“字面义”外，须挖掘其“深层义”，如引申义、比喻义、象征义，等等。

从语言形式看，有词、短语与句子之别，比如：“杂”、“诚信”、“合作”，这是词;“人生的价值在于奉献”，“完美是残酷的”，这是句子。一般来说，话题的字越少，外延可能就越大;字越多，外延可能就越小。字多的话题观点比较明确，容易下笔;字少的话题可在话题前补上一些限定语，以缩小其外延，从而精选一个角度来作文。

从范围的大小看，有窄、宽之分，比如：“人生的价值在于奉献”，“完美是残酷的”等，就比较窄;“风”、“杂”、“理由”、“角色”等，就比较宽。

从涉及的对象来看，有单一和多个的区别，比如：“丢弃错误”、“共享生命”等，写作对象比较单一;而“良知与公德”、“真与假”、“生命与灾难”等，就属于多对象话题。多对象话题实际上是一种关系型话题，写作是两者都要顾及，并要把两者之间的关系揭示出来。

压岁钱，汉族年俗，寓意辟邪驱鬼，保佑平安。压岁钱最初的用意是镇恶驱邪。因为人们认为小孩容易受鬼祟的侵害，所以用压岁钱压祟驱邪，帮助小孩平安过年，祝愿小孩在新的一年健康吉利、平平安安。

春节拜年时，长辈要将事先准备好的压岁钱放进红包分给晚辈，相传压岁钱可以压住邪祟，因为"岁"与"祟"谐音，晚辈得到压岁钱就可以平平安安度过一岁。

压岁钱一般在新年倒计时时由长辈分给晚辈，表示压岁(压祟)。

在历史上，压岁钱是分两种的，其中一种就是晚辈给老人的，这个压岁钱的"岁"指的是年岁，意在期盼老人长寿。

导语：作文素材的运用可以使作文更好的表达我们的主题思想，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

林则徐一生大起大落,曾多次受罚,甚至连降四级、五级,但无论怎样,他始终以人民利益作为自己一生的责任。且不说虎门销烟,单就充军发配新疆一例可见一斑。作为一个犯人,而且年老体弱,在充军途中,遇上了开封段黄河决堤,他义无反顾地冲上了前线,主持治水,并被特许迟缓发配一年之久。到达新疆后,他又带领当地百姓开垦农田,三年内开田竟达三千七百多公顷,并主持修建了一条长长的水渠,把天山上的雪水引下来灌溉土地,变荒地为良田,这渠一直沿用至今,已有一百六十多年的历史了。林则徐做这一切的时候,正是他在最不得志的时候,在最荒凉的地方,顶着最难理解的屈辱,干着最普通、最费力、最不容易露脸的事。但只要有利于人民、有利于国家、有利于后代,便在所不辞,管他是沉还是浮!像这样忠心耿耿为人民做事的人,人民怎能忘怀?

【温馨提示】运用这则材料时,我们不但要看到林则徐为人民所做的一系列好事,还要注意到那个时期是林则徐一生中最为艰难的时期。我们可以站在林则徐的立场上去细细揣摩他当时的心理活动过程;也可以再现当时情景,仔细描述他为民办实事的前后始末;还可以将其他人物的行为拿来对比,以突出林则徐为国为民的高尚情操。这则材料适用于“责任”、“奉献”、“考验”、“处世”、“美”、“风度”、“驾驭自己”等话题。

​导语：随着年龄的增长，我们会失去一些东西，比如欢乐，比如纯真……下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

从眼前翩翩而去的蓝蝶，勾勒出曾经在这里的纯真。还清楚地记得，那个春天，我们的最后一次见面。

——题记

睁开眼睛，面对着这片草原，被掩没在青绿中。我们只是并排地坐着，坐在属于我们的天地里。不知多少次，我们一直在这里，看着太阳出来，当第一缕金光划开天际，我们总是手握着手，紧紧地，我们的眼中充满了对新的一天的希望，对未来的无限憧憬。我们不需要言语就能明白彼此的思想，只因为我和你拥有着相同的梦想。

被一个寒冷的冬天阻隔了我们每天要做的事。那天，我们来到那个草原。看到你，我心里总有踏实的感觉，但我总是害怕，害怕有一天，你真的会离开，虽然我们许下了千千万万个心愿，要在一起!

一个星期前，我发现你失去了以前的笑颜，我问过你为什么，但你总是说没有什么，就说是心灵相通也好，我总认为你有什么心事。作为朝夕相处的伙伴，我不愿意看到你难过。后来我坚持问你，你终于忍住泪水告诉了我说：“我想我要离开了，我要搬去国外了，我怕你难过，所以我不想和你说，我想自己默默地离开，告别信我已经放在了草原那个我们经常去的地方，我想你一定会看到的。”我顿时就愣住了，我不敢在看你。你牵住了我的手，温暖的手……那天我们来到草原上看落日，两双晶莹剔透的眼睛中流露出相同的情感。我们依然是紧握着手。

“明天就要走了吗?”我轻轻地问你。你只是点了点头。我底下了头。“这是最后一次了，我们一起玩吧!像第一次一样，好吗?以前，也是这个季节。”看着你，又一次地笑了，多么灿烂，美丽。我们牵起了手，在这个小小的世界狂奔，享受着彼此带来的幸福，我是多么希望时间过得慢一点，慢一点。这是最后一次!

累了，我们躺在草地上，和煦的阳光照在你的脸上，我看着你，你看着我。仿佛又回到了以前。一只蓝蝶，从我们之间飞过，那个时候……

黄昏，我们站在海边，手拉着手。你对我说：“我们，今天有第101个誓言，永远的誓言。我会在海的那边，永远地记住你，每天我都会清晰的记得，其他99个誓言。还有，我很抱歉，我们第一个誓言，要在一起，我不能信守了。”看着你的眼神我知道，你很内疚，但是我安慰你：“没关系，第一个誓言并不是没有了，我们依然在一起，我们的心在一起，我们的梦想在一起，无论人在哪里!”“嗯”你笑了，我也笑了。我们还有我们的梦想。

回去的路上，在路口，我们将要分别了，这一次，也许是永远。我们轻轻松开紧握的双手，各朝一边走去。我停下来，回过头，你也回过了头，我们不约而同地说：“一定要快乐!”然后你便迅速跑开了，我好想好想跟过去，但是我只能目送着你离开……

第二天，阳光明媚，我急匆匆地跑到草原，那边，那边，我竟想象中看到了你的身影，在那里向我挥手。可是蓝天下，茫茫一片绿。心里有些失落，我在草坪上走着，一封信悄悄地躺在那里。是你的信，我捡起它，心里一阵痛。没想到，你走地如此匆忙。

我抬起头，一架飞机从头顶飞过，你在吗?我在看，我在看蓝天上，你，在看蓝天下吗?

真的记住，记住蓝天下，我们的回忆，101个誓言，还是还是，我们的纯真。

隔海相望，面对天涯一方。我想你了，我还清晰地记得你的样子，你的笑颜。为了这，为了我们的梦想，我始终将你的笑容挂在脸上，我会快乐。

我们在这里见面，在这里分开。一个季节，我们的季节。

面对大海，我静待春暖花开，回到那个时候……

导语：2017中考马上要来了，你作文素材准备的怎么样啦?小编偷偷告诉你优美段落的收集对于写作文很有帮助哦，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的中考作文写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.生活中一些微不足道的小事，只有你细细去品味时，你才会发现里面包含着许多人生的哲理。人生的奇妙之处就在这里，通过一件小事让我感悟了人生，也许在你看来很平常，而我却觉得耐人回味，值得思索。

2.每个人的这双手，都是美丽的。如果你每天让这双手一直不断地为人民服务，为人民创造幸福，这才是真正的美!勤劳的农民利用这双手在田野里耕出自己的一片地来;工厂里的工人利用这双手来做出更好的产品;老师们利用这双手来教育自己的学生。这些人都是拥有了一双美丽的手。

3.没有花香，没有树高，我是一棵无人知道的小草。”每当听到这首令人感动的歌，我就仿佛看到了绿色的小草，看到了那坚强、默默无闻的小生命，也看到了生命价值的存在。

4.春雨无声无息地下着，花儿探出了头，草儿伸直了腰，大树焕然一新，远处的山朗润起来了，河里的水涨起来了。一切都是那么清新自然。雨点敲打着窗户，落在雨伞上，滴在脸颊上，更夹杂着桃花的幽香，让人陶醉其中。

5.秋雨缠缠绵绵，重雾深锁，万木萧萧，撑天的大树经雨洗礼，显得格外苍劲，它们记录了这一年来的景致。远山的红叶满山遍野，金色的稻田一望无垠，尽显尊贵。

6.有这样一句话“人有两个宝，大脑和双手”，通过这句话我们可以了解到，双手对于我们是非常重要的，我们每天都离不开双手，无论我们是做什么的，手是必须要用的，我们每个人都拥有一双美丽的手。

7.“谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。”也许是48小时的守护感动了儿女吧!看!放大镜下那绿色的小“产床”上，一个个晶莹的鱼卵上面，摇动着一面面晶莹的小旗帜，小鱼长尾巴了啊!我又一次怦然心动，那分明是一片洒满阳光的芳草坡，那一面面摇动的旗帜，是生命的旗帜，感恩的旗帜，在向辛劳的父母致意，在向这充满爱的世界致意!

8.“昨天”阳光明媚，天上的云像棉花糖，让人感觉好想咬一口;天上的云，像妈妈的手，让人感觉那么柔软，让人感觉那么温柔。它还会变：一会儿变个狗;一会儿变个大蛋糕在头顶，一会儿又变成了一对一本正经的石狮子。

9.这棵石莲让我很感动。做人要像石莲一样坚忍不拔，像昙花一样不张扬，只有这样，我们才能十全十美。

10.走一条崎岖蜿蜒的道路必定会遇到许多困难，一路上难免磕磕碰碰的。可是“不经历风雨怎能见彩虹”，没有经历过跋山涉水的辛苦，哪能领略到达目的地的喜悦呢!有人说走平坦的路多好呀，一直走下去，一路风雨无阻。没错，走平坦的路确实轻松，但就像白开水一样，淡而无味，毫无乐趣。

11.雨，好像是千万个魔指，好像是千万条琴弦，弹出了千变万化的声音。春雨柔软，哺育万物;夏雨粗犷，自由奔放;秋雨苍凉，看尽人世;冬雨肃杀，令人畏惧。因季节而变化，情调各异。雨色美，雨声更加动听。

12.可爱的雨，一滴滴落在脸颊上，痒痒的，不用穿雨衣，便可以漫步在雨中。在户外呼吸泥土的芳香，踯躅漫步。奔放的雨，如刚出世的婴儿，哇哇大哭，将对世界的美好，一股脑全洒了出来;温柔的雨，如一位沉默的学者，无声胜有声;纯洁的雨，嗒嗒地下着，倾诉着自己的小秘密;狂暴的雨，吐露出心里所有的不满，任闪电如银蛇挥舞着，吞噬着那酷辣的太阳。

13.当生活给我们了悲伤和痛苦后，我们不要悲观，而是要用微笑去面对，因为这样我们就会走出困境，向着光明迈进，生活也会因此变得更好美好，所以说我们要用笑容面对生活，生活就会回报给我们笑容。

14.这是一次不平凡的经历，正因草地上的小花给予我启迪，让我明白不是只有主角才会散发光芒。其实很多时候，我们或许只能担任一个小小的配角，但在自己的生命历程中，我们每个人都是主角。

15.夏雨唤醒了荷叶，荷花。一池的清凉让太阳不再刺眼，不再炙热。满池的荷叶被打得笃笃响，似一个个跳跃的音符，律动出欢快的节奏。

16.我望着外面的雨，不知不觉的睡着了。在梦里，有爱我的爸爸和妈妈，还有疼我的哥哥，也许只有在梦里，我才能开心的笑一次，真希望自己一直都在做梦，不想醒来。

17.冬雨如泣如诉，在乡下，两岸茅屋炊烟阴阴沉沉，粗糙的线条被雨水浸染了，浓郁散开来。不知是哪个小毛孩，又打破了碗，打破了这宁静。

18.盛夏，清风徐来，月升东山。老槐树上虽然没有小喜鹊，但知了却不停地名叫着，鱼塘里蛙声大作，动物的叫声编织了一首新的交响曲。

19.在千姿百态的道路中，你会选择哪一条呢?“我会选择一条崎岖、蜿蜒的道路。”这是我心底最深的感受。我喜欢刺激、喜欢挑战。崎岖、蜿蜒的道路可以给人新鲜与刺激、磨炼和挑战。诸如此类，我成长的历程让我尝到了人生四大滋味。

20.幸福是许多人都追求的，而且很多人花了老大的心思寻找幸福都没有找到，其实幸福就在我们的身边，是需要我们用心体会的，我的感受就是幸福就在我身边，一天都没有离开过我，甚至在我生病的时候。

21.春天，学校变成了花的乐园，五彩缤纷的鲜花，弯着腰做早操的嫩草邀我们一同玩耍。我们在花园似的校园里赏花，逗草，感受大自然的美。夏天，虽然烈日当空，可我们学校的“保护伞”可发挥了作用，我们一起在郁郁葱葱的大树底下踢足球，赛跑，玩得可开心了。秋天，树叶开始了自己的旅程，我们捡起落叶，把它们“变成”精美的书签，让树叶笑得更可爱。冬天，我们在温暖的课室里谈心，看书，学习，让整个冬天充满欢笑。

22.街上，乘凉的人很多，男女老少，三五成群，还有小朋友呢!老爷爷们拿着烟斗，胸有成竹地谈论着今年的收成;老太太们轻轻地哼着催眠的歌谣，不停地拍着怀里甜睡的宝贝孙孙，姑娘小伙子们正在争论着什么，时而发出阵阵欢声笑语;那些天真无邪的儿童，正在追捕着繁星似的萤火虫。

23.在花坛中，在苗圃里，你一眼都能看见那绿油油、散发着它独特气味的小草。小草不与花儿争鲜艳，不与树木争高大，它甘愿做陪衬，甘愿用自己的身躯装扮出花儿的艳丽，显示出树木的高大。它们是一位幕后使者，心甘情愿让自己当陪衬供人们欣赏，虽然人们很少谈论它们，但它们已经满足了，因为它们已经默默无闻地奉献了，已经没有缺憾了。我又一次被它们震憾了，不求多美丽，不求多高大，默默无闻地奉献着自己的一切，这一生命价值又在它们身上闪光。

24.有一个广告说道：如果再不节约水，地球上的最后一滴水，将是我们人类的泪水。读后振聋发聩，令人如醍醐灌顶。为了我们子孙后代的未来，为了人类的繁荣昌盛，为了不让我们绝望的泪水成为地球上最后一滴水，让我们每一个人，从现在开始，从一点一滴做起，珍惜每一滴水。

25.经过一次再一次的摔倒，让我突然明白了什么——人生和骑车子的过程是一样的，人生的道路上不可能是一帆风顺的，注定有许多坎坷和绊脚石。不管遇到怎样的困难只要我们能够勇敢的面对，坚强的去战胜它，我们的前途就是光明的，生活就充满了阳光。

26.生活对于我们每一个人来讲，并不是一帆风顺的，我们都会遇到各种各样的困难和挫折，都会有阴天下雨的时候，当面对生活当中的这些时候时，我们不要悲观，要用微笑来面对生活，那样我们就会获得快乐。

27.我轻轻摘下那片叶子，将它放到一个透明的小玻璃鱼缸里，让那对父母放松一下紧张的身心，可它们还有点儿舍不得，一直在那片水草周围徘徊游动。为了不让它们遭受离别之苦，我把小鱼缸吊放进大鱼缸里。就这样，大鱼感觉到它们的宝宝就在身边的“育儿箱”里，终于放心进食了。

28.鲜花的美丽，是因为它得到了阳光的爱;小树的茁壮，是因为它得到了了雨露的爱;我们的健康成长，是因为在生命的每一天里，得到了母亲博大的爱……

29.啊!夏夜的田野啊，宁静安逸!到现在，我才明白“人生难得几回醉”这个句子的意思，大概这农家的生活就是一樽醇美的浓酒，有谁能够不醉呢?

30.从小草身上，我感悟到了生命的价值——坚强、默默无闻。它们只是一棵棵路边的无名草，但却以它们的实际行动充分演绎了生命价值的凯歌。

31.可爱的雨，一滴滴落在脸颊上，痒痒的，不用穿雨衣，便可以漫步在雨中。在户外呼吸泥土的芳香，踯躅漫步。奔放的雨，如刚出世的婴儿，哇哇大哭，将对世界的美好，一股脑全洒了出来;温柔的雨，如一位沉默的学者，无声胜有声;纯洁的雨，嗒嗒地下着，倾诉着自己的小秘密;狂暴的雨，吐露出心里所有的不满，任闪电如银蛇挥舞着，吞噬着那酷辣的太阳。

32.“明天”风吹雨打，天上的云顿时变了脸，成了“黑脸张飞”让人感觉天有不测风云;让人感觉想拿吸尘器把它吸了。它更是会变：一会儿变个大妖怪来吓人;一会儿变个大狮来吼人;一会儿又电闪雷鸣，吓得人直哆嗦。

33.爸爸，您对我的爱是无私的，现在我已经懂事了。以后，如果您眼花了，我来做您的眼睛，如果您的背弯了，我来做您的拐杖。因为您才会有今天的我，让我明白了感恩的重要。

34.看了这个故事，使我懂得了一个道理，那就是珍惜自己所拥有的，虽然那个孩子从未见过自己的妈妈，但是他拥有妈妈给的一切，这就是一种幸福，我们要懂得珍惜自己所拥有的一切，只有这样才能在失去的时候不后悔。

导语：朱自清，朱自清对优雅和谐、含蓄节制的美的追求，一方面是中国传统文化精神的延续，另一方面也隐含着对中国现实社会景象的逃逸和否定。下面是小编整理的关于朱自清的相关材料，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

【朱自清简介】

朱自清(1898年11月22日-1948年8月12日)，原名自华，字佩弦，号秋实。原籍浙江绍兴，生于江苏东海，长大于江苏扬州，故称“我是扬州人”。北京大学毕业，曾任清华大学中文系教授、系主任。中国现代诗人、散文作家。文笔清新，所著合编为朱自清全集。为中国现代散文增添了瑰丽的色彩，为建立中国现代散文全新的审美特征创造了具有中国民族特色的散文体制和风格;主要作品有《雪朝》、《踪迹》、《背影》、《春》、《欧游杂记》、《你我》、《精读指导举隅》、《略读指导举隅》、《国文教学》、《诗言志辨》、《新诗杂话》、《标准与尺度》、《论雅俗共赏》。

1.朱自清的最后岁月

逝世前半年，常年劳累的朱自清体力衰弱，经常连走一点路都很吃力。他感到自己骤然衰老，不过并不因此而消极。他把唐人的诗句“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏”，反其意而用之，改成“但得夕阳无限好，何须惆怅近黄昏”，作为对自己的鞭策，压在书桌的玻璃板下。每天一清早就坐在桌前，读书勤奋不息，工作毫不减轻。

在生命的最后两个月，朱自清的身体已极度衰弱，体重低到77.6斤，且又“彻夜胃痛不止”，“不断大量呕吐”，病情日益危重。可他仍然编辑《闻一多全集》，编写教科书，备课讲授，演讲呐喊。在这两个月的日记中，他直接写到读书、买书、选书的日记竟有17篇之多。其中有他认真阅读瞿秋白同志的《鲁迅杂感集序言》和《大众哲学》的记载。甚至在逝世前26天，他还在日记中订了一个阅读计划，要求自己除星期六下午和星期日外，每天坚持轮流读一本英文书和中文书，利用休息时间读诗。说到做到，此后两天，即订出计划的第一个星期一，他开始读布尔芬奇的《神话集》和《波罗克夫的眼界》一文。

2.朱自清先生的一则逸事

根据上个世纪30年代清华的规定，教授们在校工作五年，就有一年的学术休假，由学校资助去外国访问进修。朱自清时任清华大学中文系教授，于1931年利用学术休假，在英国伦敦皇家学院和伦敦大学注册旁听。据《朱自清日记》于该年记述，他有两次夜梦清华未能继续聘他为教授，理由是他在外国文学上的学养上尚有不足;梦醒，全身冷汗，深感不发聘书颇有道理，于是他更加努力利用在伦敦的一切便利条件，来提高自己。俗语云：日有所思，夜有所梦。所谓“不足”，并非真的来自清华校方的压力，而是朱先生对自己严格要求的反映。

3.朱自清宁可饿死，不领美国救济粮

朱自清是清华大学中文系教授。1948年初，人民解放战争进入最后阶段，6月，北平学生掀起了反对美国扶植日本军国主义的运动。当时，朱自清身患重病，又无钱医治，但他毫不犹豫地在写着“为表示中国人民的尊严和气节，我们断然拒绝美国具有收买灵魂性质的一切施舍物资，无论是购买的或给予的”。的宣言上签了自己的名字。8月初，朱自清病情加重，入院治疗无效，12日逝世。那时他年仅50岁。临终前，朱自清以微弱的声音谆谆叮嘱家人：“有件事要记住，我是在拒绝美国面粉的文件上签过名的，我们家以后不买国民党配合给的美国面粉!”

吴晗1960年写的《关于朱自清不领美国“救济粮”》说：“这时候，他的胃病已经很严重了，只能吃很少的东西，多一点就要吐。面庞瘦削，说话声音低沉。他有大小七个孩子，日子比谁过得都困难。但是他一看了稿子，毫不迟疑，立刻签了名。”朱自清夫人也写道：“我们家人口多，尤其困难。为了生活，佩弦(朱自清字佩弦)不得不带着一身重病，拼命多写文章，经常写到深夜，甚至到天明。那时家里一天两顿粗粮，有时为照顾他有胃病，给他做一点细粮，他都从不一个人吃，总要分给孩子们吃。”在吴晗找朱签名时，“他的病情已经很严重了，呕吐得厉害——医生说应尽快动手术。”当天朱自清的日记中写道：“此事每月须损失六百万法币，影响家中甚大，但余仍决定签名。因余等既反美扶日，自应直接由自身做起，此虽只为精神上之抗议，但决不应逃避个人责任。”由此可见，吴晗说“毫不迟疑，立刻签了名”显然有夸张之嫌，朱自清至少也是咬牙决定的，以身作则的观念使他决定牺牲家庭的生活必需。

4.函请接济家父

鲁修贤

芦沟桥事变发生之后，朱自清先生转往大后方，他写信给当时在上海教书的李健吾，请他就近接济自己住在扬州的老父亲，李健吾自然不会让老师失望。那么，朱自清先生何以有信心如此重托他人呢?原来，这二人之间早已建立了深厚的师生情谊。——1925年暑假过后，朱自清先生应聘来到清华大学担任了中国文学系的教授。李健吾这时刚好从北京师范大学附属中学毕业，考取了清华大学中文系。上第一堂课，朱自清先生点名，点到李健吾时，问道：“李健吾，这个名字怪熟的，是不是常在报纸上写文章的那个李健吾?”李健吾回答：“不敢瞒老师，是我。”确实是在师大附中读书时，李健吾就和蹇先艾等组织了爝火社，从事新文学活动了。“那我早认识你啦!”朱先生高兴地说。下课后，朱自清先生劝李健吾：“你是要学创作的，念中文系不相宜，还是转到外文系去吧。”当时中文系只念古书，所以朱自清先生这么说。李健吾听了朱自清先生的话，第二年就转到外文系去了。师生虽不在一个系，但李健吾写了作品，都先送给朱先生看，始终把朱自清先生当作导师。朱自清先生也每次都字斟句酌地帮李健吾定稿。多年互动，使他们真挚的师生情笃定终生。

5.朱自清的读书生活

朱自清在上中学时，就极喜欢读书。当时家里每月给他一元零花钱，他大部分都交给家乡一家广益书局了，而且还常常欠账。引发他对哲学兴趣的一部《佛学易解》，就是从这家书局得到的。

1920年，是朱自清在大学最后一年。一次，他到琉璃厂去逛书店，在华洋书庄见到一部新版的《韦伯斯特大字典》，定价要14元。这钱对这部大书说来虽不算太贵，可对一个念书的学生却实在不是个小数目。自己手头没这么多钱，可书又实在舍不得，思来想去，就自己的一件皮大氅还值点钱了。

这件大氅，是父亲在朱自清结婚时为他做的，水獭领，紫貂皮。大氅虽是布面，样式有点土气，领子还是用两副“马蹄袖”拼凑起来，可毕竟是皮衣，在制作的时候，父亲还很费了些心力。可当时实在舍不得那本“大字典”，又想到将来准能将大氅赎出，便在踌躇许久后，毅然将它拿到了当铺。

当铺在学校后门，转身就到。朱自清并没有过多考虑。因为想到将来赎回，便以书价作当价：14块。大氅当然不止这个价，所以当铺柜上的人一点不为难，即刻付款。

拿上钱，朱自清马上去把那本《韦伯斯特大字典》抱了回来。不料那件费了父亲许多心力的大氅，却终于没有赎回来。

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that …

= (It is) needless to say (that) ….

= It is obvious that ….

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A) 如果你不……，你就会…… If you don’t ..., you’ll ...

例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

C) 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I don’t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。

一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s，前后不一致，以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。

1. 审题不清

如2004年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。

2.拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。

3.名词单复数问题

误 my father and my mother is all teacher。

正 my father and my mother are both teachers。

[中考英语作文写作常见的三个错误

一、素材

言语类

(一)名人名言

1.愚蠢的人，从远处寻找幸福;聪慧的人，从脚下根植幸福。——詹姆斯?奥本海姆

2.拥有未来幸福的最好办法，就是尽可能地享受今天的幸福。——查尔斯?W?埃利奥特

3.幸福是一种习惯，培养它。——埃尔伯特?哈伯德

4.幸福不在于你拥有什么或者你是什么人，而在于你正在做什么。

——莉莲?艾克勒?沃森【美】

5.每个人都是自己幸福的缔造者。——艾普斯?克劳迪厄斯【美】

6.幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于成功的喜悦和创造的激情。——富兰克林?D?罗斯福【美】

7.一只脚跟踩扁了紫罗兰，而它却把香味留在那脚跟上，这就是宽容。

——安德鲁 马修斯

8.所谓幸福，是在于认清一个人的限度而安于这个限度。——罗曼?罗兰

9.一个知足的人生活才能美满。——狄更斯

(二)妙语集锦

23.就算是天气转凉了，我要送我的朋友们一件外套：口袋叫温暖;领子叫关怀;袖子叫体贴;扣子叫思念;让这件外套紧紧伴着朋友渡过每一分每一秒，一定要幸福喔!——手机短信

24.这是心的呼唤，这是爱的奉献;这是人间的春风，这是生命的源泉;再没有心的沙漠，再没有爱的荒原;死神也望而却步，幸福之花处处开遍;啊---只要人人都献出一点爱，世界将变成美好的人间……——韦唯《爱的奉献》 25.成长的路上，总有许多相识不相识的人带给你情感的滋润、难忘的教益，不管什么时候想起，总有一份感动、一缕甜蜜溢满心田……

26.有一位社会调查员，在调查幸福是什么时，有人回答说：“能关爱他人。”能关爱一个人，是一种幸福，这种幸福不仅仅是帮助别人，了解别人，更是一种拓宽心胸之后的畅快。送人玫瑰，手留余香。

27.一个整天想着去算计别人的人，即使他成功了，可他能感到极致的快乐与幸福吗?不会，因为狭窄的心胸把他的灵魂捆得太紧。学会关爱一个人，是放开心胸的开始，是幸福的开始。日子久了，容纳的东西多了，幸福便洋溢在身边。

28.关爱他人，你能提高自己的修养;关爱他人，你能感到幸福天天存在。关爱他人，你能发现生活的乐趣与美;关爱他人——你的心会更宽广，眼更明亮!

事例类

寓言故事

给幸福画一条底线

作家史铁生曾写道：“生病的经验是一步步懂得满足。发烧了，才知道不发烧的日子多么清爽。咳嗽了，才体会不咳嗽的嗓子多么安详。刚坐上轮椅时，我老想，不能直立行走岂不把人的特点搞丢了?便觉天昏地暗，等又生出褥疮，一连数日只能歪七扭八地躺着，才看见端坐的日子其实多么晴朗。后来又患尿毒症，经常昏昏然不能思想，就更加怀恋起往日时光。终于醒悟：其实每时每刻我们都是幸运的，任何灾难前面都可能再加上一个‘更’字。”

从心底说出这话的人，一定吃尽了“疾病”或“便宜”的苦头，所以才把自己的“幸福底线”定得如此之低。但当他们意识到什么是真正幸福的时候，生命留给他们享受幸福的时间已经少得不能再少。许多人一生在茫茫红尘中奔走，陷在名与利的泥潭里不能自拔，蓦然回首，才发现真正的幸福恰恰就在出发的原点，而当初他们却坚信它在更远的地方。

所以，从今天起，我们应该给自己的幸福画一条最浅的底线，去学会从最平常的日子、最琐碎的事情里品尝幸福的滋味。

[点拨]不错，每时每刻我们都是幸运的，应该把“幸福的底线”定的很低，才可以感受到生活的美好和幸福。名利是身外之物，我们应该学会从“最平常的日子、最琐碎的事情里品尝幸福的滋味”。

[适用话题]这个个素材可以用在“珍惜、幸福、生活”为主题的作文中。

10.越是别人都羡慕我的幸福，我就觉得这幸福更有滋味。——巴尔扎克

11.承担更大的责任，他们就更加幸福。——雨果

12.巨大的幸福压弯了腰。他感觉他的四肢软弱无力;在他的胜利面前，这人从来没有被危险动摇过

的人，开始战栗起来。——雨果

13.因为真正的幸福就是：成为完全客观，从而体现自己的抱负。——罗曼?罗兰

14.世界上没有幸福，但有自由和宁静。——普希金

15.我们的幸福与否，决不能凭借我们获得了或者丧失了什么，而只能在于我们自身怎样。——罗曼?罗兰

16.哪里有生活，哪里就有幸福。越往前去，它就越多，越多。——罗曼?罗兰

17.幸福并不存在于外在的因素，而是以我们对外界原因的态度为转移，一个吃苦耐劳惯了的人就不可能不幸福。——托尔斯泰

18.我一生中，还从未尝到一滴没有掺和毒汁的幸福。——高尔基

19.太阳是幸福的，因为它光芒四射;海也是幸福的，因为它反射着太阳欢乐的光芒。——高尔基

20.幸福只不过是一种期待。——高尔基

21.幸福这东西就像星星一样，黑暗是遮不住它们的，总会有空隙可寻。我们在人生的历程中，不管犯了多少过错，产生过多少误解，然而，在过错和误解的空隙之中，不正闪烁着幸福之光吗?——泰戈尔

22.要使孩子们从小就懂得和领会到：他的每一步、每一个行动都会在他身边的人——同志、父母、教师和“陌生者”的精神生活引起反响。只有当他不给别人带来灾难，不欺负和扰乱别人时，才能成为一个生活得平静而又幸福的人。——苏霍姆林斯基

英语作文虽然不像语文作文在考试

高三英语作文写作技巧：练习

“没有规矩，不成方圆，英语作文写作技巧。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里;二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

高三英语作文写作技巧：背诵

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作文，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（commit the highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

高三英语作文写作技巧：重点词汇

美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：

emotional strength 情感的力量

the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感

no thought of gain不计得失

the lamp of love爱心之灯

help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者

donate whatever they can倾囊相助

help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞

be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手

—When we use the word "love"， we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex， which is a very narrow definition of the word。 Love is emotional strength， which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes。 In fact， throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions。

As an example of the power of love， we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year。 Although their incomes are still low by international standards， people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens。 Moreover， they do this with no thought of gain for themselves。

In my opinion， the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are。 We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble， no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers。 In this way， we can help to make the world a better place， for the darker the shadows of sorrow become， the more brightly the lamp of love shines。

当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释，小学生作文《英语作文写作技巧》。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。

说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助——不管是钱还是物——帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

[高三英语作文写作技巧

i have two great-grandfathers, one from my mother’s side. my father’s grandfather is now97 years old and lives. in toufen although his eyesight and hearing is poor, his mind is still sharp and clear.

he always asks each visitor many pertinent questions and shares his ideas and opinions. he often talks with a loud voice and with much enthusiasm and energy. he can remember all he can remember all the names of his relatives and friends.

in his youth he was trained to be a medical doctor; through his life he was an avid reader.

[中考英语作文:我的曾祖父