高中英语写作的基础训练4篇 作文题目(20篇)

proud of yourself; when you fail, never give up. Please smile to face your life. If you do this, you will find the sky more blue; the sea more green….. Your life will become better and better!

One day my grandmother and I went to the park, it began to rain when we got there. Some people were disappointed, but my grandmother smiled: "it is good to rain, it will water the field, and the crops will grow better. I think so. If we can change our mind to see the things, we will discover all things are beautiful. In everyones life, the mood is very important. It can encourage unsuccessful people not to lose heart, to make sad people feel better. At last I want to say, if you enjoy life, you will be happy forever.

近年来我国相继发生“三聚氰胺奶粉”、“瘦肉精”、“地沟油”、“染色馒头”等恶性食品安全事件。下面是一幅反映这一现象的漫画，请你根据对这幅漫画的理解用英语写一篇短文。你的短文应包括以下内容：

1. 简述漫画内容，揭示漫画主题。

2. 分析产生这一现象的原因。

3. 针对如何解决这一问题提出你的建议。

注意：

1. 可参照图示及下面文章开头所给提示，作必要的发挥想象。

2. 词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数。

参考范文：

One possible version:

In recent years, a series of food safety incidents, such as melamine-tainted milk, lean meat powder, the dyed steamed buns, etc, have appeared across our country. As is vividly shown in the picture, the young wife is cooking. She is asking her husband whether he has finished checking the vegetables, and her husband answers that he needs one more step. This cartoon vividly illustrates how worried ordinary people are about food safety situation in China.

Several reasons contribute to this phenomenon. Firstly, people are too concerned about making quick money and short-term success during this period of economic and social transition. Secondly, ineffective supervision is also to blame. Some food inspectors make profits from the fines of illegal companies and therefore are unwilling to shut them down.

I firmly believe that urgent measures must be taken to prevent similar cases from happening again. First of all, the authorities concerned should step up their efforts to ensure food safety and severely punish those who break the Food Safety Law. Meanwhile, we must strengthen education of social morality to make sure that companies shoulder more social responsibilities and take consumers’ interests and health into account. Only in these ways can we set up a sound food safety system.

[高中英语优秀作文：食品安全

Guo Jingming is a famous writer in China. I think all the students have

known him. He is also my favourite writer. He was born in 1983. He has published

many books, such as "Visionary"," The Summer Still Doesnt Come"…These books are

very touching.

I often cry and shed bitter tears while I am reading his books. I thought

he was a pessimistic person but now I think he is sensational person. He doesnt

want to grow up judged by this. I think he is pure and naive. Although he is a

writer, he studies well.

I admire him very much. His words are common, but they make people feel

quite close to him. I hope he can write better articles and I want to be a

writer like him when I grow up.

新闻，是指报纸、电台、电视台经常使用的记录社会、传播信息、反映时代的一种文体。下面是小编收集整理的新闻稿写作基础知识，希望对您有所帮助！

一、新闻稿

消息，也叫新闻。新闻这一概念有狭义和广义之分。狭义的单指消息；广义的指消息、通讯、报告文学、特写、评论等等。消息是用概括的叙述方式，比较简明扼要的文字，迅速及时地报道国内外新近发生的、有价值的、群众最关心的事实。

一、消息特点：

内容真实，事实准确。真实是消息的生命，是力量的所在。事实是它的本源，也是它令人信服的基础。真实，就是事实真实，所写的人物、时间、地点、事情发生发展的经过不能虚构。准确，就是每个事实，包括细节在内都准确无误。如果一条消息失真或有差误，不仅会减低其新闻价值，失信于民，而且还会损害党和人民的事业。

内容新鲜，有价值。新闻贵在新，而且有认识意义、启迪和指导意义。消息只有新，才能引起读者的注意，先睹为快。新，不仅要把新人物、新事件、新经验报道给读者。而且要选择有意义、有价值，给人以启迪，有指导性的事物。那种一味追求猎奇的“狗咬人不是新闻，人咬狗才是新闻”的观点，是我们所不取的。

要迅速及时，有时效性。迅速是消息的价值，消息报道速度迟缓便会降低消息的价值，“新闻”变成了“旧闻”。时效，就是速度要快，内容要新。对新人、新事、新情况、新问题，要敏锐地发现，尽快地了解，迅速及时地反映。

简明扼要，篇幅短小。简短是消息区别于其他文体的主要标志。所谓简短，就是“三言两语，记清事实，寥寥数笔，显出精神，概括而不流于抽象，简短而不陷于疏漏”，用笔要简洁利落，内容集中精炼。

二、消息的种类（一般把消息概括为四类）：

1.动态消息

动态消息是迅速而准确地报道新近发生的国际、国内重大事件、重要的活动和各项建设中最新出现的新情况、新动态、新成就、新问题的一种文体。它是报纸上使用最多的一类。

重大新闻的简讯都属于动态消息。重大新闻，指事件重大，一意义深远，报道时在报纸上占显著位置的消息。如《我国多种应用卫星齐头发》（光明日报） 1993年5月13日）。简讯内容第一，篇幅简短。如“国际要闻简报”、“学术动态”、“市场漫步”等。

2.典型消息

典型消息也叫经验消息，它是对一些具体部门、单位、行业的典型经验、成功做法集中报道的一种文体。这种消息是在介绍经验、做法之后，总结经验，揭示规律，以达到以点带面，推动工作的目的。如《一切依靠群众自己的创造——首钢十年改革的一条基本经验》（《人民**》）1988年12月26日）。

3.综合消息

综合消息是把发生在不同地点、不同单位、各具特色、性质相同的事实综合在一起，并体现一个主题的报道。它的特点是在综合、概括事实的基础上，进行分析，提出见解，揭示规律。如《滥砍树木南亚三国水灾仍频，亡羊补牢印北方帮助员植树》（《光明日报》1993年7月25日）。

4.述评消息

又称“记者述评”、“新闻述评”。是一种兼有消息与评论作用的新闻。它是在陈述事实的基础上，穿插评论或抒发感慨，从而分析说明所报道事实的本质和意义。它的特点是边叙边评，要求以国家的方针政策为依据，针对事实进行评说，要观点正确，评论得当。如《分清主流与支流，莫把“开头”当“过头”》（《辽宁日报》 1979年5月）。

三、消息的写法：

1.标题

消息的标题，分眉题（又称引题、肩题）、正题（又称主题、母题）和副题（又称辅题、子题）。出现在报刊上有如下几种情况：

（1）多行标题。多行标题，一般有三行，即中间一行是正题，是标题的核心，用来揭示主题或提示重要事实；正题上面一行是眉题，用来引出正题，说明事实，交代背景，烘托气氛，揭示含义；正题的下面一行是副标题，用来补充说明情况或说明正题或依据。如：

经贸部负责人发表谈话（眉题）

希望海峡两岸实现直接贸易（正题）

愿与台经贸主管部门接触协商解决双方贸易中问题（副题）

双行标题。

其一，出现正题和眉题。如：

真正幸福要靠自己劳动去创造（眉题）

杜芸芸将十万元遗产献国家（正题）

其二，出现正题和副题。如：

成都电讯局花钱“买”批评（正题）

在报上登“公告”欢迎群众对通讯服务工作进行监督（副题）

（2）单行标题。单行标题只有正题。如：

***接受《朝日新闻》社长采访

消息的标题，力求言简意明，平易亲切，准确新颖，富有吸引力。采用哪种标题，要酌情而定。

2.导语

消息的导语，就是消息的第一段或第一句话。它是由消息中最新鲜、最主要的事实或精辟的议论组成，以吸引读者。平常所说的消息的结构是“倒金字塔”式，原因就在于此。

导语常采用以下几种写法：

叙述式。简明扼要地写出主要事实、经验，或对全篇事实材料进行综合概括，揭示主要内容。如：“全国第一家由个体户与港商合资经营的企业——大连光彩实业（合资）有限公司，经国务院批准，1985年4月13日正式开业。”（《经济日报》1985年4月18日发的消息导语）

提问式。把消息中要解决的问题或要介绍的经验、做法以设问的形式提出，然后再用事实作答。如“亲爱的读者，你知道灯心绒可以做夏天穿的裙子吗？上海绒布厂新生产的许多灯芯绒中，就有这样新奇的品种”。（新华社1980年7月16日新闻稿）

描写式。对富有特色的事实或有意义的一个侧面，用简练的笔墨进行形象描绘，给读者以鲜明的印象。如“一盆盆翠绿欲滴的麦冬、松柏、万年青和盛开的鲜花装点在人民大会堂的大厅里，全国妇联今天下午在这里举行联欢会。中外妇女1500多人欢聚一堂。相互握手问好，亲切交谈，共同庆祝‘三八’妇女劳动节”。（新华社北京1988年3月8日电）

评论式。是对所报道的事实先作出评论性结论，然后再用具体事实来阐明。如“今天，新中国颁布的第一部专利法正式生效了。从此，脑力劳动成果被无偿占用的历史在我国宣告结束”。（新华社北京1985年4月1日电）

引用式。引用消息中人物深刻而富有意义的语言作为导语。如“女青年杜芸芸到上海司法机关，要求将继承的十余万元遗产捐献给国家，她说：‘我还年轻，应该靠自己的劳动来生活，我愿意将这笔钱来支援国家的四化建设’”。（《文汇报》1981年9月29日）

3.主体

主体是消息的主要部分。它承接导语，阐述导语所揭示的主题，或回答导语中提出的问题，对消息事实作具体的叙述与展开。写主体要注意如下几点：

主干突出。消息的主体是主干，典型材料要用在主干上。要去头绪，减枝蔓，与主题无关的要舍弃，次要材料要简略。

内容充实。回答导语中提出的问题，其内容必须具体、充实，这样才有说服力。导语提出什么问题，主体就要回答什么问题，这样才能紧扣中心，突出重点。

结构严谨，层次分明。要恰当地划分段落，有条不紊地展开叙述，安排层次有以下几种顺序：一是时间顺序，按事情的发生、发展、结束的先后顺序安排层次；二是逻辑顺序，就是根据事物的内在联系来安排层次；三是时间顺序和逻辑顺序相结合，这样写严密而有条理，活泼而不紊乱。

4.背景

背景是指事件发生的历史环境和原因，它说明事件发生的具体条件、性质和意义，是为充实内容，烘托和突出主题服务的背景既可在主体部分出现，也可在导语或结尾部分出现，位置不固定。

背景材料一般有三类：一是对比材料，即对事物进行前后、正反的比较对照，以突出事件的重要性；二是说明性材料，即介绍政治背景、地理位置、历史演变、生产面貌、物质条件等；三是诠释性材料，即人物生平的说明，专业术语的介绍，历史典故的解释等，以帮助读者理解消息的内容。

5.结语

结语是消息的最后一段或一句话。阐明消息所述事实的意义，使读者对消息的理解、感受加深，从中得到更多的启示。

消息的结尾方式有小结式、评论式、希望式等。有的消息，事实写完，文章就止住了，结尾就在事实之中。

二、通讯稿

1．通讯的概念

通讯，是运用叙述、描写、抒情、议论等多种手法，具体、生动、形象地反映新闻事件或典型人物的一种新闻报道形式。它是记叙文的一种，是报纸、广播电台、通讯社常用的文体。

2．通讯的特点

一般来说，通讯有四大特点：

（1）严格的真实性。

（2）报道的客观性。

（3）较强的时间性。

（4）描写的形象性。

3．通讯的种类

（1）按内容分，通讯一般分为人物通讯、事件通讯、概貌通讯、工作通讯。

（2）按形式分，通讯分为一般记事通讯、访问记（专访、人物专访）、小故事、集纳、巡礼、纪实、见闻、特写、速写、侧记、散记、采访札记。

4．通讯的写作

第一，主题要明确。有了明确的主题，取舍材料才有标准，起笔、过渡、高潮、结尾才有依据。

第二，材料要精当。按照主题思想的要求，去掂量材料、选取材料；把最能反映事物本质的、具有典型意义的和最有吸引力的材料写进去。

第三，写人离不开事，写事为了写人。写人物通讯固然要写人，就是写事件通讯、概貌通讯、工作通讯，也不能忘记写人。当然，写人离不开写事。离开事例、细节、情节去写人，势必写得空空洞洞。

第四，角度要新颖。写作方法要灵活多样，除叙述外，可以描写、议论，也可以穿插人物对话、自叙和作者的体会、感受，既可以用第三人称的报道形式，也可以写成第一人称的访问记、印象记或书信体、日记体等。通讯所报道的新闻事实，可以从各个不同的角度去观察，去反映，诸如正面、反面、侧面、鸟瞰、平视、仰望、远眺、近看、俯首、细察……角度不同，印象各异。若能精心选取最佳角度去写，往往能使稿件陡然增添新意，写得别具一格，引人入胜。

5．常见通讯简介与实例

（1）人物通讯

所谓人物通讯，就是以报道各条战线上的先进人物为主的通讯。它着重揭示先进人物的精神境界，通过写人物的先进事迹，反映出人物的先进思想，使之成为社会的共同财富。同时，也报道转变中的人物和某些有争议的人物。“金无足赤，人无完人”，在写作时切不可把先进人物写成从来没有过的大智大勇，十全十美，写人叙事力求言真意切，恰如其分。

（2）事件通讯

所谓事件通讯，就是报道典型的、有普遍教育作用的新闻事件。写事当然离不开事件有关的人，但它不像人物通讯那样着力刻划人，而是以事件为中心，在事件的总画面中，为了写好事来写人。它既可以反映现实生活中发生的重大的、振奋人心的典型事件和突出事件；也可以从某一新闻事件截取一个或若干个片断，进行细致详尽的描述，揭示事件的深刻含义；还可以是若干事件的综述。

（3）工作通讯

所谓工作通讯，就是反映贯彻执行党的路线、方针、政策中的成绩，总结实际工作中的经验和教训，或者探讨有争议的亟待解决的问题的报道。它是报纸上经常运用指导工作的重要报道形式。它的主要特点有四条：一是把介绍工作经验和分析问题作为主旨；二是凭借事实，深入分析；三是生动活泼，讲究文采；四是不拘一格，形式多样。随笔、散记、侧记、札记、记事均可。

〈实例〉

“卧龙”何以腾飞

——化工部第二胶片厂 成功之路探秘

本报记者 夏桂廉 通讯员 恭永梅“伏牛”出山，“卧龙”腾飞。70年代建在河南省伏牛山深处的化工部第二胶片厂，今天神奇般屹立在南阳市的卧龙岗下，成为我国印刷感光器材生产的基地、河南省利税百强企业。在社会主义市场经济的大潮中，他们越战越强的秘诀是什么？

企业要有一种精神

记者在这个厂采访时，干部职工介绍了他们如何适应市场需求调整产品结构：如何狠抓产品质量促销售；如何狠抓科技进步……但更令人振奋的是，职工们高昂的精神面貌和他们经常提到的企业精神：艰苦奋斗，团结进取。

70年代初期，二胶厂的建设者们开进了伏牛山。他们住的是简易房，吃的是红薯面窝头，在人迹罕至的深山，万名建设者忍着冬天的奇冷，冒着夏天的酷热，硬是在4年中建起了一座座现代化厂房。二胶厂的许多职工经历了那段日月，创业的艰难磨炼了他们，艰苦奋斗、努力进取的企业精神也像刀刻石雕般印在了这一代建设者的心中。

进入80年代，电影胶片市场趋于饱和。二胶厂的领导们审时度势，决定转产工业用印刷胶片。新的生产线怎样建起来，是完全靠国家贷款引进国外设备，还是主要靠自己的力量进行技术改造？二胶厂选择了后一条路。几年来，他们对关键设备拉幅机先后进行了4次大的改造，使其能生产0．175毫米厚的涤纶薄膜，填补了国内空白。对涂面机进行了多项改造，实现了微机控制、双机计量等，使生产的车速由18米／分提高到28米／分，控制精度由百分之一提高到千分之零点五。

对国外的先进设备二胶厂并不排斥，适于厂情的或技术改造中的关键设备也要买。他们分别从美英日引进了三条生产线和关键设备，这样技术改造的结果，产品质量上去了，生产成本降低了，同时还锻炼出一批技术过硬能打硬仗的队伍。

1991年，该厂被列为《三线企事业单位“八五”调整规划方案》之中，开始了由山沟到南阳的搬迁工作，除山区暂设分厂外，主要生产机构全部搬出。在搬迁中，该厂只用了6000万元，还比原计划的40天提前了5天。拉幅机搬迁后一次试车成功，工人们精细地拆装，忘我地工作，为国家节省了大量资金，被国务院三线办评为搬迁的典型。转入市场经济后，许多工厂的供销人员成了先富起来的人。然而二胶厂的供销公司仍然有一支不计名利、朴实能干的队伍。公司经理是个血气方刚的中年汉子，在二胶厂已工作20多年。他很为他的同事自豪。他说：“我们这80多人长年奔波在祖国各地，只要一说有任务，买张车票就走，出门在外吃住全不讲究，小旅店、小饭馆即可。当然，看到有的单位供销人员拿高奖金，花钱大手大脚，我们也有想法，但我们这支队伍艰苦奋斗的企业精神一直没有丢。”

在二胶厂，一线工人勤恳耐劳，他们很为自己的工厂自豪。迁入南阳后电源不足，对生产有影响，今年春节，工厂决定避开用电高峰照常上班，大家没有怨言，高高兴兴完成了任务。企业精神从何而来二胶厂的成功，与职工们的精神面貌有重要关系，他们的企业精神从何而来？二胶厂的多数职工都有一段在艰苦环境下创业的历史，他们对工厂有很深的感情，这是很重要的一条。但从干部职工的谈话中，他们十分信赖自己的企业领导，对他们充满信心，也是一条重要原因。

以“全国优秀化工企业领导人”李相权为带头人的领导班子，在工厂中深孚众望。李相权专业知识功底扎实，从企业基层干起，有丰富的实践经验，与二胶厂一起成长，又决定了他有较强的社会责任感和艰苦奋斗干大事业的气魄。

在二胶厂参观，厂房是新的，高水平的设备让行家们眼热，但厂领导的办公室则很普通，他们只是借用了厂科研楼的两层。为工人和科研人员创造最好的工作和生活条件，自己则决不讲排场。春节，工人们加班，李相权和其他领导大年初一的早晨也来到车间，和大家一起工作。

在从计划经济向市场经济的转化中，企业领导人正确的决策是十分重要的。李相权对行业状况、发展趋势、竞争对手的情况都了解甚深，因而有很强的市场驾驭能力。二胶厂的产品转向、技术改造、狠抓质量、开拓市场都渗透着他和领导班子的心血。一个能带领职工沿着正确的航向在市场经济的大潮中拼搏的厂长，自然会得到群众的信赖。当职工看到企业美好前景，个人生活不断得到改善时谁还会不努力工作呢？

（4）概貌通讯

概貌通讯又称风貌通讯。它是以反映社会生活、风土人情、自然风光和日新月异的建设成就为主的报道。尤其是改革、开放、搞活所带来的变化，又为这类通讯增加了新的内容。概貌通讯与事件通讯不同，它不是围绕一个人物或一个中心事件来写，也不要求写一件事发生、发展的完整过程，而是围绕主题集中各方面的风貌和特色。在表达方式上，往往运用点上具体事例来叙述和描写一个地区、一条战线、一个单位、一个点、一个方面的风貌变化，展现时代的步伐和人的思想境界的变化。一般采取“巡礼”、“纪行”、“散记”、“侧记”等形式，向读者介绍。

〈实例〉

“太旧精神”耀三晋

杜五安

山西，曾被唐代文学家柳宗元称作“表里山河”，它内凹外凸，四周被群山环抱，自古多以栈隘与域外相通。

“八五”期间，国家重点建设项目、全封闭、全立交的太旧高速公路的兴趣，不但揭开了山西公路建设乃至山西经济建设史上的崭新一页，同时，工程建设者们在实践中，也为世人创造了一笔宝贵的精神财富“太旧精神”。

新春佳节前夕，中共山西省委、山西省人民政府做出决定，在全省干部、群众当中，开展学习“太旧精神”活动。“自力更生、艰苦奋斗、不屈不挠、无私奉献”。中共山西省委总结的“太旧精神”，体现出改革开放的90年代山西人民开拓进取的精神风貌，反映了物质文明和精神文明建设的辉煌业绩。

知难而上太旧高速公路西起太原，东止晋冀交界处的旧关，全程144公里。路虽不算长，但沿线地貌变化大，地质情况复杂，80％的路段都蜿蜒在太行山的崇山峻岭之中，为施工增加了极大的难度。工期短，要求高，投资少，速度快，质量上必须创全国一流水平。

面对这样的条件，这样的要求，络绎不绝的外国投资者们虽屡经辗转、考察、概算，但最终都一个个地退缩了。他们啃不下这硬骨头，也不敢冒这天大的风险！怎么办？靠我们自己干！

山西省委、省政府下了这决心，全省人民下了这决心！省委、省政府明确提出“修建太旧高速公路，不仅是一项重要的经济任务，更是一项重大的政治任务！”

工程1993年5月动工。高速公路建设初期，遇到建设资金严重短缺的困难。面对这种情况，是坚定信心、迎难而上，还是优柔寡断、知难而退？在这重大抉择关头，胡富国同志带领省“五大班子”的领导赴太旧路现场办公，调查研究，统一了思想，坚定了自力更生、咬紧牙关、勒紧裤带、知难而进的决心。全省人民心系“太旧”，以不同的方式大力支持太旧路的建设，踊跃捐资捐物，在很短的时间里捐资达2．3亿元，缓解了资金困难。公路沿线群众识大体，顾大局，像革命战争年代支前一样支援太旧高速公路建设，他们拆新房、迁祖坟、砍果园、献良田，作出了巨大的牺牲和贡献。

顾全大局征地拆迁，常常是施工前的一大难题。但太旧路工程却是一个例外。在不到3个月的时间里，隶属于3地（市）10个乡（镇）的18个村庄的成千上万个拆迁户，便拆迁完毕。他们就像战争年代支援前线那样全力以赴地支援太旧高速公路建设。只要筑路需要，他们拆新房不犹豫，迁祖坟不忌讳，献良田不心痛，砍果树不留恋。他们说：“太旧高速公路是咱省的经济大命脉，小道理服从大道理，小复兴服从大复兴，舍小家为大家嘛！”太旧路工程共征地1．39万亩，拆迁房屋1058户，总面积10．8万平方米，砍掉果树12万株，迁坟4240座。拆迁户们谁也不现难色，谁也没有怨言，谁也不计得失，表现出了识大体、顾大局的崇高精神！无私奉献

太旧路工地，就像一座大熔炉，任何人，只要一投入这太旧路工地，其灵魂就会得到铸冶，其精神就会得到升华，其世界观、人生观和价值观就会得到深刻而巨大的变化与飞跃。讲政治、讲志气、讲拚搏、讲奉献，已经成为太旧人民心中的火炬和追求的目标。工地上，时时都有捷报频传，时时都有动人的事迹出现。施工项目负责人庞成，为了抢时间浇筑桥桩，竟冒着大雪在工地上坚守了三天两夜。高级工程师高德生除完成监理任务外，还分外为一项设计修改图纸，节约工程费用100余万元。

为了给太旧高速公路作奉献，长期病体的司机开起了砼灌车，新婚燕尔的夫妇把家安在工地的窝棚里，患病的操作手一边输液一边坚持施工，已经退休的老工程师重新走上了施工第一线。即使在病榻上即将告别人世之际，他还要给工程指挥部写信表述自己的心迹：建设好太旧高速公路是我的最大心愿，但是不能自始至终地参加太旧高速公路建设又是我一生中最大的遗憾！

在太旧路建设中，副总指挥刘俊谦被省委树为全省领导干部的楷模，8位党员受到省委组织部的表彰，8支突击队被评为“三项建设”优秀青年突击队，100名优秀干部、工人被火速吸收加入中国共产党，许多奋战在第一线的干部被提拔。

“太旧精神”正在三晋大地发扬光大。

（5）小故事（小通讯）

反映现实生活中的一个片断，通常表现一人一事，线索单一而有故事情节，短小精悍，生动活泼。不能写得人物繁多，场面太大，枝节横生，否则就失去“小”的特点。

〈实例〉

温馨留蓝天 爱心在人间

——陈太菊家人向西南航空公司致谢

陈 波

3月22日下午，因丢失一年血汗钱受到西航乘务员帮助的打工妹陈太菊的两位姐姐陈太凤和陈太翠，从广汉市专程赶到成都双流机场，亲手将书有“温馨留蓝天，爱心在人间”的一面锦旗赠送给西航总经理王如岑，以表达全家人的诚挚谢意。

去年12月30日，在广东中山一童装厂打工一年的陈太菊从珠海机场乘机到成都，过安检时忙乱中不填将12900元血汗钱丢失了。当她痛不欲生之际，西航乘务员带头为其捐款，从而感动了全机123位旅客纷纷为其解囊相助。当晚23点过，同机旅客古和强、张其君夫妇在回家整理行李时意外发现了陈太菊的钱盒，于是连夜驱车冒着浓雾赶到双流机场，将钱盒交给西航乘务部值班领导。元月一日，西航派人到广汉寻找到陈太菊后及时归还了钱盒。陈太菊得到失款后，感动不已，当场将在飞机上所得的6000元捐款委托给西航的同志，请转捐给“希望工程”。四川省青少年发展基金会接到这笔捐款后，打破常规，速将该款划拨给朱德同志的故乡仪陇县，从而使15名失学儿童得助重返校园。

“这一串串动人的真实故事，就像是导演编的，简直令人不敢相信，然而它却实实在在发生在我们自家人的身上”。陈太凤噙着泪水，满怀感慨地握着王如岑的手说：“你们培养了这么好的乘务员，我们全家人永远都会感激”。

作为全国人大代表，3天前才从北京开完人大会议归来的王如岑托着锦旗说：“推进社会主义精神文明建设，是我们共同的大事，刚召开的全国人大会议把它放在了很重要的位置。陈太菊把款转捐给‘希望工程’的举动，做得很好，它对我们继续抓好安全服务工作，也是一种激励。”

据悉，陈太菊已于3月13日重返广东求职打工去了

三、新闻报道格式种类

新闻稿的格式有很多，而且都是在新闻事业的发展过程中不断摸索出来的，不同时期格式也不一样。

一般情况可以分为以下四类：倒金字塔式、正金字塔式、折衷式、平铺直叙式等写作型式。

倒金字塔式：此种写作方式是目前媒体常用的写作方式，亦即将新闻中最重要的消息写在第一段，或是以「新闻提要」的方式呈现在新闻的最前端，此种方式有助于媒体编辑下标题，亦有助于阅听人快速清楚新闻重点。源于美国新闻界迎合了受众的接受心理，于是得到了普遍的模仿，现在中国的很多都市报所使用的都是这种格式。

新闻报道基本格式（除了标题）是：先在导语中写一个新闻事件中最有新闻价值的部分（新闻价值通俗来讲就是新闻中那些最突出，最新奇，最能吸引受众的部分），比如一场球赛刚刚结束，观众/读者/听众们最想知道的是结果，或者是某个球员的发挥情况，就先从这里写起。

其次，在报道主体中按照事件各个要素的重要程度，依次递减写下来，最后面的是最不重要的。同时注意，一个段落只写一个事件要素，不能一段到底。

因为这种格式不是符合事件发展的基本时间顺序，所以在写作时要尽量从受众的角度出发来构思，按受众对事件重要程度的认识来安排事件要素。因而需要长期的实践经验和宏观的对于受众的认识。

正金字塔式：此种写作方式刚好与「倒金字塔式」相反，是以时间发生顺序作为行文结构的写作方式，依序分别是引言、过程、结果，采渐入高潮的方式，将新闻重点摆在文末，一般多用于特写。

折衷式：又叫新华体。此种写作方式为倒金字塔式、正金字塔式的折衷，亦即，新闻中最重要的讯息仍然在导言中呈现，接著，则依新闻的时间性或逻辑性叙述。我们国家的新闻报道一般是遵循时间顺序，但是这种“讲故事”的写法已经不适合受众的阅读习惯（一般人没有时间听你讲长篇大论），所以“新华体”在吸收中外新闻报道之长的情况下诞生了。

新闻报道基本格式（除了标题）是：先把事件中最重要的部分在导语中简明地体现出来。

其次，在第二段进一步具体阐述导语中的这个重要部分，形成支持，不至于使受众在接受时形成心理落差。因而，第二段实际上是一个过渡性段落。

再次，按照事件发展的时间顺序把“故事”讲下来。

平铺直叙式：顾名思义，此种写作方式就是注重行文的起、承、转、合，力求文字的流畅精準。对教师组织而言，由于时常必须发表对特定教育政策、事件的看法，此种写作方式反而适合组织在发表声明时使用。

最近很流行一种叫做“华尔街日报体”（DEE）的格式，这个格式的主要特点就是在文首特写新闻事件中的一个“镜头”，一般是以一个人的言行为主，从而引出整个的新闻报道，比如央行关于房贷要加息的消息，新闻报道就可以从一个普通市民的住房贷款行为写起，比较能贴近实际，贴近群众，贴近生活。

标题对于新闻报道很重要，甚至都出现了一个标题就是一条报道的情况。因而，标题要提炼新闻事件的“精华”，把最吸引人的地方体现出来，同时要简洁。如果需要可以在主标题前加上引题，在其后加上副题。如果要写作比较长篇的调查性报道、深度报道，就要注意在文中按照事件叙述明晰的需要，适当加一些小的标题，以概括一个部分的内容，便于受众阅读（针对印刷媒体而言）。

除上述之外，要注意一些细节，比如文首要加电头，像“本报讯”；文中要尽量使用直接引语，尽量少地进行记者的观点表达；行文要流畅，不要艰涩等等。

四、专题新闻

所谓专题新闻，它既不是对一个固定人物的描述，也不是对一个独立事件的阐述，而是围绕一个主题，综合一个较大范围（一个地区、一条战线、一个单位），在一个时期内发生的事情，点面结合，反映全局。这种形式适用宣传各条战线的形势，某项工作的成就或者反映群众运动的声势、规模、特点、趋向。它纵览全局，有事实有分析，具有鲜明主题和指导性。

专题新闻在电视上占有很重要的位置。它在写作上并没有什么固定的模式，主要是由报道的内容和宣传形势的需要来决定。那么，怎样才能写好专题新闻呢？

一、要善于分析材料。由于综合性新闻不受某一具体事物发展的局限，可以在一个比较广阔的天地里，广泛地选用材料，游刃空间较大，所以，对大量的材料，作者一定要善于分析。如何进行分析？一是把杂乱纷繁的素材系统化。综合消息涉及的范围广、方面多，材料也就非常丰富。面对这大量的材料，作者一定要善于分析。恩格斯说过：“没有分析就没有综合。”我们写综合消息，要把材料分类排队，然后加以分析，弄清楚这材料哪些是主要的，哪些是次要的；哪些是说明本质的，哪些是只说明现象的；哪些是新鲜的，哪些是陈旧的。要分析出这些材料之间有些什么联系，能够说明一些什么问题，然后进行归纳、综合，提炼出大观点、小观点，使繁多的素材系统化。二是把报道的事实与全局联系起来。在分析材料的时候，把这些材料与贯彻党的路线、方针、政策联系起来，既站在全局的高度来报道局部，又从报道局部反映全局。这里讲的局部，对综合消息所报道的范围来说，又是一个“全局”。比如说，我们综合一个我县的农田水利建设情况，对这个县来说，是报道它的全局，但对全地区、全省来说，它又是一个局部。报道时不能只看到本县的实际情况，还要考虑到这些实际情况在更大范围内的地位与作用，这样才能知道选择什么，突出什么，使报道具有针对性。也就避免了就农田水利建设谈农田水利建设，而要联系整个形势、任务等来报道。三是把好的和一般的各类事实进行归纳比较。在分析综合材料时，要突出综合性。专题新闻既不是对一人一事的报道，也不是面对庞杂的材料有闻必录，统统写进消息中，而是把不同时间、不同地点、不同事件，归纳综合成一个有机体。当然，这种综合，必须是围绕分析一个问题或解决一个问题，对众多的单位或众多的事实进行系统的分析研究，把好的和一般的各类事实进行归纳比较，实事求是地选材用材，使人们对事物的发展有一个正确的理解，使之具有启发、提高受众认知作用。

二、要善于精选典型事例。专题新闻对事实的选择，应力求有个性，有代表性,有视角冲击力。只有这样，才能有说服力，有可看性,有指导性。

一是在选择事实的时候，既要着重客观实际，又要对实际工作的艰苦性、复杂性有一个全面的了解；既要抓住新问题，又要防止片面性；既要顾及事实的典型意义，又要考虑社会的客观效果。做到这些，就要认真做好采访工作，选择最有说服力的典型事例。

二是通过采访提炼出新颖的主题。专题新闻对事实的选择不同于事件性新闻，专题新闻时间跨度较长，空间跨度也较大，加上报道范围广、容易给人以陈旧之感。这就要在提炼新颖的主题上下功夫，巧妙地衔接时间与空间的跨度，力求以新的事实和数字为由头，使背景介绍、事实的综合能有一个最近距离的新闻依据，起到以新带旧的作用，使人有亲近感和新鲜感。当然不是把旧材料贴上新标签，换上新提法，对准新口径。这就是说既要选好典型材料，又要选好主题，才能用线索把珍珠串起来。

三是写作专题新闻时，一定要考虑到如何把它写,拍得耐看,耐听一点，吸引人一点。由于专题新闻材料繁多，跨度较大，加之要竭力为表述比较抽象的观点服务，所以，很容易写得枯燥乏味。要对所写的事物有个透彻的了解，有独特的见解和认识，这是写好专题新闻的基础。还要尽力把文字写得生动活泼一点，以求把抽象的观点在生动形象的文字表述下，增强其可看性,使受众过目不忘。

三、要善于概括材料。综合消息反映的内容比较丰富，范围比较广阔，因此材料就特别多，只有抓住事物的本质和特点，才能对事物作全面、高度的概括。概括事实要注意两点：

一是要准确。即准确地反映事物的全貌、特点、意义，不能轻率、浮夸，以点代面。语言要贴切，分寸要得当。还要中肯，不含含糊糊。

二是要形象。有的事实一经作者概括，就变得干干巴巴，没有什么感染力。要给人以具体、实在的感觉，有时可以以小见大，由近及远地反映全局，其时还可以用见闻式、感受式的写法来介绍全局的情况。

三是要全面。专题新闻最容易自觉不自觉地出现思想方法上片面性、绝对化，从而影响新闻的真实性。这是由于我们对材料的理解角度和认识水平不同，对同一事物可能得出不同的结论。也许我们主观上并不想说假话、说绝话，甚至选取的某一具体材料也确是客观的真实的，但由于思想方法上缺乏辩证法，所以说好一切都好，说坏一切都坏，结果导致以偏概全。因此，在写稿时，既要以事实概括，又不能以现象代替本质。说好的不可写成“足赤”、“完人”，坏的也不能概括为一无是处。我们看到一些通讯员写的综合新闻，常见的毛病是摆出一副指导的面孔，观点加例子，贴标签戴帽子，使读者不愿看，这种情况应当尽力避免。要对所写的事物有个透彻的了解，有独特的见解和认识，这是写好综合新闻的基础。还要尽力把文字写得生动活泼一点，以求把抽象的观点在生动形象的文字表述下，增强其可读性。

五、新闻专题

新闻专题是指与某一新闻事件或新闻话题相关的新闻集合，常用于网络或者电视媒体。

在网络媒体中，新闻专题通过网络连接来实现；

在电视媒体中，新闻专题一般表现为深度报道，不过在目前的实际新闻操作中，新闻专题实际上成为广告的代名词，以深度报道名义所做的广告。

新闻专题新闻专题具有新闻的实效性，又具有专题的详实和深度，故此称之为新闻专题。一般用来报道突发或者具有重要社会影响的新闻事件，通过深入挖掘，全方位的解读事件。往往会跟踪报道，具有延续性。

六、专题报道

专题报道是对现实生活中某些具有典型意义和较高新闻价值的新闻人物、事件、问题、社会现象等，进行记录调查分析解释评述等，深入系统而又生动反映其发生发展和结果及影响的全过程，揭示主题的深刻意义。这种报道类似报纸广播的通讯这一新闻体裁，是电视新闻深度报道的主要形式之一。

I remember the sixth grade when the National Day holiday seven days off our family ready to travel to Luoyang tourism, usually we rarely go out this time finally can go out to play for a while.

Eleven finally arrived, we packed up something, ready to travel we 7:00 on the train, the driver prepared almost half an hour, 7:30 departure, the trip is very long, to the afternoon to, when we sit a few Hours of the car, approaching 2:30, and most of us are sleeping, but it is this time more and more dangerous to happen, suddenly the car shook the two, we quickly got up and found a crash, we are afraid The car to burst, we rush to get off, people are smashing the window, the windows broke open people continue, when to me, I am very careful, I do not know why suddenly someone pushed me behind, I suddenly Jumped down, only go without any feeling can be a while I found hot, I look, ah! Put on a broken big hole, then my father came to see my wound immediately from the pocket out of a large toilet paper, my hand wrapped up, after a hospital ambulance came. We have been received by the hospital after some treatment finally cured, just to wrap gauze.

Then we are still happy to go to Luoyang important attractions: Longmen Grottoes and White Horse Temple, and then the next afternoon we do the car back home.

Although out of a car accident, but we are still very happy to play, as "survived, there must be after the blessing" Well!

日记是用来叙述一天中发生的有意义事件的文体。

第一，注意日记的格式：一般是左上角写当天的日期，右上角写当天的天气情况(cloudy/clear/windy/rainy/fine/snowy…)。日期通常采用两种写法：一种是按“月、日、年”顺序；另一种是按“日、月、年”的顺序。注意要在年份之前有一个逗号，而且月份通常可用缩写词（如：Jan.,Feb.,Mar.等）。如果需要写星期，可将其写在日期的前面或后面。如：Monday,May15th,2008或May15th,2008,Monday

第二，抓准日记的时态：日记记叙的时间通常是在当天的下午或晚上，因此所用的时态多为过去时态。但应灵活掌握，如果日记叙述天气、描写景色或为了描写生动，也可用现在时。

第三，日记一般按事情发生的先后顺序记述，所以常需借助一些表示先后顺序的词语，如atfirst,then,lateron,afterwards,finally,atlast等。一定要注意句与句、段与段之间的连接和过渡，适当使用一些过渡词语使其连接紧凑、过渡自然。

第四，确立日记的中心要点，尽量突出主题，可以通过对某个细节、某个侧面的描写来突出主题，千万不要写成一个流水帐。

Today, we live in the modern world, most things we do can use the machine. The technology brings so many convenience to us, it facilitates our life. As we are facing the new products all the time, the traditional things are fading away. Take the paper-cut for example. When I was very small, paper-cut was so popular in my grandma’s generation, most women could cut all kinds of interesting shapes.

While today when I went back to my hometown, I found that most of them had stopped cutting papers, because they could buy them at the very low price.

What’s more, the young people don’t learn such art, for the parents think it is not necessary for their children to learn the old-fashion thing. The tradition should not be abandoned, it is the reflection of our culture. Even facing the challenge, we need to inherit the tradition.

今天,我们生活在摩登时代,我们可以使用机器做大部分的事情。科技给我们带来了很多方便,它便利了我们的生活。我们每天都面对着新产品,传统的东西正在慢慢消失。以剪纸为例。在我很小的时候,在我祖母的那一代，剪纸很受欢迎,大多数女性可以剪出各种有趣的形状。现在当我回到家乡时,我发现他们中的大多数已经停止剪纸,因为他们可以以很低的价格购买。更重要的是,年轻人不了解这种艺术, 以为父母认为他们的孩子没有必要去学习这种不时髦的东西。传统不应该被放弃,这是我们文化的反映。甚至面临挑战,我们仍然需要继承传统。

[高中英语作文：传统文化的继承

1 天空没有翅膀的痕迹，而鸟儿已飞过

there are no trails of the wings in the sky, while the birds has flied away。

2 没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。

no one indebted for others,while many people dont know how to cherish others。

3 我的世界不允许你的消失，不管结局是否完美。

no matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world。

4 凋谢是真实的 盛开只是一种过去

fading is true while flowering is past。

5 为什么幸福总是擦肩而过，偶尔想你的时候…。就让…。回忆来陪我。

why i have never catched the happiness? whenever i want you ,i will be accompanyed by the memory of.。。

6 如果你为着错过夕阳而哭泣，那么你就要错群星了

if you weeped for the missing sunset,you would miss all the shining stars

7 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见

if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered 。

8 宁愿笑著流泪，也不哭著说后悔 心碎了，还需再补吗？

i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry,when my heart is broken ,is it needed to fix?

9 爱情是一个精心设计的谎言

love is a carefully designed lie。

10 当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害

when a cigarette falls in love with a match,it is destined to be hurt。

11 人活着 总是要得罪一些人的 就要看那些人是否值得得罪

when alive ,we may probably offend some people.however, we must think about whether they are deserved offended。

12 命里有时终需有 命里无时莫强求

you will have it if it belongs to you,whereas you dont kveth for it if it doesnt appear in your life。

13 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。

love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes。

14 永远不是一种距离，而是一种决定。

eternity is not a distance but a decision。

15 在回忆里继续梦幻不如在地狱里等待天堂

dreaming in the memory is not as good as waiting for the paradise in the hell。

16 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹

where there is great love, there are always miracles。

17 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人

at the touch of love everyone becomes a poet。

18 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。

if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden。

19 有了你，我迷失了自我；失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。

within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again。

20 承诺常常很像蝴蝶，美丽的飞盘旋然后不见

promises are often like the butterfly, which disappear after beautiful hover。

[优美英语写作段落句子摘抄中英互译

下面是小编为你带来的作文写作基础：写作技巧有哪些，希望对你有帮助。

一、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙

二、表现手法：

象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托(正衬、反衬)

三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语

四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论

六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写

七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉

九、描写景物的方法：动静结合(以动写静)、概括与具体相结合、由远到近(或由近到远)

十、描写(或抒情)方式：正面(又叫直接)、反面(又叫间接)

十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用

十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：举例(或事实)论证、道理论证(有时也叫引用论证)、对比(或正反对比)论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：立论、驳论(可反驳论点、论据、论证)

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总;分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：引用;强调;特定称谓;否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

二十四、其他：

英语是一种语言，从语言学角度来看，学生在掌握一定数量的词汇与语法知识后，就要用来表达自己的思想、见解，这些落实到纸面上就是英语写作。为提高大家的英语写作能力和技巧，下面小编为大家带来英语六级写作方法技巧，欢迎大家学习!

英语六级写作方法技巧：

方法一：叙述法

叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：，

In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.，

这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑。

常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。

方法二：列举法

作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。，

Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.

根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。

常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。

方法三：重复法

句子的一部分反复出现在段落中，这就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力。比如：

Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; --

该段中反复应用了I was in mortal terror of …我经常处于恐怖之中。

以上， 我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落的几种方法。在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色。

方法四：因果分析法

在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：

The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.

本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释。 常用于因果分析法的连接词有：because, so, as a result等。

方法五：对比法

将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如：

The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.

在这段文字上， 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较， "-- a thousand times faster than --" ;而后，又将这一概念具体到了 "a problem"上，通过对比使读者从 "-- a long time -- in one minute"上有更加直观的认识。

常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有：than, compared with等。

I was so busy in the previous winter holiday for I am going to take the

university entrance exam in July this year. Everyday, I buried myself in

studying. I had to review each required subject and do lots of exercises.

Besides, because I did bad in mathematics and physics, I had to do much more

exercises than other courses, which made me discouraged. I spent more than ten

hours a day in studying. When I was tired, I watched TV or listened to music for

a little while. But It was a big pity that I couldnt go to the see cinema. In

addition, I had to refuse all the invitations of friends and relatives. I only

called them or sent messages in the New Year’s Eve. I desperately hoped that

there is no exam but I know it’s impossible. The only thing I can do is to study

hard to get good scores and can be admitted to Tsinghua University.

什么是快速作文，快速作文体现在一个“快”字上，这种写作模式是基于有一定的写作基础，掌握了一定的写作技巧的基础上求“快”、求“好”的训练，如果写作水平不是很高，快速训练的效果会微乎其微。因此，我每接手一个班，第一步就是进行基础训练。通过基础训练，要求达到下列目的：

1、提高写作兴趣，培养写作情感

从心理学出发，兴趣是获得知识、形成技能技巧、开发智力的动力。所以写作兴趣，会成为快速作司文训练的重要因素。心理学同时告诉我们，兴趣与当前的需要有关，因此提高学生写作兴趣的办法虽然是多种多样的，但是其中重要的一条便是向学生进行快速写作目的教育，如果学生认识了快速作文的必要性，他就会对作文产生浓厚的兴习趣。另外，出作文题要紧跟形势，与时代同步，要切合学生的生活实际，命题要尽量新，能激发学生的写作兴趣，使学学生有话可写。

2.积累写作材料

这一点要贯穿到整个快速作文训练的始终，但在基础训练阶段要重点抓。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，没有写作材料，再好的写作高手也难以完篇。因此，一定要求学生分专题记住;一些典型材料，譬如有关爱国主义，党的领导，尊重知识，改革开放，廉政建设，学雷锋等等，每个方面都要记住一两个典型材料。材料的积累，教师只能做指导，要让学生自己去找，不要全班统一，全班统一了，写作的论据就会雷同。所积累的材料要注意三点：一要典型，二要准确，三要记牢。要强调用脑记，要背，不能光靠笔记本。材料越充足，写作速度就越快。

3.丰富写作语言

如果学生语言贫乏，写作时搜索枯肠也找不到一句恰当的话来表达自己的意思，往往写了涂，涂了又写，就无法提高写作速度。如果词汇不丰富，写到中途某个字不会写或者没有一个恰当的词来表达自己的意思，这样写作就会“卡壳”，当然也就达不到快速作文的目的。因此，写作语言的训练和词汇的积累是十分重要的。丰富写作语言的方法之一是，背书和加强课外阅读，书读得越多，背得越熟，作文就会越通顺，语言就会有文采，不会老说口水话。再就是指导学生学习群众生动活泼的语言，克服学生腔。另外，要指导学生积累词汇，词汇丰富，写起作文来就能得心应手，速度也就快了。

4.训练书写能力

书写能力的高低直接影响写作速度。因此进行快速作文教学，必须强化书写能力训练。作文不是书法竞赛，并不要求铁画银钩，但也不能龙飞凤舞，我们要求学生养成良好的书写习惯，把字写得清楚、规范、工整。具体做法主要是临摩字帖，每个学生应备有两本字帖，一本正楷，一本行书，先练正楷，后学行书，逐日临摩，坚持不懈，定能收到良好的效果。总之，通过素质训练，要使学生想写作文，爱写作文，并且有东西可写，话写得通顺。

攻克英语写作：滴水穿石，积累成章

考研作文作为考查考生语言表达等综合能力的题型，是考研英语的压轴戏。考生在日常复习中应更趋向于积累。考研作文的复习和提高是与一些科学的学习方法和有效的学习技巧分不开的，在此，万学海文考研英语辅导专家提供大家一些练习方法及技巧，希望对同学们有所帮助。

考研作文分为大、小两类。小作文多以应用文体裁为主，例如求职信、感谢信、辞职信，道歉信等，这类作文不需要复杂华丽的文采修饰，表意明确就可以了；大作文的题型多是通过图片或者提示文字，要求考生完成提示所透视出来的问题。命题范围，从近几年看，都比较倾向于当前社会热门话题或观念。

一、欲速则不达，步步行进

想要达到一定的程度，首先要向这个程度看齐。就写作来说，如果你想将自己的作文水平提高到一个质的飞跃，首先你要懂得去吸取别人文章中的精华。这个吸取精华的过程就是阅读。只有多阅读，才能够培养起良好的语感，才会知道如何去构思，如何去质疑别人的观点，表达清楚自己的意思。正所谓"读书破万卷，下笔如有神"。无论何时，大家都勿急躁，因为"跑"得好的前提是"走"，

作文这种慢火候才能提高的题更是如此，一步一个脚印才是写作稳步提高的策略。

近些年写作考题的内容和主题，基本都与当年的热点话题有一定的关系，所以平时多阅读英语报纸、杂志，能够帮助你掌握更多的话题资源。对于比较热点、比较重要的主题，可以有目的地进行搜集整理。阅读的过程也应该讲究方法，应该以泛读与精读结合的方式进行学习。一些好的文章建议你读过以后做英文阅读笔记（即观后感）。在读与写的过程中，你的写作水平自然会得到快速提高。

二、在研读中背记

除了读与写，还要进行适当的背。背诵是积极备战快速提高写作成绩的一条捷径。建议考生可以选择历年真题中的写作佳文，先是研究，思考人家是怎么构思，怎么写的，获得高分的闪光点在哪。再在理解的基础上记忆，更能够在无形中增强你的表达能力。同学们也可以拿一些英语原著名篇来读、背，这样可以加强自己的语感，使自己的表达更加地道。

三、每周一练，积累成章

表达能力需要考生平时多一点练习，给自己制定一个写作计划。一周至少练习一篇文章。在加强写作练习之后，你的文章才能够 "成章"。因此，实际动手的能力至关重要。平时训练的重点应该锁定在文章是否切题，行文是否表意明确、通顺，有无语法错误等。另外，一定要给每一次行文限定一个可行的时间。并且，按照这个时间严格要求自己完成。

如果你能够找到范文，然后在练习之后进行比较，效果会更加明显。假使没有范文作为标样，建议你可以找英语水平较好的同学看一看。也许评看你作文的这个考生英语水平不是很高，但个人看别人文章的缺点很容易看出来。如果条件允许，找老师请教一下最好。

掌握好的方法加之持之以恒，相信最后的成功一定属于你，继续坚定的考研信念，自信满满的走下去。

书面表达历来是英语教学中一个难点，要想在限定的时间内写出一篇质量上乘的文章，非一日之功。纵观几年来的高考书面表达，我们可以看出，高考英语写作越来越重视情景的设置，要求考生总结自己的感受和见解，给出自己的观点。书面表达又是全面衡量学生英语综合水平的一种测试形式，因此，我们不得不重视。

第一步，写作的内容，要求做到两点— 内容完整、相关。这两点只要考生不粗心，基本都能做到。比如陕西考区的题目，要求写暑假的安排，是一篇正反观点类的议论文。必须注意题目的要求，第一要提出讨论话题，Recently there has been a heated discussion about what the students should do during the summer vacation.(这是一个经典的模版开篇句型)。第二要写出一方面的观点，然后是另一方面的观点，最后提出自己的看法，根据要求缺一不可，否则就会被扣掉相应的分数，这就是完整。再比如，2005年广东考区的成语寓言故事，不仅要描写整个守株待兔的过程，还应该根据要求点名寓意，否则也是不完整，这点只要在课堂上强调，学生是很容易做到的。所谓相关，也就是不要过多出现文中没有的信息，不能过分发挥，一般学生犯此类错误的较少。

第二步，写作中的语法。在阅卷中，一般三个小的语法错误会被扣掉一分，一个大的语法错误(关于谓语的错误)会被扣掉一分。所以，学生应该尽量避免犯语法错误。我在课堂中会强调，对于语法基础薄弱的同学，除了加强自己的语法功底外，就是去背诵我给出的50个最高频用到的句法结构。这些结构不仅正确，而且一定是高考中的有效得分点，即使语法偏弱，记住这些句子然后在考试中使用也能避免学生自己造句中的语法错误，一举两得。比如，倒装句在考试中就很少有同学主动启用，但是一旦正确启用就会收到意想不到的效果，所以我会给出四组倒装句，然后让学生加强运用和练习。这些句子包括：

1、Only when we realize the importance of environmental protection, can we solve the problem of pollution.

2、So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

3、Diligent as he was, he failed in passing the exam.

4、By no means should teenagers get into the habit of smocking.

第三步，连接词的运用，使文章连贯、流畅。我把这些词分为8类，叫做“畅词”，往往学生由于中西方语言的差异，会忽视这一点，所以在授课中会通过大量的练习巩固和加强学生的印象。而且不仅要写，还写出高水平的畅词，因为高考是选拔性考试，要做到“人无我有,人有我优”。比如，“首先”这个表示次序的畅词，一般同学一定想到的是firstly 或者first of all。可是我建议学生启用to begin with, 或者initially (这个是建议水平较好的启用)。“然而”，绝大部分启用but, however，我建议学生采用on the contrary 或者oppositely。

第四步，也是整个课程的核心部分，要强化“复杂、高级”两个概念。为什么是核心呢?因为学生在这一部分没有正确的认识，在平时的学习中老师也没有有意识灌输和训练总结。大部分学生以为只要写出来、写正确就可以拿到高分，其实80-120个单词包括大概10个句子，如果全部是简单的词汇和句型没有办法达到最高档作文的要求。因此，我们强调高级的词汇和高级复杂的句型，不是说全部必须高级，而是必须出现一些才能符合高考作文大纲的要求。在这一步中，我总结的“高分词汇选择原则”、“简单句到复杂句的瞬间转换”、“高分句子写作策略”以及“钻石得分50句”，通过这些理论和实践结合的讲解，学生会感觉成绩的快速提升，效果明显。

Dragon Boat race Traditions

At the center of this festival are the dragon boat races. Competing teams drive their colorful dragon boats forward to the rhythm of beating drums. These exciting races were inspired by the villagers valiant attempts to rescue Chu Yuan from the Mi Luo river. This tradition has remained unbroken for centuries.

Tzung Tzu

A very popular dish during the Dragon Boat festival is tzung tzu. This tasty dish consists of rice dumplings with meat, peanut, egg yolk, or other fillings wrapped in bamboo leaves. The tradition of tzung tzu is meant to remind us of the village fishermen scattering rice across the water of the Mi Luo river in order to appease the river dragons so that they would not devour Chu Yuan.

Ay Taso

The time of year of the Dragon Boat Festival, the fifth lunar moon, has more significance than just the story of Qu Yuan. Many Chinese consider this time of year an especially dangerous time when extra efforts must be made to protect their family from illness. Families will hang various herbs, called Ay Tsao, on their door for protection. The drinking of realgar wine is thought to remove poisons from the body. Hsiang Bao are also worn. These sachets contain various fragrant medicinal herbs thought to protect the wearer from illness.

翻译：风俗习惯端午节最重要的活动是龙舟竞赛。比赛的队伍他们多彩的龙舟前进的鼓声中。这项活动的灵感是来自村民的勇敢的尝试营救汨罗江畔的屈原。这个传统一直保持了几个世纪。

粽子非常受欢迎的菜在端午节粽子。粽子的米包着肉、花生、蛋黄及其他材料，再以竹叶包裹。而粽子的传统是为了提醒我们的渔夫，将米丢进汨罗河水安抚蛟龙，希望他们不要将屈原吃掉。

塔索(Taso)的时间每年的端午节，农历的第五天，具有更多的意义，不仅仅是屈原的故事。许多中国人认为每年的这个时候，一个特别危险的时候，必须做出额外的努力，保护家人免受疾病。家庭在门上将挂各种草药，叫驱邪。喝雄黄酒被认为是去除体内的毒物。香包也穿，它是以含有多种香味药草认为保护人们远离疾病。

Zeng Qiao is one of my friends. She is a beautiful, outgoing and good-tempered girl. She smiles frequently. I think it’s her smile that makes her beauty. We live in the same dormitory, so that we always stay together, no matter going to classroom or having dinners. At first, I don’t like her very much, because she is always talking. It seems that she can’t stop open her mouth. I am a little bit quiet and introverted, so I seldom talk to others. But gradually, I find that she can have influence on others by what she says. Zeng Qiao likes sharing interesting things with others. For example, she likes telling us her funny stories of her childhood or her former classmates. She always tells me that I should be more extroverted and learn to talk to others. Under the influence of her, I communicate with others more frequently and I find that it feels so great. I am so grateful that I can have such a good friend.

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

It is summer vacation and school is out. During summer vacation, most children stay home, watch TV and play with their friends. Some take part in a neighborhood sports program and some go camping. A camp is summer vacation place for children. They can go swimming, mountain climbing or boating. Now, there are computer camps. At this camp, children learn how to use computers, which is very important today. Most children enjoy playing computer games. At the computer camps, they can learn more about computers and make friends easily. If you don‘t have a plan yet for your vacation, a computer camp should be

导语：写作一直是语文中重要的一项，是对学生综合能力，语言应用的考察，也在考试分数中占有较大比例，但是如何才能写好作文，在考试中取得高分，对同学们来讲却一直是个难题。下面我们来看看如何提高写作能力。

专家指出老师们应该教学思路灵活，关注学生个体发展，注重学生语文能力的培养，注重从根本上改变学生对语文的认识：

分数固然非常重要，但同时应当也是能力的提高，靠一次、两次的押题或许一时能取得一个好成绩，但学习成绩的决定因素：学习习惯、思维习惯的培养及形成是需要一定的时间。一个老师辅导一个学生，老师根据学生的情况进行教学，或补差，或提优，进行个性化教学，实现真正意义上的因材施教。为此，老师教你用独特的方法学好初高中语文。

学生作文时最头疼的问题是无话可说。为了解决这一难题，专家告诉大家不妨用刘勰的话说“流连万象之际，沉吟视听之间”启发他们：要想写好作文，必须谈如何生活，体察入微。生活，是写作的“源头活水”。叶圣陶先生曾说过，“作文这件事离不开生活……必须寻到源头才有清的水喝”，可见观察是中学生认识生活的重要途径。因此，专家指出老师们应该帮助学生明确观察的重要性，结合课本中的名篇交给他们观察生活，表现生活的方法。“授之以鱼”，不如“授之以渔”。例如学了《我的老师》后，可以引导学生观察自己所尊敬的老师，让他们明白老师的高风亮节，除了表现在批改作业到深夜，或带病上课，累倒在讲台上等外，还有许多值得挖掘的素材。以前，同样的材料上代人用来赞颂老师，下一代“涛声依旧”。似乎老师永远是身穿中山装，口袋里插一支钢笔，不苟言笑;老的，少的，农村的，城市的，一个样。通过观察，让其明白不同时代，不同环境，不同科目的老师穿着打扮、兴趣爱好、精神面貌、教学方式等都有差异。当今教师不但追求内在美，还注重外在美;他们不仅仅追求脚踏实地，还注重巧干。课上，他们“激扬文字”“指点江山”，评估论今，妙语连珠;课外，他们驰骋球场，泼洒丹青，舞文弄墨，雅趣如流。罗丹曾说，世界上不是缺少美，而是缺少发现美的眼睛。实践证明，丰富的写作素材，都是靠仔细观察周围事物的来的。

要关注生活，博采众长。古人云：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会写诗也会吟。”可见广泛阅读的重要性。老师应当有计划地引导学生进行课外阅读。例如，在教学中，鼓励学生每天写日记，可写身边的人或事，也可摘录一些名言警句、优美的段落，或介绍一部生动的有趣的影视剧作;规定每月读一本优秀期刊;每个假期读两本名著，如学了《美猴王》《鲁提辖拳打镇关西》后，建议学生读吴承恩的《西游记》和施耐庵的《水浒传》，让他们领略作者刻画人物的手法，反映社会生活的方法。

我们只有“行万里路”——广泛深入生活，只有“读完卷书”——博采众长，才能文思泉涌，“下笔如有神”。

很多同学怕写作文，常常为此苦恼。究其原因，主要表现在三个方面：有的苦于没有东西写，有的不知道怎样串成文章，有的担心写不具体。

我认为，高中生要想提高写作能力，必须从积累材料和训练表达这两方面入手。

古人云："不积跬步，无以致千里，不积小流，无以成江河。"要写好作文，语言材料和生活感悟的积累是基础。只有厚积，才能薄发。同学们积累材料，主要有以下途径：

一，阅读与摘记

这里的阅读不仅仅是指语文课内的阅读，更不等同于语文课本的学习，还包括大量的课外阅读。只凭借语文课内的阅读，是难以满足积累语言材料的需要的。早在50多年前，叶圣陶先生就指出："国文课本为了要供同学试去理解，试去揣摩，分量就不能太多，篇幅也不能太长;太多太长了，不适宜做细琢细摩的研讨工夫。但是要养成一种习惯，必须经过反复的历练。单凭一本语文书，是够不上说反复的历练的。所以必须在国文教本以外再看其他的书，越多越好。" 要进行大量的课外阅读，首先要有阅读的条件，同学们可在图书室借书，也可以自己订课外书，或者同学之间互相交流。对于一本好书，反复诵读，在读中自悟，在读中自得，记住其中的要点，自己的感受以及好词佳句，古诗名句和名人名言等，分门别类地摘在笔记本上。再对这本书其他内容进行快速的浏览，得到想要的要点或具体的信息，就停下来，把它们记下。读完全书以后，回顾全文内容，根据要点列成提纲，从而整体把握。而我校的读书笔记，这个时候是最能派上用场的了。

二，观察与思考

作文源于生活。我们身边每天都在发生着不计其数的新鲜事，可惜，有些同学对此视而不见，听而不闻。可见，无材可写的根源是不善于观察。同学们观察时应调动一切感官，充分运用视觉，听觉，触觉，味觉，嗅觉，进行细致的观察。对观察到的现象，要给自己多提几个问题，多问几个为什么，并勇于向别人请教，要进一步分析，综合，比较，判断，以获取更全面更深刻的认识，觉得很有收获的就记下来。 同学掌握了大量的语言材料与生活素材，就为写作做好了准备。剩下要做的，就是实践，实践，再实践，也就是反复多次地进行习作训练。

三，每日一忆，每周一记

坚持写日记确实能有效地提高同学的作文能力，但也会给同学造成较重的课业负担。"每日一忆"改"记"为"忆"，只要求同学在入睡前，把一天中经历的事回想一下，把有意义的事情挑选出来，想想可以写成什么作文。第二天在课堂上交流，比比谁是生活中的有心人，最有"慧眼"，最会发现。如果碰到自己特别感兴趣又有把握写好的素材，就写成周记。 同时还要注意，积累要持之以恒，锲而不舍。英国著名科幻小说作家儒勒·凡尔纳为了积累写作材料，曾写了几百本读书笔记，摘录了两万多张卡片。

四，作文的修改

作文自己改，进步更显著。好作文是改出来的，"改错先于求美"，作文之道总是"先求其通次求其美"，同学学会自改作文则更是有益一生的事。 写作上必须努力通过各种途径，培养同学的主体意识，提高同学自主作文的能力和创新能力。兴趣是最好的老师，同学一旦对作文产生了浓厚的兴趣，就会"乐此不疲"。自由是作文的生命，让同学敞开自己的心怀，拥抱自己的天空，写出感情，写出个性。通过写作，从现实走向未来，从未知走向已知。