英语二级需要买什么教材【通用15篇】

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

Students need enough sports and activities to do physical exercises and relax, but in some schools they are not given enough time to do outside activities. It’s harmful for students’ growth. Teachers ask students to spend most of their time on studies. But when they feel tired and bored, students can’t concentrate on studies. They are in bad health.

It’s necessary to give students enough time to do outside activities. After good relaxation and rest, studens will work harder.

Pay attention to students’ health and growth.

学生们需要足够的运动和活动来做体育锻炼和放松,但是一些学校没有给予足够的时间从事课外活动。对学生的成长是有害的。老师要求学生花费大量的时间在研究上。但当他们累了,烦了,学生就不能集中精力学习。他们的身体也不好。

有必要给学生足够的时间从事课外活动。休息好和放松后,学生会更加努力学习。

关注学生的健康和成长。

When we are chatting with our friends happily, suddenly if we are talking about the awkward topic, we need to do something to change this situation, what are we gonna do?

The answer is using your humor to make things seem easy, and then your friends won’t take your awkward topic seriously. Humor is very important, it can adjust the atmosphere, making things work easily.

Life needs humor, without humor, life would be boring. Foreign people like to make friends with humorous people, they can feel relax when they are chatting, while most Chinese people are always taking things too seriously.

I like to make friends with humorous guys, they make me feel life is easy, and we should positive about life.

当我们和朋友聊得很开心的时候，突然如果我们聊到很尴尬的话题，需要做一些事情来改变情形，我们该怎么做呢？答案是使用你的幽默来让事情看起来轻松些，然后你的朋友就不会把你尴尬的话题当真。幽默很重要，它可以调整氛围，让事情更好地运行。生活需要幽默，没有幽默，生活就会很无聊。外国人喜欢和幽默的人交朋友，他们聊天的时候可以感到很轻松自在，然而大部分中国人总是把事情看得很正式。我喜欢和幽默的人交朋友，他们让我觉得自由，对生活要积极。

[初中英语作文：生活需要幽默

我本科的专业并非英语，但本专业的课程不多，空闲时间不少，没事就学英语，纯粹是兴趣使然，后来慢慢接触到了翻译。在校期间，我只是偶尔旁听过一些翻译课程，并没有系统地学过，主要还是*自学，多做练习，遇有问题就向有经验的老师请益，因此本科时还算打了点基础。需要说明的是，我自学翻译的主要方法就是“对照法”，将原文和较好的译文对照着看，这是个笨办法，但在我看来却最为有效。谈到翻译教材或辅导书，虽然见到一本买一本，慢慢也攒了几十本，但却没有通读过一本，因为我总是固执地认为实践高于理论，而书中的有些内容在实践中总是派不上用场，还不如多做些练习提高得快些。

毕业后我从事的工作与翻译无关，但英语学习也没间断。2005年春天，我决定参加年末的二级笔译考试。先买了本大纲，看了看样题，拟定了备考方案。由于有专业八级的底子，综合能力考试不成问题，关键是实务考试。备考过程中我坚持勤动手的原则，每天英译汉和汉译英各做一段，真正动笔写，丝毫不马虎。备考过程中切忌光看不练，即只看各种教材而不练习，这样的考生几乎没有通过的希望。翻译是实践性很强的工作，只有在实际练习中才能发现自己的不足，才能找到各种问题。教材的例子往往比较典型，但弄懂这些例子并不意味着在实践中就不会遇到新问题，没有哪本教材是万能的。必须要勤于练习，在练习中思考和总结。教材中的例子是别人咀嚼后的现成品，考生一定要学会自己去咀嚼，这个步骤断不能省。此外，练习中要动笔写，不能做视译。在平时训练中就要以考试的真实状况训练自己。口说和笔写是截然不同的两个过程，往往觉得看懂了，能翻译，但落到纸上的译文却不一定能令人满意。汉语是否通顺，英语是否准确，书法是否整齐，卷面是否干净，这都在考察平时是否动笔。

关于资料，我备考二笔时没有购买指定教材，而是自己根据大纲和样题准备了一些，简要介绍如下：

1.《邓小平文选》第三卷及其英译本

2.《中国翻译》编辑部编的《名作精译》（青岛出版社）

3.张培基先生的《英译中国现代散文选》（上海外语教育出版社）

4.最新的《政府工作报告》及其英译本

5.网上搜索的我国领导人讲话及其英译本

6.《时代》和《经济学家》等外刊若干

7.《英语世界》和《英语学习》若干

8.《中式英语之鉴》（外研社出版）

需要指出的是，资料不贵多而贵精，时间有限，因此必须要找到与自己水平相适应的资

料并好好利用。由于我在备考开始之时已经掌握了翻译的基本技巧，所以备考过程中主要以练习为手段，侧重扩大阅读面和提高双语水平。我看的这些书不一定适合所有备考者。如果是刚刚接触翻译的网友，我还是建议找几本翻译教材读一读。至于能力培养，就是要提高理解能力和表达能力，大家可参看我写的《英译汉重在理解汉译英重在表达》一文。二笔考试无固定范围，指定教材也就是个参考，千万不可以此为据，猜题目、背译文等方法就更不足取了。

20XX年XX月的考试我顺利通过，但分数很低，由此我也猜测到评判标准之严格，同时也认识到唯有严格的评判标准方能保证证书的含金量。

20XX年X月份我开始准备二级口译考试，由于过了二笔，底气很足，轻敌之念遂生，以为二口不过如此。5月一考，大败而归，综合能力虽然勉强通过，但实务仅得50分。失败原因小结如下：第一，听力不过关。考口译，八成是考听力。虽然我有专八的听力底子，但那是做选择题，听懂个大概也能勾对ABCD。口译考试却丝毫不能马虎，漏听或错听一点，全句的分就没了。第二，笔记不过关。交替传译的测试内容之一就是笔记，而我在备考中恰恰忽视了这一点，结果在实战中记得一塌糊涂。知道成绩后，痛定思痛，端正态度，认真备考11月的考试。主要方法如下：第一，加大听力训练强度，不求数量，但求质量。即不在乎每天听多少，而是每天听懂多少。我经常一个晚上只练习一段10分钟的材料，一个词一个词地抠。虽然进度慢，但收效很好。第二，学着记笔记。推荐林超伦先生《实战口译》一书，书中对如何做笔记有相当详细的讲解。第三，精读教材。王燕老师主编的这本二口实务教材非常好，讲解透彻，我在第二次备考中细细阅读了几遍，收获很大。

关于资料，仍是简要介绍如下：

1.梅德明主编的《汉英/英汉口译实践》和《新汉英/英汉口译实践》四本书。这四本书是上海高口的辅导书，但也可用来备考二口，因为该套书内容广泛，所选材料也比较新。

2.温家宝总理记者招待会音频。记者会译员均来自外交部翻译室，水平之高，足可借鉴。记者会内容广泛，不排除考试中会涉及到相关内容。

3.林超伦的《实战口译》。

4.政经词汇，这需要慢慢积累，没有哪本书是“一本全”。

第二次考口译，顺利通过，兴奋之余也很冷静，就是刚入门而已，要走的路仍很漫长。几句题外话：

第一，近日适逢5月份考试成绩公布，有怨气的考生不少。我还是劝没通过的考生先查找自身原因，不要怨天尤人。这个考试已举办三年，难度和评分标准渐趋稳定。第二，我已

开始准备同传考试，故今后很少再来这个论坛，大家如有问题，尽可到我的博客上留言，我尽量回答。最后，希望参加翻译考试的网友都能顺利过关。

有些故事，很平淡却很温情，下面小编给大家分享英语作文：父亲需要免费的午餐，欢迎阅读!

After John away customers, drove hastily left the company, go to the careful management of his nine free lunch shop. Nine years, every noon, he would lay down heavy corporate affairs, personally for customer service. According to a Los Angeles media reports, John among these nine free lunch for others, spending about $ 8.0 million. This has been called the business elite men Why the move?

Johns father was a humble citizen, his life did not give John brings flaunt wealth and capital, however, John was due to excel in the business of deep love, the father of John honesty and kindness affect growth . Nine years ago, my father suffered from Alzheimers disease. Because a nanny negligence, the father of a person to go out without return. John mind clear what the outcome, either the father suffered a mishap, or is really lost. John loved his father would rather believe the truth will be the latter.

In this way, Johns father lost the fifteenth day, on a busy street in Los Angeles bought the shop, opened this free lunch shop. John believes that his father lost since it is, it will certainly encounter livelihood, he convinced his fathers footsteps wandering through here sooner or later, you will find here a free lunch. So John Every noon, must personally come to customer service.

Finally one day, a ragged old man with dementia came here, he is the father of John disappeared for three months!

Father of "recovered" and did not allow John to produce close idea of free lunch shop, on the contrary, he increased the generation of free services to find missing loved ones. Nine years, there have been more than a dozen of the lost loved ones in the store free lunch reunion. John said, a successful businessman if you can not guard their loved ones, then he shall die by the worlds out and ridiculed ......

约翰送走客户后，便匆匆驱车离开公司，去到那个他精心经营了九年的免费午餐店。九年间，每逢中午时分，他都会放下繁重的公司事务，亲自为顾客服务。据洛杉矶一家媒体报道，约翰这九年间免费为他人供应午餐，大约花销了800多万美元。这个被人们称作商界精英的男人为什么会有此举?

约翰的父亲是一个老实巴交的市民，他的一生并没有给约翰带来值得炫耀的财富和资本，然而，约翰在商界的出类拔萃却缘于深沉的父爱，父亲的诚实和善良影响着约翰的成长。九年前，父亲患上了老年痴呆症。因为保姆的一次疏忽，父亲一个人外出而未归。约翰心里清楚事情的结局，父亲要么遭遇了不测，要么是真的走失了。深爱着父亲的约翰宁愿相信事情的真相会是后者。

就这样，约翰在父亲走失的第十五天，在洛杉矶的一条繁华大街上买下了这个店铺，开张了这个免费午餐店。约翰认为，父亲既然是走失，就肯定会遇到生计问题，他深信，父亲流浪的脚步迟早会经过这里，会发现这里的免费午餐。所以约翰每逢中午，必定亲自前来为顾客服务。

终于有一天，一个衣衫褴褛的痴呆老者来到这里，他正是约翰失踪了三个月的父亲!

父亲的“失而复得”，并没有让约翰产生关闭免费午餐店的念头，反之，他又增加了代人寻找失踪亲人的免费业务。九年间，先后有十多对走失的亲人在免费午餐店里重逢。约翰说，一个成功的商人如果不能守护自己的亲人，那么他必遭世人的淘汰和耻笑……

Students need more outdoor activities学生们需要课外活动

Students need enough sports and activities to do physical exercises and relax, but in some schools they are not given enough time to do outside activities. Its harmful for students growth. Teachers ask students to spend most of their time on studies. But when they feel tired and bored, students cant concentrate on studies. They are in bad health.

Its necessary to give students enough time to do outside activities. After good relaxation and rest, studens will work harder.

Pay attention to students health and growth.

学生们需要足够的运动和活动来锻炼和放松，但是一些学校没有给予学生足够的时间从事课外活动，这对学生成长是有害的。老师为了让学生得高分，要求他们把大部分的时间放在功课上。但是当学生疲惫厌烦时，就不能集中精力学习。他们的身体也不好。

给予学生足够的时间从事课外活动是很必要的。休息好和放松后，学生会更加努力学习。

请关注学生的健康和成长。

[ 学生们需要课外活动英语作文

There was a teenage boy who stole a lot of money from home and left home to live outside. After staying out for half a year, the boy spent all his money. He was so cold and hungry that he really wanted to go home. Hesitate for a long time, he wrote a letter to his family, wrote in the letter: dear mom and dad, I know I was wrong, only go out in the outside, to remember the warmth of home, these days, I miss you all the time. With deep regret, I dare not to see you, and I am going home on a dark night. If you will forgive me, please hang a light for me at the door. After the letter was sent, the boy set out on his journey home. After a long journey, he came to the mountain girder of his hometown, and he ate some dry food and hid there until night when he crept up the hill. He was shocked when he looked at the village crying. There was a lantern hanging in the door of the whole village!

有一个十几岁的男孩，他从家里偷了一大笔钱，然后离开家到外面生活。在外面呆了半年，男孩把钱全部花光了。他又冷又饿，他非常想要回家。犹豫了很久，他给家人写了一封信，信中写道：亲爱的爸爸妈妈，我知道我错了，只有出门在外，才能想起家的温暖，这些日子，我无时无刻不在想念你们。由于怀着深深的愧疚，我不敢见你们，我准备在一个黑暗的夜晚回家。假如你们愿意原谅我，就请在门口为我挂一盏灯吧。信寄出去后，男孩踏上回家的旅程。经过长途跋涉，他来到了家乡农村的山梁后，他吃了一些干粮，躲在那里，直到夜晚降临，他才悄悄爬上山梁。当他哭着看向村子里看时，他惊呆了。整个村庄的人家门前都挂着一个灯笼!

[高中英语作文生活需要宽恕

假定你是某中学的学生李华。请用英语给出版社的编辑写一封信，表达你对现在使用的英语教材的看法，内容主要包括：

优点：1. 话题广泛;

2. 图片丰富;

3. 有助于提高学习兴趣。

建议：适当降低词汇难度。

注意：1. 词数100左右;

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;

3. 开头语已为你写好，不计入总词数。

满分作文

Dear Editor,

As a student reader, I am writing to talk about the English textbooks published by your house.

In my eyes, these books have a lot of advantages. To begin with, there are such a wide variety of topics in the books that they can satisfy students’ curiosity better. In addition, the pictures in the textbooks are very interesting and attractive. Not only can they draw students’ attention, but they can also arouse our interest in learning English. In short, we have benefited a lot from these books.

However, in my opinion, there are still some shortcomings in the textbooks. We find some words are a bit difficult to remember. Therefore, I suggest that you can make them easier to understand.

Best regards,

Li Hua

亲爱的编辑，

作为学生的读者，我写了一个关于你家出版的英语教材的作文。

在我的眼里，这些书有很多优点。首先，他们可以更好地满足学生的好奇心，有这样一个各种各样的主题的书籍。此外，在教科书中的图片是非常有趣和有吸引力的。他们不仅能吸引学生的注意力，而且能激发我们学习英语的兴趣。总之，我们从这些书中受益匪浅。

然而，在我看来，教科书中仍有一些不足之处。我们发现有些话是有点难以记住。因此，我建议你可以让他们更容易理解。

最好的问候，

李华

The word, friend, covers a wide range of meanings. It can be a nodding acquaintance, a comrade, a confidant, a partner, a playmate, an intimate colleague, etc.

Everyone needs friendship. No one can sail the ocean of life single-handed. We need help from, and also give help to, others. In modern society, people attach more importance to relations and connections. A man of charisma has many friends. His power lies in his ability to give.

As life is full of strife and conflict, we need friends to support and help us out of difficulties. Our friends give us warnings against danger. Our friends offer us advice with regard to how do deal with various situations. True friends share not only our joys but also our sorrows.

With friendship, life is happy and harmonious. Without friendship, life is sad and unfortunate. I have friends in high positions and friends in the rank and file. Some are rich and in power. Some are relatively poor and without power. Some are like myself, working as a teacher, reading and writing, content with a simple life. We all care for each other, love and help each other. We feel we are happiest when we chat and exchange ideas with one another. With my friends, I know what to treasure, what to tolerate and what to share.

I will never forget my old friends, and Ill keep making new friends. I will not be cold and indifferent to my poor friends, and I will show concern for them, even if it is only a comforting word.

[参考译文]

“朋友”这个词的意义很广。朋友可以是点头之交、同志、知已、伙伴、玩伴、亲密的同事等。

人人都需要友谊，没有人能独自在人生的海洋中航行。我们给人以帮助，也需要别人的帮助。在现代社会，人们更重视关系和联系。一个有非凡魅力的人有许多朋友，他的力量在于他的奉献能力。

生活充满矛盾和斗争，我们需要朋友的支持，以帮助我们摆脱困境。朋友提醒我们警惕险滩。朋友主动给我们以忠告，告诉我们如何应付各种不同的局势。真正的朋友与我们同甘共苦。

有了友谊，生活幸福、和谐；没有友谊，生活变得悲伤、不幸。我有地位高的朋友，也有地位低的朋友；有的有钱有权，有的较穷且无权无势。有的和我一样教书，读读写写，满足于简朴的生活。我们都互相关心，互相爱护，互相帮助。我们觉得朋友们在一起闲谈交流思想时感到最开心。对我的朋友们，我知道该珍惜什么，容忍什么，分享什么。

我决不会忘记老朋友，同时继续结交新朋友。我对穷朋友绝不冷漠，而是关心他们，哪怕只是一句安慰的话。

[我们需要朋友英语作文及译文

​导语：动物是自然资源，在整个历史过程中，人类一直在糟蹋着这种资源。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Animals are natural resources that people have wasted all through our history. Animals have been killed for their fur and feathers, for food, for sport, and simply because they were in the way. Thousands of kinds of animals have disappeared from the earth forever. Hundreds more are on the danger list today. About 170 kinds in the United States alone are considered in danger.

Why should people care? Because we need animals, and because once they are gone, there will never be any more.Animals are more than just beautiful or interesting. They are more than just a source of food. Every animal has its place in the balance of nature. Destroying one kind of animal can create many problems. For example, when farmers killed large numbers of hawks, the farmers stores of corn and grain were destroyed by rats and mice. Why? Because hawks eat rats and mice, with no hawks to keep down their numbers, the rats and mice multiplied quickly.

Luckily, some people are working to help save the animals. Some groups raise money to let people know about the problem. And they try to get the governments to pass laws protecting animals in danger. Quite a few countries have passed laws. These laws forbid the killing of any animal or planton the danger list. Slowly, the number of some animals in danger is growing.

【参考译文】

动物需要人类的保护

动物是自然资源，在整个历史过程中，人类一直在糟蹋着这种资源。人们杀死动物 ，获得它们的皮毛，把它们当作食物或运动方式，或者只是因为它们碍事。成千上万种动物 已经从这个地球上永远地消失了。现在另外上百种动物 也上了濒危动物 名单。仅荚国大概就有170种被认为处于危险当中。

为什么人们应该感到担忧呢?因为我们需要动物 ，因为它们一旦消失，就永远不会再出现。动物 不仅仅是漂亮或有趣。它们不仅仅是人类的食物来源。在维持自然平衡中，每种动物 都有其作用。毁灭某种动物 会导致许多问题。比如，农民们如果杀死为数众多的鹰，他们谷物和粮食的仓库就会受到老鼠和田鼠的破坏。 为什么?因为鹰吃鼠类，没有鹰控制它们的数量，鼠类就会迅速繁殖。

幸运的是，有些人正在努力帮助拯救这些动物 。有些组织筹钱以便人们了解这一问题。他们也努力使政府通过保护 濒危动物 的法律。很多国家已经通过了法律。这些法律禁止杀害濒危名单上的动植物。某些濒危动物 的数目正在慢慢地不断上升。

Everyone Needs Help

One day, when I was on my way home, I saw an old man walking slowly around the street Corner. Suddenly he fell down, I ran to him. I couldn’t move him. I look around. Just at that time, I saw a telephone box. I had an idea. I called the police and soon they came. They thanked me for the help. “Everyone needs help.” I said with a smile.

有一天，在我回家的路上，我看到一个老人在街角慢慢的走。突然他摔倒了，我跑了过去。我无法扶起他。我看看周围。就在这时，我看到一个电话亭。我有了一个想法。我打电话给警察局，他们很快就来了。他们感谢我的帮助。“每个人都需要帮助。”我笑着说。

There are many different types of music in the world today. Why do we need music? Is the traditional music of a country more important than the international music that is heard everywhere nowadays?

范文：

It is true that a rich variety of musical styles can be found around the world. Music is a vital part of all human cultures for a range of reasons, and I would argue that traditional music is more important than modern, international music.

Music is something that accompanies all of us throughout our lives. As children, we are taught songs by our parents and teachers as a means of learning language, or simply as a form of enjoyment. Children delight in singing with others, and it would appear that the act of singing in a group creates a connection between participants, regardless of their age. Later in life, people’s musical preferences develop, and we come to see our favourite songs as part of our life stories. Music both expresses and arouses emotions in a way that words alone cannot. In short, it is difficult to imagine life without it.

In my opinion, traditional music should be valued over the international music that has become so popular. International pop music is often catchy and fun, but it is essentially a commercial product that is marketed and sold by business people. Traditional music, by contrast, expresses the culture, customs and history of a country. Traditional styles, such as ...(example)..., connect us to the past and form part of our cultural identity. It would be a real pity if pop music became so predominant that these national styles disappeared.

In conclusion, music is a necessary part of human existence, and I believe that traditional music should be given more importance than international music.

[我们为什么需要音乐英语作文

Life needs positive energy. A person’s life is a road with lots of difficulties and various negative emotions.

Everyone will have the desperate time. Positive energy can help us go through this period of time.

For example, I am sad about the exam yesterday. But an optimistic classmate encourages me to think in a good way and comfort me.

I can recover soon. But if she also is as pessimistic as me, I won’t have recovered so quickly. Maybe I will be sad for a long time. There are many similar things happening in our life. To live a better life, we need positive energy.

生活需要正能量。人的一生是充满困难和各种负面情绪的一条路。每个人都有郁闷的时候。正能量可以帮助我们度过这段时期。例如，我为昨天考试的事而难过。但是一个乐观的同学鼓励我往好的方面想，安慰我。我可以很快地恢复过来。但是如果她也跟我一样悲观的话，我不可能这么快恢复心情的。也许我会伤心很久。在我们的生活中有很多这种类似的事情。为了生活得更美好，我们需要正能量。

[初中英语作文：生活需要正能量

全国二级英语词汇

a(an)art.一，一个，每个；(同类事物中的)任何一个

ableadj.能(够)，会；能干的；聪明的beabletodosth.有能力干某事

aboutprep.关于，对于，涉及；在…周围(附近)

aboveprep.在…之上(上面)；(数目、价格等)大于；高于

abroadadv.出国，在国外acceptv.承认；接受

accidentn.事故；意外事件according(to)prep.根据…，按照；据…所说，按…所载

achen.&v.疼痛

achievev.实现，完成；达到，得到acrossprep.横穿，穿过；在…对面actn.行为，做事

v.扮演，行动，起作用

activeadj.积极的，活跃的，起作用的，主动的

actorn.男演员actressn.女演员

actualadj.实际的，真实的，事实上的addv.加，增加

addressn.地址，住址；演说，讲话

v.在（信封和包裹上）写姓名地址，向…作正式讲话，对…发表演说，称呼admirev.钦佩，欣赏；称赞，夸奖

admitv.承认，供认；准许…进入，接纳advancev.推进，促进n.前进；进展

advantagen.优点；好处

adventuren.奇遇，冒险的经历；冒险advicen.忠告；建议

advisev.建议；忠告；通知，告知affairn.事情，事件；事务；（个人的）事affordv.买得起，负担得起；提供，给予afraidadj.害怕的；担心的beafraidof担心发生…African.非洲

Africanadj.非洲的

afterprep.在…以后，在…后面

adv.以后，后来afterall毕竟，究竟afternoonn.下午，午后againadv.再一次，又一次

againandagain再三地，反复不止地onceagain再次

againstprep.逆；反对，违反，倚在，紧*着；以…为背景（或衬托）；为…作防备（或准备）；以…为抵御（或抵抗）对象agen.年龄；时代，时期v.(使)变老，老化

agoadv.以前，…之前

agreevt.同意，赞成；适合，一致；商定，约定

agreetodosth.同意做某事

agreewithsb.同意某人的意见；适合agreementn.协定，协议；一致，同意agriculturen.农业，农学aheadadv.在前，向前，提前aimn.目标，目的，射击目标v.瞒准，对准，致力于，旨在

airn.空气，大气；天空；神气，架子vt.使通风

aircraftn.飞机，航空器

airmailn.航空邮件，航空邮政airportn.机场，航空站

aliveadj.活着的，有活力的，活跃的alladj.一切的，所有的，全部的adv.完全，都，十分allover到处，遍及

allright行，可以，顺利inall总共，总计notatall一点也不

allowv.允许，容许；允许…进入almostadv.几乎，差不多

aloneadj.单独的，孤独的；仅，单单adv.单独地，独自地；仅仅，只alongprep.沿着adv.向前，往前

aloudadv.出声地，大声地alreadyadv.已经，早已alsoadv.同样，也，而且

althoughconj.虽然，尽管

alwaysadv.总是，一直；永远，始终

am(was,been)v.be动词的第一人称单数现在式

A.M.(=a.m.)上午；（广播系统的）调幅American.美洲；美国

Americanadj.美洲（人）的；美国（人）的n.美洲人；美国人

amongprep.在…之中，在…中间andconj.和，与；然后，其后angern.怒，愤怒v.使发怒，激怒

angryadj.愤怒的，生气的；（风、雨等）狂暴的

beangrywithsb.生某人的气

animaln.动物；动物的，动物制成的announcev.宣布，宣告；声称annoyvt.使烦恼，使不快；打搅

anotheradj.另一，再一；别的，不同的oneafteranother一个接一个地answerv.回答，答复；负责，保证

anxiousadj.焦虑的，发愁的，担心的；渴望的，急切的anyadj.一些，什么（用于否定、疑问句中）；任何的，任一的

pron.无论哪个，无论哪些

anybodypron.某人，随便哪一个人，无论谁，任何人（用语否定、疑问、条件句中）anyhowadv.不管怎么说，无论如何anyonepron.任何人

anythingpron.任何事物，一切（一般用于疑问句或否定句）；什么事（物），任何事（物）anywhereadv.在任何地方apologizev.道歉，认错

appearv.出现，露面，来到；看来好像，似乎；出版，发表applen.苹果Apriln.四月

arev.be的现在式第一、第二、第三人称复数

arean.面积；地区，区域

arguev.提出理由证明，表明；争论，争辩；说服

armn.手臂；支架，扶手v.装备，武装

takesth.inone’sarms怀抱着某物armyn.陆军，军队

aroundadv.在…周围，各处prep.周围，环绕

arrivaln.到达，到来；到达者，到达物arrivevi.抵达（目的地），到达；来临，（经安排要）出现

arriveat/inaplace达成，得出，到达（某地）artn.美术，艺术；技术；文科articlen.文章，论文；（物品的）一件，物品，商品

artistn.艺术家，美术家

asconj.当（在）…的时候，由于，因为prep.像，像一样as...as...与…一样notso...as不如…

asif/though好像，似乎

ashn.灰，灰烬；骨灰，遗骸（常用复数）ashamedadj.惭愧，羞耻的，害臊的Asian.亚洲

Asianadj.亚洲的，亚洲人的n.亚洲人

askv.问，询问；请求，要求；邀请askforsth.要，要求（得到）asksb.forsth.向某人要某物asleepadj.睡着的

assistantn.助手，助理，助教astonishv.使惊讶

atprep.在…时；在…中；在…方面；向，朝；（表示速度、价格等）以atbreakfast早餐时athome在家（里）atlast最后；终于atonce立刻；马上atschool在学校

atthesametime在这段时间里atwork在工作

attackv.攻击，进攻，抨击n.攻击，进攻，抨击；（疾病的）突然发作attemptv.企业，试图，试图做n.企图，尝试，努力attendv.出席，参加

attentionn.注意，关心；立正姿势，立正口

令

payattention(to)注意，关心attractv.吸引，引起…的注意Augustn.八月

auntn.姨母；舅母；姑母；伯母Australian.澳大利亚

Australianadj.澳大利亚的，澳大利亚人的autumnn.秋，秋季；成熟期，渐衰期averagen.平均数，平均

adj.平均的；平常的，普通的

awakev.（过去式awoke或awaked；过去分词awaken或awaked）醒，（使）觉醒，唤醒；意识到adj.醒着的

awayadv.离开，远离；…掉，…去beawayfrom远离，离开

go/runaway离去，走开；逃走

babyn.婴儿；幼畜，年龄最小的人

backn.背面，背部；后部，后面；朝后面，在后面

v.使后退；支持

badadj.坏的；严重的（比较级、最高级分别为worse,worst）

badlyadv.坏，差；邪恶地，罪恶地；不利地，有害地；严重地，非常bagn.书包，提包；口袋baggagen.行李bakev.烘，焙，烤balln.球，球状物；（正规的）大型舞会balloonn.吹气球bananan.香蕉

bankn.银行，库；堤，岸vt.以…为根据

bargainn.（买卖等双方的）协定，交易；特价商品，便宜的东西v.讲价，讨价还价basen.基，底

basketn.筐，篮，篓basketballn.篮球

basicadj.基础的，基本的，根本的basinn.盆，脸盆；盆地，流域bathn.洗澡，浴；浴缸，浴室bathev.洗澡，给…洗澡bathroomn.浴室；厕所battlen.战役，战斗；奋斗，斗争v.战斗，斗争

be(am,are,is;was,were;being,been)vi.是，就是；在，存在beachn.海滩，沙滩

bearn.熊；粗鲁的人，笨拙的人

v.（过去式bore；过去分词born或borne）忍受；承担，负担；支撑，承受；生（孩子），结（果实）beardn.胡须

beatvt.打，敲；打败，做得更好vi.打，敲；（心脏等）跳动beautifuladj.美丽的，美好的

beautyn.美丽，优美；美人，美的东西becauseconj.因为becauseof由于，因为

become(过去式became；过去分词become)vi.变得，变成vt.适宜，同…相称

bedn.床；花坛；河床，矿床gotobed去睡觉makethebed铺床

bedroomn.卧室，寝室been.蜜蜂beefn.牛肉beern.啤酒

beforeprep.&conj.在…以前adv.以前，从前

begv.乞讨，乞求；请求，恳求

beginv.（过去式began；过去分词begun）开始

beginningn.开始，开端；（常用复数）早期阶段，萌芽阶段

atthebeginningof从一开始，当初，起初behindprep.在…后面；迟于，落后于adv.在后，迟，慢believevt.相信；认为vi.相信；信任；奉承belln.钟；铃

belongto属于，是…的成员belowprep.在…下面（下方），紧*着…底下beltn.腰带，皮带；地带，地区benchn.长凳，长椅bendv.弯曲；俯身（过去式bent或bended；

过去分词bent或bended）

besideprep.在…旁边，在…附近；与…相比

besidesadv.而且，此外（还）prep.除…（之外）还

bestadj.&adv.最好的（地）n.最好的人（东西等）

doonesbest尽自己最大的努力

allthebest（祝酒、告别等时说）祝一切顺利

betteradj.&adv.更好的（地）hadbetter还是…为好，最好

betweenprep.&adv.在…中间，在（两者）之间

beyondprep.在…的那边，远于；超出adv.在（或往）更远处，再往后bicycle(=bike)n.自行车v.骑自行车bigadj.大的

billn.账单；钞票，纸币；议案，法案billionn.（英、德）万亿；（美、法）十亿biologyn.生物学birdn.鸟，禽类birthn.出生birthdayn.生日

birthplacen.出生地，故乡biscuitn.饼干bitn.一点儿

abit(of)一点儿的bite(bit,bitten)v.（过去式bit；过去分词bitten或bit）咬，叮

n.咬，叮；咬（或叮）的伤痕

bitteradj.有苦味的；令人不快的，使人痛苦的；激烈的，强烈的；寒冷入骨的blackadj.黑色的n.黑色

blackboardn.黑板

blamev.责备，责怪；归咎于n.指责，责备；（过错等的）责任blanketn.毛毯，毯子

blindadj.瞎的，失明的；视而不见的v.使…瞎，使…看不见

blockn.大块（石料、木料、冰等）；街区；大厦；阻塞物，障碍物bloodn.血，血液；血统，家庭blousen.女衬衫

blowvi.吹，充气；爆炸，炸毁

blueadj.蓝色的；脸色发灰的；沮丧的n.蓝色

boardn.木板；牌子；董事会；伙食v.上车，上船，上飞机；搭伙，膳宿boatn.船，小船bodyn.身体

boilv.沸腾，开；煮，煮沸bonen.骨，骨头

bookn.书本，书籍，手册；卷，册vt.预定（票、座位等）born(bear的过去分词)beborn出生

borrowvt.借（东西），借入；采用，模仿bossn.老板，上司，头儿bothadj.两，双

pron.两者，双方，两人

both...and不仅…而且…，…和…都botherv.讨厌，烦人

n.打扰；伤脑筋；费心；麻烦bottlen.瓶

bottomn.低，底部；末尾，尽头adj.最低的，最后的bowln.碗，钵boxn.盒子；箱子boyn.男子

brainn.脑，脑髓；（常用复）头脑，智慧branchn.树枝，分枝；支流，支线；机构的分部

braveadj.勇敢的，无畏的breadn.面包

breakn.中断，间歇v.打破

breakdown出毛病，损坏；拆毁，捣毁（健康、精神等）垮掉

breakout爆发，突然发生；逃出，逃走breakfastn.早餐

atbreakfast在早餐时，正在进早餐havebreakfast吃早饭

breathn.气息，呼吸的空气holdone’sbreath屏息

outofbreath喘不过气，上气不接下气breathev.呼吸

brickn.砖bridgen.桥

brightadj.明亮的

bring(过去式brought；过去分词brought)v.带来，拿来

Britainn.不列颠（英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰的）

Britishadj.英国的；英国人的n.英国人

broadadj.宽的，广的，辽阔的；宽容的，（胸怀）宽广的；广泛的，一般的

broadcastv.广播，播出（broadcast或broadcasted）n.广播，广播节目broomn.扫帚，笤帚

brothern.兄弟，兄或弟；同胞brownadj.棕色（的），褐色（的）n.棕色，褐色brushvt.刷

n.毛刷，刷子；画笔bucketn.水桶

buildv.建造；建设

buildingn.建筑物，房屋，楼房；建筑，建造；建筑术

burnv.燃烧；烧毁，烧坏；烧伤，灼伤n.烧伤，灼伤

burstv.爆炸（burst或bursted）；突然打开；突然发生，冲，闯n.爆炸；爆发

buryv.埋葬；掩埋，埋藏busn.公共汽车

bushn.灌木，灌木丛

businessn.交易，生意，商业；商行，商店，企业；职业，任务；事务busyadj.忙的，繁忙的

bebusydoingsth.忙于做某事bebusywithsth.忙于某事butconj.但是，可是，而prep.除去

notonly...butalso不仅…而且…butchern.肉商，肉贩buttern.黄油v.涂黄油于

buttonn.纽扣，扣子；按纽v.扣住，扣上

buyv.购买，交易；收买byprep.*近，在…旁；不迟于；经…，取道…；通过…（方式、手段等）达到；根据，按照；由，被

bybus/car/train/ship/plane/air

乘公共汽车/轿车/火车/轮船/飞机/飞机byoneself孤立地，单身地，独自地bye-byeint.再见

cabbagen.卷心菜，洋白菜cafen.咖啡馆，小餐厅cagen.笼子

caken.糕，饼，蛋糕

callv.叫喊；打电话给…；称呼，把…叫做n.电话，通话；叫喊

callfor叫…来；去取，来取，去接；要求；需要

calmadj.平静的；镇定的v.（使）安静，（使）镇定cameran.照相机，摄影机campn.野营，营地v.宿营

cann.容器；听，罐头vt.(把食品)装罐Canadan.加拿大

Canadianadj.加拿大（人）的n.加拿大人candlen.蜡烛capn.帽子，便帽

capitaln.首都，首府；资本，资金adj.大写的

captainn.船长，机长；上尉，首领，队长carn.轿车，汽车

cardn.卡片，名片；请帖，入场券；纸牌carevi.担心，关心，介意；愿意，喜欢n.牵挂，担心，照顾，烦恼，烦人的事takecareof当心，注意；照顾，照看carefor喜欢；照顾，照料

carefuladj.当心的，小心的，仔细的carelessadj.粗心的，疏忽的carpetn.地毯carrotn.胡萝卜

carryvt.运，送，搬，抱，背；传播，输送carryon继续，进行，经营

上星期你班同学就“现代社会是否需要孔子精神”进行了一次讨论，讨论情况如下表所示。请你根据表中的内容写一篇100词左右的英语短文。

正方 60%的同学认为：世界各国对孔子的研究愈来愈热，反映了人们对其思想的重视；孔子思想推动了世界和平的发展。

反方 40%的同学认为：孔子思想诞生于几千年前，已经过时；孔子思想在某种意义上限制了社会的发展。

你的观点

注意：1. 可适当发挥，以使行文连贯；

2. 参考词汇：孔子思想Confucian thought

重视treasure

过时的outdated。

One possible version:

Last week we had a discussion about whether we still need Confucian thought in modern society. About 60% of the students in my class think it necessary to study Confucian thought. For one thing, more and more people in different countries are bursting to study it, showing that it is still treasured in the world. For another, Confucian thought is believed to have made great contributions to the peace of human beings.

But every coin has two sides. About 40% of the students in my class insist Confucian thought is outdated. In a way it limits the development of the world.

Different people have different opinions. I think Confucian thought still has some positive effects on our society.

[现代社会是否需要孔子精神英语作文