英语写作教学方法推荐四篇 作文题目【热门20篇】

在雅思考试中，写作部分要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇作文。第一篇是小作文，要求考生描述图表反映的内容和问题，字数为150个词以上：第二篇是大作文，要求考生根据题目要求写一篇议论文，字数为250个词以上。写作单项的满分为9分，采取半分制：写作部分的总分是小作文分数的1/3加上大作文分数的2/3。由于分值权重方面的原因，很多考生都高度重视大作文，却忽视了小作文的重要性。这主要表现为两种情况：一是考生平时很少练习小作文，导致其在20分钟内无法完成小作文，从而挤占了大作文的写作时间：二是由于比较看重大作文，一部分考生在考试的时候会选择先写大作文，并因过于谨慎仔细而占用了很多时间，最终导致没有时间完成小作文。这两种情况都会导致考生的写作成绩被拖后腿。

根据写作部分的计分权重来算，对于写作分数目标是5.5分的考生，一般来说有以下两种方案可选：

方案A：小作文5分，大作文6分，写作成绩=5.5分：方案B：小作文6分，大作文5分，写作成绩=5.5分。这两个方案殊途同归，但是因为大作文比小作文难拿到高分，因而方案B比较容易实现。这就意味着，写作分数目标是5.5分的考生应重点提高小作文的写作水平。

首先，我们来关注一下SAT写作的出题形式和解题方法：SAT的写作有两部分组成，第一部分为议论文写作，第二部分为多项选择。 Essay

第一部分为限时25分钟的议论文写作，虽然没有具体字数要求，但参照官方所给出的样卷，需填满一张半大小的 A4纸，字数大约在500左右也可能更多。

这样的考试形式主要考验学生在压力下完成就某一日常话题给出观点并用各种具体论证手段加以支持分析的能力。在这种情况下产出的论文，考试方将其归为写作者的初稿。因此，一些不影响读者理解的语法错误通常被认作笔误，有别于雅思写作对语法准确性的严格要求，这一点和新托福对于初稿的强调十分相似。

那么常考的话题有哪些呢?由于SAT是针对高中生的考试，因此写作话题不需要任何单项的专业背景知识，但话题涉及范围非常广泛,包括文学，艺术，运动，政治，技术，科学，历史及时事。每一个话题并不只有一个正确的答案或观点，考试方注重考察考生是否具备就某个特定话题进行展开而不偏题的能力。

在文体要求上，更体现了SAT的弹性，不同于雅思写作，SAT写作的文体可以是记叙文，说明文或议论文，而文章也不会只是由于分段问题而被扣分。对于考试方而言，更看重的是考生是否能对一个观点进行生动透彻的阐述及所做出的论证是否有效有力。

几乎99％的面试都需要应聘者进行自我介绍。自我介绍是在规定的时间内向面试官简短的诠释自己各方面能力及与职位的适合程度的一个过程，需要面试者在此过程中高度概括，并且用自信语言表现出来。虽然是一个临场发挥的过程，但却是面试中唯一一个可以预先准备的“问题”。

自我介绍应该侧重于：

侧重于自身与工作相关的技能和教育水平

表露你对生活的侧重点

使雇主洞察到你的价值

让雇主了解你的成就

使雇主明白你是否有能力，是否有自觉能动性，能否很投入地工作

须有助于雇主判断你在多大程度上能融入公司的文化

自我介绍的内容应该包括：

你所申请的职称或职位

你的学历

曾经担任过的职务

适用于该工作的具体技能

相关的职业培训或实践

曾获得的荣誉或成就

你的目标

你的人生或经营理念

自我介绍的注意事项：

以事例（物）证明你所说的言论

中心突出，回答问题围绕并适合谋求该工作所需要的资格

言简意赅，一般不超过二、三分钟

介绍完以后，随即询问考官，是否他还需要知道其他的事

充满信心，声音洪亮

自我介绍的准备工作：

第一步：非常扼要地介绍一下你早年的背景情况：(你是在哪里长大的?)

有无任何有关父母/家庭的有趣或重大的事件可介绍？（如果没有，可略去这一部分）：

第二步：介绍自己所受教育情况：

第三步：介绍你的实践经历：

可以提一下自己在兼职工作中担任过哪些职位，说明这些职位能够使自己学到什么对现在应聘的工作有用的技能或经验。

第四步：对自己的长处进行归类

才智因素

包括：

天性方面（如“口才相当好”）

思维能力（如“我常能急中生智”）

知识与经验因素

包括：

很强的实践经验（如“是否参加过农药销售实践”）

其它卓越的经验（如“曾负责某区的规划图”）

个性因素

包括：

人际关系技巧（如“我爱管事，也不怕担负责任”）

助人的行为（如“我发现自己能够很快为周围的人所接受”）

动机因素

包括：

兴趣（如“我喜欢能使我保持活力、不断进步的工作”）

动机（如“我的目标是在两年后成为办公室主管”）

精力（如“我能长时间地工作而不感到疲劳”）

发言前

收集话题——看、听、读、回忆、思考。

发言的准备运动——在“题目、导入、主故事、主题、结尾”的发言架构和措词上下工夫。

现在的社会需要越来越多的广告策划书了。广告策划书的好坏直接关系到一个企业投资的成败，这是很重要的。

但是如何才能写好一份广告策划书呢，这是困扰所有公司文员和秘书的难题。写对了也就好了，对公司的发展有重要的帮助，也能够到领导的夸奖和提拔；可是一旦定位错误，将公司的投资搞坏，那就万劫不复了，那离下岗走人就不远了。

其实写好广告策划书并不是很难：

广告策划在对其运作过程的每一部分作出分析和评估，并制定出相应的实施计划后，最后要形成一个纲领式的总结文件，我们通常称为广告策划书。广告策划书是根据广告策划结果而写的，是提供给广告主加以审核，认可的广告运动的策略性指导文件。

广告策划书有两种形式，一种是表格式的。这种形式的广告策划书上列有广告主现在的销售量或者销售金额、广告目标、广告诉求重点、广告时限、广告诉求对象、广告地区、广告内容、广告表现战略、广告媒体战略、其他促销策略等栏目。其中广告目标一栏又分为知名度、理解度、喜爱度、购买愿意度等小栏目。一般不把具体销售量或销售额作为广告目标。因为销售量或销售额只是广告结果测定的一个参考数值，它们还会受商品（劳务）的包装、价格、质量、服务等因素的影响。这种广告策划书比较简单，使用的面不是很广。另一种是以书面语言叙述的广告策划书，运用广泛。这种把广告策划意见撰写成书面形式的广告计划，因此又称广告计划书。人们通常所说的广告计划书和广告策划书实际是一回事，没有什么大的差别。

一份完整的广告策划书至少应包括如下内容：1、前言；2、市场分析；3、广告战略或广告重点；4、广告对象或广告诉求；5、广告地区或诉求地区；6、广告策略；7、广告预算及分配；8、广告效果预测。

以下做简要分析：

1、前言部分，应简明概要地说明广告活动的时限、任务和目标，必要时还应说明广告主的营销战略。这是全部计划的搞要，它的目的是把广告计划的要点提出来，让企业最高层次的决策者或执行人员快速阅读和了解，使最高层次的决策者或执行人员对策划的某一部分有疑问时，能通过翻阅该部分迅速了解细节，这部分内容不宜太长，以数百字为佳，所以有的广告策划书称这部分为执行摘要。

2、市场分析部分，一般包括四方面的内容：

（1）企业经营情况分析；

（2）产品分析；

（3）市场分析；

（4）消费者研究；

撰写时应根据产品分析的结果，说明广告产品自身所具备的特点和优点。再根据市场分析的情况，把广告产品与市场中各种同类商品进行比较，并指出消费者的爱好和偏向。如果有可能，也可提出广告产品的改进或开发建议。有的广告策划书称这部分为情况分析，简短地叙述广告主及广告产品的历史，对产品、消费者和竞争者进行评估。

3、广告战略或广告重点部分，一般应根据产品定位和市场研究结果，阐明广告策略的重点，说明用什么方法使广告产品在消费者心目中建立深刻的印象 。用什么方法刺激消费者产生购买兴趣，用什么方法改变消费者的使用习惯，使消费者选购和使用广告产品。用什么方法扩大广告产品的销售对象范围 。用什么方法使消费者形成新的购买习惯。有的广告策划书在这部分内容中增设促销活动计划，写明促销活动的目的、策略和设想。也有把促销活动计划作为单独文件分别处理的。

4、广告对象或广告诉求部分，主要根据产品定位和市场研究来测算出广告对象有多少人、多少户。根据人口研究结果，列出有关人口的分析数据，概述潜在消费者的需求特征和心理特征、生活方式和消费方式等。

5、广告地区或诉求地区部分，应确定目标市场，并说明选择此特定分布地区的理由。

6、广告策略部分，要详细说明广告实施的具体细节。撰文者应把所涉及的媒体计划清晰、完整而又简短地设计出来，详细程度可根据媒体计划的复杂性而定。也可另行制定媒体策划书。一般至少应清楚地叙述所使用的媒体、使用该媒体的目的、媒体策略、媒体计划。如果选用多种媒体，则需对各类媒体的刊播及如何交叉配合加以说明。

7、广告预算及分配部分，要根据广告策略的内容，详细列出媒体选用情况及所需费用、每次刊播的价格，最好能制成表格，列出调研、设计、制作等费用。也有人将这部分内容列入广告预算书中专门介绍。

8、广告效果预测部分，主要说明经广告主认可，按照广告计划实施广告活动预计可达到的目标。这一目标应该和前言部分规定的目标任务相呼应。

在实际撰写广告策划书时，上述八个部分可有增减或合并分列。如可增加公关计划、广告建议等部分，也可将最后部分改为结束语或结论，根据具体情况而定。

写广告策划书一般要求简短。避免冗长。要简要、概述、分类，删除一切多余的文字，尽量避免再三再四地重复相同概念，力求简练、易读、易懂。撰写广告计划时，不要使用许多代名词。广告策划的决策者和执行者不在意是谁的观念、谁的建议，他们需要的是事实。广告策划书在每一部分的开始最好有一个简短的摘要。在每一部分中要说明所使用资料的来源，使计划书增加可信度。一般说来，广告策划书不要超过二万字。如果篇幅过长，可将图表及有关说明材料用附录的办法解决。

大学生创业计划书是一份全方位的商业计划，其主要用途是递交给投资商，以便于他们能对企业或项目做出评判，从而使企业获得融资。创业计划书有相对固定的格式，它几乎包括反映投资商所有感兴趣的内容。从企业成长经历、产品服务、市场、营销、管理团队、股权结构、组织人事、财务、运营到融资方案。只有内容详实、数据丰富、体系完整、装订精致的商业计划书才能吸引投资商，让他们看懂您的项目商业运作计划，才能使您的融资需求成为现实，商业计划书的质量对创业者的项目融资至关重要。融资项目要获得投资商的青睐，良好的融资策划和财务包装，是融资过程中必不可少的环节，其中最重要的是应做好符合国际惯例的高质量的商业计划书。目前大学生创业融资成功率不高，不是项目本身不好也不是项目投资回报不高，而是大学生创业计划书编写的草率与策划能力让投资商感到失望。大学生创业计划书的起草与创业本身一样是一个复杂的系统工程，不但要对行业、市场进行充分的研究，而且还要有很好的文字功底。对于一个发展中的企业，专业的创业计划书既是寻找投资的必备材料，也是企业对自身的现状及未来发展战略全面思索和重新定位的过程。

总起，大学生创业计划书它体现出来的一个创业的过程，和一般大纲流程计划，在创业过程中计划是一个创业主题的灵魂。

大学生创业计划书的组成部分

大学生创业计划书一般包括：执行总结，产业背景和公司概述，市场调查和分析，公司战略，总体进度安排，关键的风险、问题和假定，管理团队，企业经济状况，财务预测，假定公司能够提供的利益等十个方面。

1、执行总结是创业计划一到两页的概括。包括以下方面：

本创业计划的创意背景和项目的简述

创业的机会概述

目标市场的描述和预测

竞争优势和劣势分析

经济状况和盈利能力预测

团队概述

预计能提供的利益

2、产业背景和公司概述

详细的市场分析和描述

竞争对手分析

市场需求

公司概述应包括详细的产品／服务描述以及它如何满足目标市场顾客的需求，进入策略和市场开发策略

3、市场调查和分析

目标市场顾客的描述与分析

市场容量和趋势的分析、预测

竞争分析和各自的竞争优势

估计的市场份额和销售额

市场发展的走势

4、公司战略阐释公司如何进行竞争

在发展的各阶段如何制定公司的发展战略

通过公司战略来实现预期的计划和目标

制定公司的营销策略

5、总体进度安排

公司的进度安排，包括以下领域的重要事件：

收入来源

收支平衡点和正现金流

市场份额

产品开发介绍

主要合作伙伴

融资方案

6、关键的风险、问题和假定

关键的风险分析（财务、技术、市场、管理、竞争、资金撤出、政策等风险）

说明将如何应付或规避风险和问题（应急计划）

7、管理团队

介绍公司的管理团队，其中要注意介绍各成员与管理公司有关的教育和工作背景(注意管理分工和互补)；介绍领导层成员，创业顾问以及主要的投资人和持股情况。

8、公司资金管理

股本结构与规模

资金运营计划

投资收益与风险分析

9、财务预测

财务假设的立足点

会计报表（包括收入报告，平衡报表，前两年为季度报表，前五年为年度报表）

财务分析（现金流量表、比率分析等）

10、假定公司能够提供的利益

这是创业计划的“卖点”，包括：

总体的资金需求

在这一轮融资中需要的是哪一级

如何使用这些资金

投资人可以得到的回报，还可以讨论可能的投资人退出策略。

不少中学生作文时都没有写提纲的习惯。有的不懂得写提纲的重要性，怕耽误时间，会写而不写；更多的是不会写或不会写合要求的、有用的提纲。作文前应该写好提纲，这是保证作文成功的一项重要举措。老舍先生说：“有了提纲心里就有了底，写起来就顺理成章；先麻烦点，后来可省事。”由此可见，学会写提纲，养成作文前写提纲的习惯，应该是中学生写作学习的重要任务，是有效提高写作水平的好方法。

提纲犹如工程的蓝图、作战的计划，要力求写得符合要求。有些同学常写“1．事情的开始；2．事情的经过；3事情的结果”一类的“提纲”．这太空洞，对作文没有什么用处，不成其为“提纲”。也有同学把提纲写成文章的内容提要，这又太繁琐，也不好。还有的同学把提纲写得呆板、生硬，缺少变化，缺少特色，这样的提纲当然也不算好提纲，也会严重影响作文的质量。

一、提纲要切题。例如，有同学写《说“功夫不负有心人”》的提纲是这样写的：1．“有心”就是有明确的目的；2．“有心”就是有正确的方法；3“有心”就是有认真的态度和创造精神。认真审一下题便可知道，这一种提纲就比较切题。

二、提纲要体现体裁特点。假如要以《门》为题分别写议论文、说明文、记叙文，则其提纲，应该分别体现出不同的体裁特点。

议论文提纲：

总说“门”启迪我们要入好、把好人生的扇扇大门。知识、生活、社会的大门，门门入好：①入好知识门，才能获得知识；②入好生括门，才会懂得生活；③人好社会门，才可能成为社会的好成员。家庭、国家、思想的大门，门门把牢：①把好家门防风雨盗贼；②把好国门防敌人侵犯；③把好思想门防腐蚀变质。4努力入好、把好扇扇人生的大门，让生命的航船扬帆远航。

说明文提纲：

l．门有古老的历史－－与人类向时出现。

2．门有独特的构造－－由门面、门框、门袖等构成。

门的种类多种多样－－按质地分，有金属门、非金属门；按作用分，有多用途门和专用门；按位置的所属物分，有建筑物的门、交通工具的门、其它器具的门。门正向轻巧、牢固、美观、自动化的方向发展。

下面是语文迷网为大家整理提供的中考英语写作经常用到的句子，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和**.

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem， effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons：

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that， along with the rapidly economic development， the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation， environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me， Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。 45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology， and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people， reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style， it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes： it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job， students can not only improve their academic studies， but gain much experience， experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although people‘s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades， it must be admitted that， shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day.

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently， the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job， which will benefit students and their family， even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days， people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that， along with the development of modern society， it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society， which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time， along with the benefits of such machines， employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place， there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey， a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above， I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society， it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me， Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition， in order to attract tourists， a lot of artificial facilities have been built， which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture， some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently， the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies， they maintain， their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge， which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place， extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that， it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place， from psychological aspect， the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover， children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies， consequently， it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that， although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages， its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that， to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However， this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts， who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children， it must be admitted that， parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children， when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw a conclusion that， although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable， its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools， which will bring about profound impacts on children and families， and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks， the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing， they maintain， is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact， basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists， which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately， there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects， such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above， it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price， which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities， they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences， information and knowledge with peasants， which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion， we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life， parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people， including teachers and experts in education， should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me， it is essential to know， at first， what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

做任何事情都是有规律可循的，申论考试也是这样，那么申论作文有什么写作方法呢？本文是小编为大家收集整理的申论大作文写作方法，欢迎参考借鉴。

一、如何明确主题

这里要重点说明一下，每个申论材料只有一个主题，如果你不是这个主题，那么就偏题，直接低分。不理解出题人的意图就是读不懂领导的心思，不按照出题人的心意来就是对抗上级，打低分都算轻的了。

这里的主题我理解的有两种，一种是材料围绕的中心对象，比如13年的联考，“让……大放异彩”，研读材料，通篇围绕“中华文化”来展开，但是文化出现了问题，那么如何让中国文化大放异彩呢，由此去发现问题，分析原因，提出对策。另一种是文中出现问题但是给出了一个对策，这个对策就是主题，但是这个对策是有问题的，需要去解决，写作思路与第一种一样的（但是主题需要进一步推敲）。比如14年的国考，围绕科技展开，科技出现了问题，需要解决，怎么办，让其具有“人性化”，但是科技并不具备人性化或者在具备人性化的过程中出现了问题，需要分析原因，提出对策，从而让科技具有人性化。再如15国考，题干中“自在有为的人活急不得，要慢下来”（自己回忆的，大致是这个意思），这句话提出了一个对策“要慢下来”，为什么要慢下来，因为我问太“快”了，出现了问题，噼里啪啦，按照上面的思路顺理成章。16年国考的“好政策”亦是如此，在我看来如是！

再举几个谬误百出的省考，比如某年作文“什么时候，在土地上耕耘成了食之无味弃之可惜的营生”，为什么这么说，因为在土地上耕作出现了问题，怎么办？文中也提出了对策“土地流转”，但是土地流转出现问题，分析原因，提出对策解决他！（我看了某君写的文章，开头那是文采飞扬，是我的调调，但是真的偏题了）再如“家底”这篇文章，首先需要考生弄清楚“家底”是什么，其次怎么才能摸清“家底”，材料提出对策“人口普查”，但是人口普查出现问题，分析原因，提出对策解决它！

当然，如果有能力的考生能直接提炼出主题，自然用不着上面的方法，如果能力稍微弱一点的考生，还是多捉摸一下材料吧，但是一定要结合题干，题干隐藏这太多的信息，要细心去挖掘，多问几个问什么！

二、如何找问题

1、有些材料会直接提出问题，或者A使B产生了不好的影响，那么A必定存在问题！

2、举国内外一些好的例子，从侧面反映出问题。所以看材料不要只停留在表面，要看得深一些。比如某年考题举了美剧韩剧的成功，之所以举这个例子，不就是因为国产剧很sui吗？这就是问题！

3、从给出的对策中反推出问题。比如：通过努力学习（对策）来提高申论，从反面反映出申论水平还不够高。

4、材料中要求解决的事情。比如：要大力保护中国传统文化，这就说明传统文化保护力度不足！这也是问题！

即便有个别材料不是如上所述，那么它也一定是为主题服务的！

三、如何分析原因（根本原因，直接原因，主要原因）

这里也要重点说明一下，在要求里面通常有一个“自选角度”“联系实际”等，自选角度其实说的是分析角度、提出问题的角度，而不是立意角度，主题是唯一的，如果大作文没有一个统一的主题，立意自选角度，那么这个考试能考出花来，该有的问题也得不到解决，同时也增加了阅卷难度（这些都是次要的，主要是出题人本来就给了有且只有一个主题）。之所以联系生活实际，是因为每个人的经历不同，阅历不同，感受不同，看待问题的角度也不同，其思想境界也不同，所以分析角度因人而异，解决问题的手段也殊途同归，自己选择！这一点，大家一定要理解透彻！由于分析能力和分析深度不同，我个人觉得这里也是一个拉分的关键点！

在材料中出题人基本不会直接给出问题产生的原因，需要考生去动脑子分析，要不然如何考察考生的能力。分析不是抄材料，如果只是一味的抄材料觉得就行了，那为何每年的申论都那么低？所以申论不是想当然的那么low，要有自己的见解（要求中也有“见解深刻”），材料中的终究不是自己的，抄材料又如何能体现出的考生真实水平呢！

如果有搞不懂这三个原因关系的盆友自行补脑！！！分析能力稍弱的同学可以看一些好一点有思想性的评论文章，我看的东西很少很low，所以分析能力较弱，这里就不能为大家提供素材了，怕大神笑话我。如果申论搞定了，面试就是小儿科！

四、提出对策

找到了问题的原因，对策自然就水到渠成了。诚然，在有些材料中也会涉及到一些不错的对策，可以借鉴！

我觉得原因和对策也未必一定要对称，如果你觉得你能分析出更多的原因，那你就多写点分析，反之亦然。因为一个对策可能解决几个问题，一个问题也可能需要多个对策来解决。当然，如果你有能力，能够一一对应是最好不过的！可以参照政府工作报告，自己多摸索！申论写作没有什么模板，随心所欲而不逾矩！

根据以上的讲解不难得出大作文的写作思路，如下：

1、主题背景—谈与主题有关且无争议性的内容，就是大家都懂都认可的内容点名主题。

2、找出问题：简单罗列出材料中存在的问题，或者联系生活实际中的问题。

3、分析问题出现的原因并论证。

4、提出解决问题的对策、方法并论证，让阅卷人信服你的对策是可行的，而不是全部都是铺天盖地的对策。

5、展望未来，呼应主题。

世界上没有一个人十全十美，更找不到没犯过错的人。一个人犯了过错，通常都会自我反省，但有些人只是口头上随便说说，敷衍了事，却没去躬行实践，那反省又有什麼用呢所以一个人不但要会学习做人，更要会犯错时自己反省，检讨，并确实的做到。

做错事要反省，那到底要反省那些事呢 我们可以从日常生活的一些小事中去发现。像平常时待人是否亲切有礼 做事是否脚踏实地 求学是否认真上进…。。等。如果可以做的到，那就要继续保持，如果做不到的话，就要虚心的请教别人。吸收别人的长处，改进自己的缺点，这样的话你没有十全十美，至少也有十全九美吧！

现代的社会中有很多青少自以为是，想要做什麼就做什麼，总是抱著「只要我喜欢，有什麼不可以」的心态，因此常会看到儿子杀父亲，原因只是为了区区的小钱，还有。。。等不法的行为。虽然到了监狱才后悔，反省，但将来出了监狱之后，难道真的可以保证不再重蹈覆辙了吗所以做错事后要铭记在心，千万不要左耳进，右耳出，要做个新世代优秀的阳光少生活中最需要自我反省，倘若你在取得一点成绩之后自我反省一下，那么你将取得更多的成绩，可是自我反省往往是不容易做到的。

成绩出来了，我此时手中拿着成绩单，脑子里一片空白，怎么回如此的差呢？我呆呆的望着成绩单回想起以前。

那是初二升初三考试前的日子里，我比别人多付出了许多努力，终于在考试里我超长发挥一举夺魁，坐了初三的第一把交椅。

自从我那次之后，上课不注意听讲，下课下完成作业，更不用说比别人更努力了，而且还跟一些学习不好整天惹事的人掺和，老师们见我这样怕我退步找我谈话，可是我只当耳旁风，还以为老师和我过不去，之后依旧我行我素，还玩还玩，沾沾自喜，自以为是，可是时间却从我的放荡中飞逝。

终于又一次的考试来临了，我本以为可以轻轻松松的，可是我错了，每一道题都似曾相识，这时想起老师们的那些话，我真是后悔也来不及。尤其是班主任的那句：“你该好好反省放行了。”更使我难受。

“叮呤……”铃声把我从思索中拉了回来，我想我确实应该反省了，倘若我课上认真听讲，那些题能似曾相识吗？倘若我及时反省我能堕落到今天这个地步吗？想想以前那个我，再想想现在的我，我真是变的太快了，我又很庆幸这次让我失败了，使我反省了，能及时改过，及时努力去追回我以前的时光。

这件事之后，我得到了一个道理：“你若想做一个成功的人，那么你就必须经常反省，不要取得一点成绩就沾沾自喜，自毁前程”朋友请记住生活中最需要反省！

书面表达是英语写作的重要组成部分，有不少学生觉得用英语写作很难，不知从何练起。笔者教学实践发现，首先要具备扎实的基础知识，抓住课本教学来培养学生的写作能力，立足教材，由易到难，由浅入深，采取多种形式来加强书面表达训练，这样英语写作水平才能得到提高。

一是通过词汇教学训练写作能力。要写好文章不是一朝一夕就能达到的，必须从最基础的词汇入手。教学中，教师要注意加强词汇方面的训练，力求给学生交代清楚每一个词语的具体用法。对一些重点的、核心的词汇讲清，讲透每个词语的单独用法和搭配用法。为了更有效地与课本结合起来，每学完一个单元，根据本单元的单词、短语造句，举一反三，帮助学生扩大词汇量，使学生词不离句，强化写作训练。

二是通过一句多译练习训练写作能力。就七年级学生而言，他们虽然接触英语学习时间不长，但教师还是要注重引导学生多做一些一句多译练习，这样有助于启发学生的写作思路。考试时选择自己有把握的句子灵活地表达同一内容，减少失误，提高得分率。通过做汉译英练习，暴露出学生受母语影响的问题，对这些问题我及时进行讲评和纠正。这样，有利于培养和规范学生的英语表达能力。

三是结合课文进行各种体裁的写作训练。目前，信息来源的渠道多种多样，学生课文中有记叙、日记、通知、便条、书信、广告和说明等多种体裁，文中还有大量的插图，教师可利用图片让学生进行看图写作。要学好英语写作就必须从课文练起，从一些常见的文体练起，由短到长，由浅入深，循序渐进地进行。

四是通过背诵训练写作。培养学生的英语写作能力，以课文为中心训练写作能力非常重要，因为课文中的句子就是规范的英语范文。因此，每学完一篇课文或对话，教师就要要求学生背诵，然后默写。这样使学生把词语放在句型、段落、篇章中去理解、记忆和体味，以至于能够仿写、改写。

五是通过仿写和改写训练写作能力。仿写也是提高英语写作能力行之有效的方法，模仿写作中，格式、构思、表达方式等方面都可模仿。但要提醒学生注意灵活变通，语句要通顺，符合英语表达习惯。仿写前要从时态，句型，内容选材等方面对学生加以辅导，指导学生怎样模仿，特别提醒学生注意时态。

另外，改写也是一种很好的方法，改写就是对文章材料的文体、式样、句式等进行改编的一种训练方式。无论是改人称、改时态，还是改对话材料为叙述文字，这都有助于学生复习巩固所学知识，又能培养学生所学知识的迁移运用能力，还能起到提高学生的写作能力。

总之，要提高学生的英语写作能力，就要培养学生养成良好的学习习惯。即：重视词、短语、造句，优秀的对话和课文要背诵，多做翻译练习，练习改写和仿写，结合课文进行各种体裁的写作训练。只有坚持不懈，持之以恒，才能写出准确、地道、规范的英语文章。

近年来中考作文大多为话题作文。相对命题作文和半命题作文而言，话题作文首先要求学生围绕话题拟一个恰当的题目。但常常见到话题作文的考卷上，或因粗心不写题目；或因懒于思考直接用原话题；或缺乏创新，拟定的题目千篇一律，毫无新意。这样，都会不同程度地对整篇文章产生不良影响。要知道，一个巧妙的题目不仅能调动阅读老师的阅读兴趣，而且能让阅卷老师很快捕捉到文章所要表达的中心，为进一步理解全文奠定基础。

当然，拟题是需要技巧的，或以题揭示中心，或以题引人深思。或借用修辞，或巧用诗句，或展开联想，例如，以“梦”、“梦想”为话题，下面这些题目都令人耳目一新。《想做英雄》《我生活在梦想的盒子里》(以题揭示中心)，《现实和梦想有多远》(以题引人深思)，《梦如潮水》《给心灵插上翅膀》(借用修辞)，《手可摘星辰》《梦想与人生齐飞》(巧用诗句)，《种子的梦想》《化作轻风》(展开联想)。

求真求深立新意。考场作文在立意上主要存在三个方面的问题：一是立意不真或空喊高调，矫揉造作；或编造悲剧，博得同情；二是立意不深。叙述生活，却不能深层次地挖掘生活中潜隐的哲理；三是立意不新。不能多角度审视生活，品味生活，尤其是不能写出自己对生活独特的心灵体验。如果同学们在考场上注意以上三点，就能在作文立意上独显风格。下面这篇习作之所以能得到认可，就是因为在立意上求真，写出了自己真实的生活，独特的心里感受，同时也挖掘出了生活背后令人深思的哲理。

“……面对这一切(指学业上所遇到的艰难痛苦)，我想逃避，但看到父母眼中闪烁着期待的目光，我又不忍心这样做。无意间，看到李敖说的一句话：?不怕苦，苦半辈子；怕苦，苦一辈子，?仅仅十三个字，就彻彻底底地征服了我，让我心中树起一座标牌，上面清晰地刻着?苦?字，然后是一个前进的标志。其实，真正地习惯了苦的生活，反而变得充实起来。一天忙碌之后，感觉如同沐浴后那样舒坦、惬意。”

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：怎样写故乡的作文?如何写自己的家乡?故乡是我们的根源，从未走远，一直就在脑海中若隐若现~小面小编就给大家整理下方法，希望能帮到大家~

一、要写什么

1.写写家乡的风景。(这里的景包括春夏秋冬、风雨雪电等自然现象，江河湖海、山林原野等自然风光，还包括名胜古迹，游乐场所等人工建筑。)

如：春天，牛毛般的春雨过后，小草变绿了，柳树也发出了嫩芽，河岸上的冰雪也融化了，春风吹到脸上暖洋洋的。衡水的春天是温柔的……

2.写写家乡的物产。

如：我的家乡在衡水，每年的中秋节前后，就是苹果丰收的季节。家乡的苹果酸甜可口，我爱家乡的苹果。

3.写写对家乡的热爱。

如：做为一名衡水人，我感到很自豪、很骄傲，等我长大了一定要为衡水做点有用的事，让衡水变得更加美丽。

二、要怎么写

1.写景文：按照一定的顺序来观察。(定点观察和动点观察相结合。定点观察就是站在一个固定的位置上进行观察;动点观察就是按移动的空间顺序观察景物。即人们常说的“移步换景”。动点观察常用于局部的描写，动点观察常用于整体的描写。)

如：周围的一切都披上了金纱。此时，房顶上的太阳能热水器像一个个百宝箱，周围罩上了七彩的光芒。一排排整齐的琉璃瓦开始展现她艳丽的服饰，缩放她甜美幸福的笑容，家乡真美!(定点观察)

2.写物产文：抓住物产特点。

如：拾起一颗大杨梅，塞到嘴里，每一根刺溜滑地在嘴里舌头里翻转接触，使人感到细腻而且柔软。轻轻地咬下去，酸甜的汁水溢出来，顺着喉咙咽下去，沁人心脾，酸中带甜、甜里有酸的味道真让人回味无穷啊!

3.用生动的语言进行描绘。积极展开联想和想象，尽量人格化地描写。

如：苹果树树高、枝繁、叶密，清明节过后，苹果宝宝吮吸了整个春天的甘露，长成了一颗颗晶莹剔透的绿宝石。有的被枝叶遮挡了，有的则露出它们的小脑袋仿佛在示意人们去采摘它。

三、注意事项：

1、开头要交代清楚。

如写一次游玩所见，就要写清楚什么时间、什么地点、哪些人物、去观察了什么公园等，如果能在写写当时的心情，那就更好了。

如果直接写家乡某处景物的特点。开头就要交代自己的家乡是哪，家乡的什么最有特点。

2、中间具体写景物特点。景物1→景物2→景物3……

先交代观察点;抓住重点景物;抓住景物的特点;写出自己看到的、听到的、想到的;不要忘记还可以描写人物的活动。

3、结尾：抒发自己的思想感情，赞美所描写的景物。

我们在浩瀚飘渺的宇宙中选择了这个美丽的星球，于是我们来到这个世界，开始了自己的人生。我们掌控着罗盘不失方向的前进，或站在大海面前，或屹立于波涛之巅。在每个转折点，由我们自己选择着命运，选择着永恒的未来。

敦，大也;煌，盛也。沉淀了千年古韵的敦煌选择了与气势雄浑的祁连山为友，与无垠的塔克拉玛干沙漠为伴。它经历了汉风唐雨的洗礼，见证了三皇五帝戎马一生。它选择了坎坷沧桑的路，却成了它“东方艺术明珠”之名，闻名世界。

长，远也;城，固也。蜿蜒盘旋的长城选择了几个朝代的等待，换来了如今的辉煌。它犹如一条睿智的东方巨龙卧在万里疆土上，守护着与天齐高的河山。人民用汗水和心血完成了这伟大的工程，它用它持久的努力凝聚了整个中华民族。它选择了走这漫漫长路，却造就了它无坚不摧的宏伟体魄，为世界所瞻仰。

我们的命运，不是来源于上天注定，而是来源于我们的选择。

我们会面临选择，命运一直由我们自己选择。

我们要勇敢的选择，为我们所愿抵达的远方作出最正确的选择，就像他们一样。朱生豪先生在人生低迷的时候选择了将翻译事业当做摆脱迷茫的一剂良药，他怀揣《莎士比亚戏剧》奔走在战火中，克服重重困难坚持完成了高质量的译文。他证明了自己，更向世界证明了中国。印象派大师莫奈在经纪上捉襟见肘，举债度日的情况下，选择了坚持像鸟儿歌唱那样作画。他捕捉生活中令人感动的光线，用鲜明的色彩，以及人群中散发的活力来充当自己笔下的灵魂。他在爱的支持和鼓励下，不畏官方的抨击，选择了以有力的生命去为自己的艺术搏击，最后成就了他的一生。你可知道肯塔基州的穷小伙?也就是美国历最伟大的总统——亚伯拉罕·林肯。他，选择了坚定不移的走自己的政治道路，于是他领导人民在南北战争中取得了胜利。他的努力和杰出的人品为他的事业奠定了坚实的基础，他的信念更是让他能勇敢的与落后的制度作战，于是美国有了辉煌的今天，人类多了一位让人景仰的总统。

我们的命运，不是来源于命中注定，而是来源于我们的选择。

我们要相信自己的选择，正如真切的相信我们还活着，相信我们触到的墙、树甚至是人都存在于这个世界。选择好一条路，它会通往世界的中心，通往日出的海平线;选择好携带的东西，它会帮助你斩断荆棘和杂草，跨越峡谷和海浪;选择好随行的人，这是一个绝对的选择，我们爱这个人一次便永远爱他;选择好良好的心态，或许会倒在沙漠里，晕在赤道上，但都要迅速的爬起来坚强地迈向远方;选择好每一天的行程，在哪里哭，哪里笑，哪里直走，哪里拐角;选择好选择的依据，阳光会把命运点燃、照亮。

选择好命运，并坚持自己的选择。我相信，在人生的殿堂里，会有你挚爱的人为你加冕为王。

下面是语文迷小编为大家整理提供的英语写作技巧以及关联词，供大家阅读参考。

英语写作技巧之一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

英语写作技巧之二：删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

英语写作技巧之三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.

写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

关联词的积累

1.提出观点不要只用I think，要学会用：

As far as I am concerned

In my opinion

From my point of view

From my perspective

The way I see it

2.转折不要只用but， 要多用：

However,

nevertheless, nonetheless,

Whereas

Some people like fat meat, whereas other people hate it.

转折也可用比喻：as a coin has two sides(就象硬币有两面一样), …(陈述转折内容)

3.表递进的：

In addition, in addition to, additionally,

what is more, moreover, furthermore,

more importantly，

what is worse (更槽糕的是)

4.表示“事实上”：

In fact,

as a matter of fact,

actually

5.表总结：

in conclusion, as a result,

all in all 总而言之

In short,

In a word, 一句话讲

Taking into consideration,

Taking into account all the factors that I have mentioned above, it is safe to draw a conclusion that …

6.表示因此：

Consequently,

Hence,

Therefore,

Thus,

as a result,

resultingly

7.表因为：

because of

due to,

owing to,

thanks to,

as a result of,

8.虽然

Although, even though, even if, though

Proud as these nobles are, …

As flattered as I am, I would say no.

In spite of, despite

I love you in spite of that.

9.比较：

In comparison with,

compared to,

compared with

She’s nothing compared to you.

10.表最后：

Finally,

eventually,

in the end,

at last,

ultimately,

11.表示程度的副词词组亦非常重要，会使文章看起来比较成熟、辨证：

To some extent 在某种程度上讲

To some degree 在某种程度上讲

To a large part 在很大程度上说

In a sense 在某种意义上讲

In general, generally 大体上说

Generally speaking 一般地讲

In some cases 在有些情况下

Basically 基本上

Broadly speaking 宽泛地讲

12.其他(要尽可能多用在文章中。始终牢记内容次要，而语言形式第一位。内容服务于形式)：

Not only, but also

Neither nor, either or

Instead of, instead

For example, for instance (替换使用), take … for example

Be likely to

Be able to

Speaking of, when it comes to …

When it comes to food, he is really picky.

In terms of 根据

First of all, second of all

Above all,

Significantly,

The more, the more

主要是指引用名人名言、名家名句作为文章的标题，如：《谦受益 满招损》

从古至今，谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后这句话不知流传了多少年代，它之所以流 至今，是因为它蕴含着深刻的道理。

三国时代的关羽可谓是蜀国一员虎将，从桃园三结义到建立蜀国这一时期内，他骁勇善战， 足智多谋，无人能敌，可是他晚年时却骄横自大，以至于大意失荆州，走麦城，最后兵败被 俘，引来杀身之祸。同时代魏国的杨修才华横溢，但恃才狂放，以至被曹操 忌恨所杀。古代的例子很多 很多，他们都因为自己的骄傲自满而挫败，甚至送掉了性命。外国的例子也不少：如拿破仑 、波斯帝国皇帝、恺撒大帝等，都是因为一个“满”字而成为失败者。

的确，骄傲自满是人精神上最忌讳的东西。相反，只有谦虚才能令你拥有世界上最崇高 最可爱的品格。

人们对待复杂多变的社会问题会有自己独到的见解，也许有的人是对的，有的人是错的，但 彼此互相勾通的最好办法就是谦虚。无论任何一件事情，只要有谦虚的态度对待和处理，就 会得到别人的支持、信赖与同情，彼此思想才会勾通。

福楼拜是法国作家，他为人正直，品德高尚，因此有很多好朋友如莫泊桑、屠格涅夫、都德 、左拉等，当有什么问题时，他都谦虚地听取别人的意见，然后，总结起来成为自己的观点 。

对于牛顿，大家并不会陌生，他为人类做出的贡献使他成为科学史上的巨人，但他始终 谦虚谨慎，不断地求索攻坚，攻克了不少数学、物理学上的难题。在钻研时他始终保持着清 醒头脑，从不骄傲自大。他曾经说过：“如果我普经看得远些，那是因为我站在巨人们的肩 膀上。”这么一个伟人能说出如此谦虚的话，可见他应成为人们学习的榜样。

谦虚是一种美德，对于我们青少年来说保持谦虚谨慎更是必不可少的品格，让我们永远记住 “谦受益，满招损”。

这篇作文以名言“谦受益，满招损”为题目和论点并通过历史事实证明这个观点，有理有据 ，条理清晰，最后紧扣文题，说明作者对这句名言有较好的理解。

例文的不足之处是语言不够流畅，影响了文章的感召力。

读书笔记就是在读书的时候对书中的精彩内容、自己的联想、迸发的灵感的记录。其目的只有一个就是在将来的某个时间翻看笔记，快速的回忆起以前的读书收获。读书笔记的形式有很多种，从简单到难依次为：做标记、做目录、摘抄、写提要、写提纲、心得、札记。现随小编一起来具体了解下吧.

方法

步骤1做标记：最简单的读书笔记，就是在读书的时候，读到自己认为重要的地方的时候，采用自己的一套符号来画出重要内容，以便自己在复习的时候能够快速的找到重点，这种笔记的方法比较适合学生学习课本的时候。

步骤2做目录：目录的主要内容就是【书名】【作者】【重点内容】，书名和作者就不必解释了，关键是重点内容，由于这是一个目录式的笔记，所以重点内容只要是几个字概括一下即可，一般适合泛读的时候使用。

步骤3摘抄：摘抄也是一个比较简单的读书笔记，读书的时候读到精彩的地方，或者读到一些自己认为有用的地方，将这段文字抄下来，注明书名和作者，这么做是为了以后复习用，并且可以根据书名和作者快速的找到原著。

步骤4提要：提要用简短的话来总结书中某一段落的内容，有时候我们要求对每一段的内容写一个提要，只要一两句话即可概括其内容，不必写的很繁琐。下图中红色背景的文字就是提要。

步骤5提纲：提纲和提要有些类似，但是提纲是概括一篇文章的内容，而提要只是概括一个段落的内容，因此提纲比提要内容多且完整，而且提纲要能解释各个章节和段落之间的关系，所以提纲有时候是以图表的方式来呈现，不过提纲和提要都要求尽量简短明了，让人一看就明白。

步骤6心得：有时候也叫读后感，心得和提纲有些相似的地方，都要对文章的内容进行概括，但是心得更多的是些自己的想法，具有主观性，而提纲写的都是文章中的内容，不要加入自己的想法，当读一些学术论文、有哲理的故事的时候可以写一些心得，记录下自己的想法以便日后用到。

步骤7札记：札记是最复杂的可以看作是提纲和心得的综合，有时候还要插入一些摘抄，还可以对文章的写法进行评论，总之写札记不仅仅费笔墨而且费脑子，这已经不仅仅是一种笔记，应该是对学习到的内容的再创作。

不管做什么是，找对技巧很重要。下面语文迷网整理了英语六级的写作技巧，供大家阅读参考。

一、 长短句原则。

工作还得一张一弛呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、 主题句原则。

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

三、 一 二 三原则。

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、短语优先原则。

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。

其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。

比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之类的形象词。

再比如： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则。

1)加法(串联)都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：When to go, Why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏) 要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、挑战极限原则。

既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀!原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 如果你可以写出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!

提高GMAT写作水平，要从熟悉和准备GAMT写作入手，然后在结构规划上下工夫，提高机考打字速度，熟悉GAMT写作的要求和评分标准，还有就是注意写作的结构规划等。

首先是熟悉GMAT写作，就是要熟悉计算机化考试的模式。考生必须要提高打字的速度和准确度，就能大幅减少浪费在凝视键盘和删除修改上的时间;另外善于使用复制和粘贴也会对写作速度有所提高。GMAT写作分为Issue和Argument两个部分，每个部分时间均为30分钟，考虑到构思时间和字数要求，考生应将自己的打字速度至少保持在20~30词/分钟，并且尽可能提高拼写的正确率，从而避免频繁修改，这样对提高GMAT写作水平是功劳不小的。

熟悉GMAT写作的下一步就是熟悉GMAT写作对作文的要求与评分标准。考生要仔细阅读官方给出的判分标准和参考范文，尤其是对于范文的评价。通过分析上述材料，考生可以将自己的作文在日后和范文与标准多作比较，从而不断修改自己的作文，以使得写作水平日益提升。提高GMAT写作水平要慎重地考察范文的可靠性和客观性。

准备GMAT考试首先就是针对写作的准备，换句话讲，就是首先要提高自身的写作水平和语言表述。而针对提高GMAT写作水平的不仅仅是遣词造句的能力，更是衔句成篇的思路。考生首先要设法完善思路和框架，再去力求提高运用语言的技巧。

游记，是中学生感到最难写的一类作文，因为随着游程的行进，耳闻目睹的情景不胜枚举，很难将材料组织得当，往往写成流水账。下面是小编收集的游记作文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

游记是以写景为主的记叙文。它通过描写记叙旅游过程中的见闻，如山川景物，名胜古迹、风土人情等，表达作者的真实情感。这里向同学介绍游记的几种写法：

一、定点换景法。这种方法就是说，作者的观察点固定不变，随着观察视线的移动，把观察到的景物按一定的顺序依次进行描写。这种方法可以使读者明确把握作者观察景物的位置和方向，便于读者从作者的观察点出发,逐一再现景物,获得身临其境的感受。如《观潮》一文，作者固定不变的观察点是“海塘大堤上”。观察到的钱塘大潮这一景观是：先“看不出有什么变化”;接着是远远地看到“东方水天相接的地方出现一条白线”，不一会儿，白线“逐渐拉长，变粗，横贯江面”;浪潮再近些，看到的是“一道两丈多高的白色城墙”;浪潮越来越近,“犹如千万匹白色战马齐头开进，浩浩荡荡”;最后，浪潮奔腾西去，“余波还漫天卷地地涌来”。这些描写，正是作者在固定的观察点上，按由远及近的顺序描写了钱塘大潮这一“天下奇观”。

运用“定点换景法”，要注意选择好观察点，在具体描写时，不要随意改变观察点。

二、定景换点法。这种方法是说，不改换所要观察的景物，而是变换观察点，从不同角度去观察描绘景物。这是因为只从一个角度去观察，不可能看到事物的全貌和特征。大诗人苏东坡《题西林壁》中的诗句“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同”讲的就是这个道理。如自读课本《梅雨潭》一文，作者就是采用“定景换点法”，先以“山边”为观察点，描写梅雨潭瀑布发出的响声和瀑布的远景;接着又以“亭边”为观察点，简要写了瀑、潭、亭的位置及亭边的景物;然后又详细而形象地写出了在瀑布前所看到的瀑布壮观，美丽的景色。

运用“定景换点法”观察一处景物，可以选择不同观察点，如远眺，近观，仰视，鸟瞰，立足点变了，观察的角度也就多了。在描写时，要注意交代清楚观察点,以便于读者把握文章对景物描写的角度。否则，写出来的文章会让人觉得顺序混乱，不知所云。

三、移步换景法。这种方法就是说，观察点不固定，所观察描绘的景物也不固定，是在移动观察点的同时，把所见到的不同景物的特征依次描绘。这种方法，可以逐一描绘出景物的各个局部，从而更好地展示景物的全貌。同时，这种写法的文章是以明显的浏览顺序为顺序，因而文章层次清晰，条理清楚。如《颐和园》一文，作者采用“移步换景法”,按游览的顺序,依次写出了长廊、万寿山，昆明湖、十七孔桥的美丽景色，展现了颐和园景色的全貌及特征。

运用“移步换景法”时，要注意的是必须以浏览顺序为线索，把观察点的变交代清楚。另外，对各种不同景物的描绘要抓住特点，主次分明，详略得当，避免写“流水帐”。

游记，是中学生感到最难写的一类作文，因为随着游程的行进，耳闻目睹的情景不胜枚举，很难将材料组织得当，往往写成流水账。如何将自己的游程清清楚楚、有详有略的记叙?如何避免将游记写成景点介绍?这些都是我们今天要谈的问题。

国庆长假你是否游历了祖国的名山大川?是否踏访了华夏的文明古迹?是否流连于桂林的山水中?是否沉醉在丽江的灯影里……旅游，丰富了我们的生活，增长了我们的见识。当我们结束愉快的旅程后，烦恼接踵而来。父母和老师往往不会让我们“白”游一场，写篇作文当作“总结”与“汇报”常常成了旅游的“附件”。

最让大家头疼的是旅游涉及的时间长，景点多，如何才能写得不像流水账，又有自己的特点呢?

首先是“舍”。只有学会舍弃，才能有重点的描写。景点太多，一一赘述很难做到详细、具体。只有突出最有特色的地方才能写出特点，写清游历的情况。例如，你到云南旅游，一路走来，昆明的石林、大理的洱海、丽江的古城，还有玉龙雪山，处处皆景。你必须忍痛割爱，选择其中的一个作为写作的重点，其他最多用一两句话带过。只有这样你才能把游历的情况说清楚。

其次是“短”。这个“短”，不是指的篇幅短，而是指文章涉及的时间跨度要短。不要从出发开始写，一直写到全天的游程结束。这样无端生出的枝节会很多，烦扰了自己的思路。就从你到达这个景点写起，写到景点游览结束。时间的集中会有助于你更好地组织材料，突出景点的特色。

再次是“真”。这一点是同学们最容易忽略，也是最能体现写作水平的。很多人以为写游记就是把景点的情况告诉别人。其实不然。游记，就是游历的记录，更强调了自己独特的游览感受。游览同一个地方，大人和孩子的感受会不同，男生和女生游览的感觉也有差异。怎样将自己的独特感受表达出来呢?那就是将自己游览过程中的“发现”写出来。这些发现可以是“摸一摸”“闻一闻”“听一听”“找一找”，甚至是“猜一猜”，也就是把你游览时的所见、所做、所闻、所思写下来。游记最忌讳的就是通篇景物描写，有了自己的活动出现在游览的过程中那才是属于你自己的游览经历。

最后是“趣”。旅游之所以能吸引人，首先就是有趣味。那么，你的游记也要把你在游历过程中感受到的趣味表达出来。这种“趣味”的内涵很广：可以是放肆的玩耍，可以是悠闲的漫步，可以是滑稽的场面，亦可以是别样的风俗……只要是觉得有意思的就不妨多写两笔，把自己的快乐和大家分享!

掌握了以上“四字”要诀，估计再提笔写游记你就有了一些头绪了吧?

最后还有一个很重要的事情要交代：任何游记，对于景点的环境描写是必不可少的部分，这里可要写得细致生动哦。

提高小朋友的写作技巧，这好象是一个老大难问题，一直以来都困扰着众多的同学、老师和家长。大家都觉得，要提高写作的能力是一件很不容易的事。

国外的小朋友一样有这方面的困扰，不少小朋友也苦于不会写作。针对这个问题，教育专家詹妮弗-李提出了一些建议供大家参考。

给小朋友准备一个恬静、亲切的环境，作为写作的专用区域。当然这里面要具备一些必要的设备：书桌、字典、笔、一些纸，假如可能的话还可以准备一台电脑。这些准备不只是必要的，同时还可以由此告诉你的小朋友，你认为写作是一件有意义的、特别的活动。

小朋友需要机会去尝试写各种各样类型的文章，而不是只盯着一种文体来练习。

你可以让小朋友给他的好朋友写一封友好的信，给玩具公司写一封信提出自身的一点要求，或写一封邀请亲戚来吃饭的信。这样小朋友可以看到自身写作真的取得了效果，就会对写作发生好感。

另外一个鼓励小朋友写作的好方法，就是让他写日记。这种方法可以协助小朋友形成写作的个人风格。但你和小朋友要约定好，别的家庭成员是否可以读他的日记。假如你答应小朋友不看他的日记，那么就一定要维护他的隐私。

还有一个可以协助提高小朋友写作技巧的方法——电脑软件。现在有很多出色的软件，里面提供故事的开头、想象画以和段落结构的建议等内容，这些都可以激发小朋友自身写作的愿望和灵感。

许多小朋友都经历过写作的瓶颈状态——即脑子里一片空白，不知道写什么好的情况。比方小朋友被要求写一个有发明性的故事，但他不能想出有什么有趣的东西可写。这时家长就可以协助小朋友了。可以给小朋友一本笔记本，记下平时突然发生的奇特想法，家人开的玩笑，或者是描述一幅以前的具有纪念价值的相片。也可以让小朋友从杂志中获得有用的点子。

一旦小朋友决定了一个文章的主题，就应该让小朋友先写一下草稿或是打一下腹稿。这样可以保证所有要写的重要细节都包括到文章里去了，并且可以调整文章的结构，你还可以就草稿跟小朋友一起谈论，寻找最好的写法。在学校里，老师也用各种方法，协助小朋友在开始写文章之前，先组织好要写的内容。

家长还可以和小朋友一起朗读不同文体的好作品，比方诗歌、小说、新闻故事甚至是一封有趣的信，只要是小朋友会感兴趣的东西都可以。无论是大人还是小朋友，在阅读了大量的好的作品之后，都会在写作上学到很多东西。

通过阅读，家长可以问小朋友：“你喜欢什么样的作品？不喜欢什么样的作品？”“文章的作者能抓住读者的注意力吗？”“你觉得这个题目有意思吗？”这样可以提高小朋友的兴趣。鼓励小朋友认识到写作是一个不时发展的过程，写作水平也不是一成不变的，而是可以通过努力不时提高的。告诉小朋友可以从对已有作品的改写、缩写、扩写中，开始自身的写作。

小朋友需要在完成自身文章之后的一、两天，甚至更长时间以后，再回头看看。这样做可以让小朋友用一种全新的眼光来看待自身的作品，发现其中的错误和被遗漏的细节。

一个作家在写作时要考虑，自身写的内容是否切题？所有的细节都包括进去了吗？描写太多会不会显得罗嗦？小朋友虽然不是专业作家，但这些问题也需要想一想。

让小朋友把自身完成的文章大声地读一遍，假如他自身不能发现其中的明显错误，那么就需要有人为他再读一遍，好让他自身意识到错在哪里。还要注意小朋友在文章中有没有错别字。

爸爸妈妈还要为坚持小朋友的写作积极性做一些努力。比方在小朋友犯错误的时候给他一些口头上的批评，但注意重点在为小朋友指出错误，而不是教训他。还可以把小朋友的好作品贴在墙上，让每一个来家里的人都能看见，这对小朋友是一种奖励。这样小朋友很快就可以体会到写作的重要和乐趣了。那么他的写作水平就自然会提高。