上海世博会对中国的影响英语作文【汇集20篇】

The Chinese manners is differend from other countries .In China, people first meet to shake hands.When people eat,Besides soup, table all food use chopsticks.Certain foods can move chopsticks eyes.And sometimes the Chinese host use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there.

Dont tap on your bowl with your chopsticks.Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite.Also, when the food is coming too slow in a restarant, people will tap their bowls. If you are in someones home,it is like insulting the cook.

中国的礼仪是不同于来自其他国家的。在中国,人们第一次见面握手。当人们吃,除了汤之外,表所有食品使用筷子。某些食物可以动筷子的眼睛。有时中国主人用筷子把食物在你的碗或盘子。这是礼貌的标志。适当的事是吃不管它是什么,说有多美味。如果你觉得不舒服,你可以只说一个礼貌的谢谢,让那里的食物。

不要用筷子敲打饭碗。乞丐行乞时常敲打饭碗,所以,这是不礼貌的。同样,当食物来restarant太慢,人们会利用他们的碗。如果你在某人的家里,它就像侮辱厨师。

Every year, the Oscar awarding ceremony catches the world’s attention. The

female stars as the most beautiful scenery are always the media’s beloved. When

these women were asked to give advice to the young girls, they give their

opinions. The most common advice is that every girl should just be themselves

and never follow the crowd. Today, a lot of girls are affected by the commercial

ads. They believe that only when they have bigger boobs and tighter butts will

they look beautiful. This is the totally wrong concept, as everyone has their

own feature. When they lose the individuality, they lose their beauty. So it is

important to stick to who you are and what you believe is right. Some day these

things will make you special and make a difference. I am so inspired and be

proud of who I am.

The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the most popular traditional festivals

celebrated in China, which is on the fifth of the fifth lunar month, also known

as Duanwu Festival. It’s said that it is to commemorate the death of a Chinese

patriotic poet, Qu Yuan, who was snared by corrupt officials in ancient China

and finally committed suicide by drowning himself in the Miluo River to protest

against them.

The traditions and customs held on this festival differ from place to

place, but there are some common in them. First, the most famous and great

tradition is holding Dragon Boat races, which are held by fishermen’s attempt to

protect Qu Yuan’s body against attacking by fishes and other animals in the

river by beating drums and row the dragon shaped boat. Nowadays dragon boat

races have been an annual popular sport activity among people. In addition,

making and eating Zongzi—a dumpling made of glutinous rice and wrapped in bamboo

or reed leaves—is also a popular custom during this day. It can be made by many

kinds of stuffing. What’s more, hanging herbs on the front door, drinking

realgar wine and pasting up picture of Zhongkui—a mythic guardian figure in

ancient china—are also popular during the festival, which are mean to protect

people from evil and disease.

These customs and traditions have been changed a little in recent years,

but they still make contribution to the spread and inheritance of Chinese

culture.

Presently, in big cities like Shanghai and Guangzhou, bicycle-sharing

system has becomeincreasingly popular. A large number of shared bikes can be

found and rented at a low price.Moreover, you can park the bike almost anywhere

you like. Urban transportation has thus been made much more convenient and even

revolutionized.

However, along with its rapid development, bicycle-sharing system also

brings some problems, including random parking, vandalism and possession of

shared bikes, etc.

To solve these problems, there are some measures for the authorities to

take. Firstly, the government could implement more strict laws and rules to

regulate the operation and management of bicycle-sharing system. Secondly, the

public should raise their awareness of using shared bike reasonably. Lastly,

urban transportation system should be upgraded and improved to accommodate

automobiles, bikes and pedestrians.

To conclude, a sensible attitude should be held toward bicycle-sharing

program. With effectiveand efficient measures taken, and efforts made by those

involved, it can be expected that bicycle-sharing system will play a

contributive and constructive role in urban public transportation.

@青年干部 解锁“中国这十年”“心”密码

近日，中共中央宣传部举行“中国这十年”系列主题新闻发布会，介绍“中国这十年”迈入中国特色社会主义新时代，党中央统筹国内国际两个大局，统揽伟大斗争、伟大工程、伟大事业、伟大梦想，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃。

“九万抟扶排羽翼，十年辛苦涉风尘。”广大青年干部值此盛世，当矗立“巨人”肩头，赓续前辈伟业，稳扎时代潮流，接续十年奋斗成果，将“小我”融入“大我”之中，奋楫前行，继往开来，为祖国建设添砖加瓦，传承中华盛世。

高擎“信仰”火炬，以“大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里”的“决心”，践行“请党放心、强国有我”的铮铮誓言。回顾十年峥嵘岁月，是时代英雄们坚守理想信念，砥砺信仰脚步，擘画十年“新坐标”，用汗水心血浇灌出这份“当惊世界殊”的“非凡答卷”。时代英雄是打造“中国速度”“中国智慧”“中国道路”的背后“耕耘者”，是疫情肆虐时冲在前线的“最美逆行者”，是脱贫攻坚驻扎基层一线的驻村工作队……青年干部务必心系“国家事”、肩扛“国家责”，不断增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”，在任何时候都不移其志，永葆对党和人民的忠诚底色，增强政治定力、树立政治理想，以“功成不必在我，功成必定有我”的使命担当练就为国为民的铁肩膀、硬脊梁、真功夫，以十年中国“历史之势”把握“历史之常”规律，铸“青云之志”践行伟大复兴中国梦，干出一番经得起历史、实践和人民检验的大作为。

升级“本领”功力，以“但使龙城飞将在，不教胡马度阴山”的“信心”，扎实“乘风破浪、行稳致远”的基础功底。这十年来，中国取得了举世瞩目的航天“奇迹”：嫦娥探月、祝融探火、羲和逐日、北斗指路……天高地迥，觉宇宙之无穷。这是中国航天人一步一个脚印、一棒接着一棒深耕细耘、攻坚克难、接续奋斗的成果，航天青年有理想、有担当，坚持自力更生、自主创新，坚决把握关键核心技术，将所学知识本领化身“利器”投入在国家航天战场上。吾辈青年干部要发扬“两弹一星”精神，传承新时代北斗精神，苦练本领、提升“功力”、争先创优，“身入”基层，“心到”基层，到基层“练兵场”锤炼过硬本领，去田间地头体验“泥土之辛”，在基层“大熔炉”中百炼成钢，干实事、求实效，在干中学、学中干，努力成为可堪大用能担重任的栋梁之材，在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中奋勇争先、建功立业。

画好“为民”同心圆，以“安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜”的“决心”，践行“解民忧、纾民困”的为民初心。“江山就是人民，人民就是江山。”人民生活实现全方位改善，现行标准下9899万农村贫困人口全部脱贫，脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利，就业质量显著提升，城镇新增就业年均1300万人以上，社会保障惠及全民，10.3亿人拥有基本养老保险，13.6亿人拥有基本医疗保险，民生兜底保障网进一步加固。要“不忘初心、不移其志，把对党和人民的忠诚和热爱牢记在心目中、落实在行动上”。广大青年干部要将“人民”二字铭记于心，始终把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标，在“乡村振兴”主战场、“经济发展”最前沿，扛起“实干”大旗、喊起“担当”口号，以“水滴石穿”的耐力和“踏石留痕”的韧劲，解决人民“难点”“痛点”“堵点”，画好同人民群众“同心圆”，拉近群众“零距离”，用“辛苦指数”拼搏出人民的“幸福指数”。

青年干部用“美好年华”和“伟大时代”碰个满怀，当以更奋进的姿态，汲取“中国这十年”“心”密码，继承优良传统、赓续历史辉煌，守正创新、踔厉奋发，为社会主义现代化建设贡献青春，创造无愧于时代和人民的新功勋!

Today is womens day, and also the day I get the scholarship. Look! I made a chocolate bar for my mother with a scholarship. Although I have paid a lot for myself, I am very happy in my heart: I can also give my mother a gift, instead of wrapping around my mother for presents!

But mom is sick and cant eat sweet food. I had to put the chocolate in the fridge, but after a few days my mother was very ill, and she took a big bite, and I eagerly asked, "is it good?" She said it was a little sandy. I took a bite, too. I was a little depressed. But my mother encouraged me, "but its sweet, its great!" My heart is sweet and happy! I wrote a few words specifically for my mother, although it was not very good.

One day, mother and i went to climb mount huang. when i began to climb, i

felt very easy. but when i climbed the haft way, i was very tired.and quite out

of breath. i asked mother, "can i climb to the top?" mother answered, "as long

as you have courage, you can conquer every mountain,

no matter how high it is! "so i went ahead. half an hour later, i climbed

to the top finally. what a wonderful day i had!

I like teamwork because I can learn from others. Once, I was very shy and

did not know how to get along with other students, so everytime when the teacher

gave us the task and asked us to finish in the teamwork, I was very scared. Then

my classmates helped me, they gave me a lot opinion and they respected me,

making me the indispensable person. Then I became brave and gave my opinion, we

were in a group, every opinion meant so much. During these days, I was so

excited about the experiment, we shared our idea and talked happily. It was such

a happy moment, I liked cooperation.

Junwu past.then light clouds, in the branch of the season, we should have the motherland 70 birthday with you, can with zhuguoqing, i feel very happy. here, i want to motherland proud mother said: i love you, china!

ah! huanghe river, wall, you feed the onsweep of what a splendid ethnic! five thousand years of history, the chinese civilization, etc to breathtaking. oh, the motherland, the river is flowing through a long run you elegant long long mountain is hale backbone. you have mountains of treasure, you have beautiful varied landscape, you are resplendent and magnificent imperial palace, have you wan ting stretch of the great wall, the history, there are eight. you still have a lot of... in your vast territory, generation after generation descendants with our own hands created splendid oriental civilization.

however, we will not forget, the chinese nation also had the vicissitudes of life, after suffering, our motherland has much humiliation and insult. we shall never forget the bright garden, forget in every chinese head "asia" hat, forget the park gate "chinese and dog allowed" sign, forget the 300,000 compatriots in nanjing yangtze river is red with blood. the earth in the yellow river in cry moans, however, chinese people never crushed.

chinese children in humen was uncovered against aggression. the taiping heavenly kingdom, the flag of 1898, the yi ho tuan warrior jinglei broadsword, the revolution of 1911 gunshots, show the world that the chinese nation: chinese people dont apprehend,. the may 4th movement, the communist party of china was established, more like jinglei though the sky. from nanchang to jinggangshan, from yenan to xibaipo, "a little spark kindles a great fire. chinese people just with millet and rifle hit a splendid china, we this oriental giant finally again stand up!

金风送爽，天高云淡，在这个花果飘香的季节里，我们迎来了祖国七十岁的生日，能与大家同祝国庆，我感到非常快乐。在这里，我要自豪地对祖国母亲说：我爱你，中国!

啊!黄河长江，奔腾万里，你们哺育了一个多么辉煌的民族!五千年的辉煌历史，饮誉四海的华夏文明，足以让人叹为观止。哦，祖国，涓涓流贯的河川是你飘逸的长发，绵亘悠久长的山岳是你硬朗的脊梁。你有满山遍野的宝藏，你有秀丽多姿的山水，你有金碧辉煌的故宫，你有蜿蜓伸展的万里长城，纵有千古，横有八荒。你还有很多很多。。。。。。在你辽阔的土地上，一代又一代的炎黄子孙用自己的双手创造了灿烂的东方文明。

但是，我们不会忘记，中华民族也曾几经沧桑、几经痛苦，我们的祖国母亲也曾倍受欺凌与污辱。我们忘不了园明园的火光，忘不了扣在每个中国人头上的“东亚病夫”的帽子，忘不了公园门口“华人与狗不得入内”的牌子，忘不了南京三十万同胞的鲜血染红了长江。大地在呻吟，黄河在哭泣，然而中国人民永远也不会被压垮。

中国有很多著名的文化遗产，如杭州西湖，北京故宫，苏州园林等这些文化遗产都颇负盛名，但我最想去的莫过于万里长城了，接下来我们一起去游览万里长城吧。

长城的历史悠久，在明朝时期就完成了修筑，长城东西南北交错着，绵延与我们伟大祖国辽阔的土地上，它好似一条巨龙，翻越巍巍群山，穿过一望无际的大草原，跨过浩瀚的沙漠，奔向苍茫大海。

万里长城作为防御工程，主要有烽火台，关隘，城墙三个部分组成。我最感兴趣的还数关隘，关隘有关口的正方形城墙、城门组成，其中，在城墙的外檐上筑有瞭望和射击的垛口，内外檐墙多用砖头、条石等包砌，内填黄土、碎石。

万里长城有着艺术、文化的价值。万里长城身上蕴藏着中华民族2000多年光辉灿烂的文化，除了它的建筑布局之外还有民间文学，戏剧等艺术。

古往今来，有许许多多戍边战士、文人墨客、帝王将相为万里长城，留下了永垂不朽的篇章。

关于长城还有一个传说故事，让我们一起看看吧：在古老的岁月，黑小子认老虎为娘，在老山神的指点下，他历经千辛万苦，得到了宝物，在危急时刻，黑小子挺身而出，用自己的身体填充长城的缺口，使长城绵延万里。

万里长城象征着中华民族坚强不屈的精神，这种精神激励我们中华民族永远前进。他之所以能成为文化遗产，就是因为它是夜空中最闪亮的那颗星星。

Sunflowers

向日葵

A sunflower is a kind of beautiful and useful plant. Its face is round and golden, looks like the sun. Thats why people call it sunflowers.

向日葵时一种美丽而有用的植物。它的脸时圆形，金黄色，看上去像太阳，这就是为什么人们叫它为“向日葵”。

It faces the sun all the time during the day. When autumn comes, sunflower fruit is ripe. People like eating them in their free time. Whats more, people can also make oil from them.

在白天它一直面朝太阳。秋天到来时，葵花籽熟了。人们在休闲时喜欢吃葵花籽。而且，人们还用葵花籽榨油。

A sunflower brings us not only beauty but also delicious seeds.

向日葵不仅给我们带来了美，而且提供了好吃的葵花籽。

Nowadays,there is a increasing number for people to join in the activities

of volunteering.Its well-known that volunteering job is making contribution to

the society with nothing in return.Its like the Leifeng spirit.However,knowing

this,there are still many people would like to devote themseves in this

trend.For instance,the 20__ Beijing Olympic Games has so many volunteers.They

made lots of contribution to the success of opening the Olympics.Moreover,we can

often see that there many students go to geroium to visit the old to bring warm

to the lonely people.Even there are some peoples career is volunteer.They are

ready to help others.Although the volunteers are much more mon,we still need to

thanks them to admire them devoting themseves to the society.

如今，有越来越多的人加入到志愿服务行业。众所周知，志愿者工作是对社会的无私贡献。就像雷锋精神一样。然而，虽然意识到这一点但还是有很多人愿意奉献于这个行业。例如，20__年北京奥运会有这么多的志愿者。他们为奥运会的成功举行做了很多的贡献。此外，我们经常能够看到，有很多学生去敬老院看望老人给他们带去温暖。甚至有些人的职业就是志愿者。他们时刻准备好去帮忙别人。虽然志愿者是越来越常见了，但我们仍然要感谢他们钦佩他们为社会奉献自我。

However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it

hard names. It is not as bad as you are.

It looks poorest when you are richest. The fault-finder will find faults in

paradise. Love your life, poor as it is.

You may perhaps have some pleasant, thrilling, glorious hours, even in a

poor-house. The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as

brightly as from the rich mans abode; the snow melts before its door as early

in the spring. I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there, and

have as cheering thoughts, as in a palace.

导语：春节是我们中国人最重要的节日。那么你是怎样过春节的呢?下面是一篇介绍中国人怎样过春节的作文，希望喜欢。

Spring festival is on the first day of the first lunar month. Chinese people most like the Spring Festival. During Spring Festival, Chinese people like having meals with their families, playing fireworks in the open air. My sisters and I played fireworks on that day. We had many fireworks. They were very beautiful. They were running into the sky and breaking into pieces. They looked like flowers in the sky. We were very happy and excited. After that, I made a wish. I hope that, we can have a happy and healthy life next year and everyone in my family can be happy.

I enjoy the festival very happy.

译文

春节是在第一个月的第一天。中国人最喜欢春节。在春节期间，中国人喜欢和自己的家人一起吃饭，一起放焰火在空旷的地方。在那些日子里，我和我姐姐一起放焰火。我们有很多的焰火。它们非常漂亮。它们升上天空并且使一些地方变得很亮。在天空中，它们看起来像是花。我们很高兴也很兴奋。在这之后，我许了一个愿，我希望，在来年，我们能够高高兴兴并且拥有健康的生活，还有每一个人在我们家庭里都可以开开心心。

我感到在这个节日里非常高兴。

【今年过年你还回家吗?】

一元复始，万象更新，“实鼠不易”迎来了“牛转乾坤”，百节年为首，临近春节，无论身处何方，无论处境如何，回家团圆是大家最期盼的事情。然而，应对严峻复杂的疫情防控形势，“就地过年”成了当今热门词汇，“今年过年你还回家吗?”也成了大家见面的流行问候语。

少了家人的团聚，多了亲人的牵挂，系的是温情。每逢佳节倍思亲，时至春节情更浓。“回家过年”是中华民族的传统习俗，阖家团圆是人们对春节的希冀和期待，是节日必不可以少的仪式感，也是中国人难以割舍的思乡情结。选择“就地过年”的人们，意味着不能和家人团聚。没有亲人在身边，吃不到家人亲手做的年夜饭，难免少了不少年味。无论身在何处，通过微信、QQ、视频等形式与家人拜年，不变的是那份浓浓的情意。这是疫情面前的付出，也是中华儿女的责任担当。

省了往来的路费，添了过年的新衣，要的是仪式。每年春节在华夏大地上演“回家过年图”让人感动，所有你能想到的出行方式都会成为回家途径，千万里不管路途劳累，只为团团圆圆，和家人共同吃上一顿年夜饭。“春运大军”让各级部门的防疫和服务工作更加“压力山大”，新冠病毒传染率高，潜伏期久，在回家的途中如有不慎就会感染。在“就地过年”的号召下，很多人放弃了回乡计划，省了往来的路费，不妨为自己和家人购置几件辞旧迎新的新衣裳，让新年有点仪式感。

低了感染的风险，升了安全的指数，讲的是奉献。今年，中华儿女面对全球肆虐的新冠疫情这个怪物“年”，集体聚集应对的策略显然已不合时宜，迫切需要以更智慧的方式和更坚定的意志去携手应对，就地过春节、文明过春节、健康过春节的新理念破茧而出。疫情防控的大局考量，全国各地的劳动者们都在为疫情防控做着努力。面对疫情防控压力，“就地过年”无疑是减少人员流动、降低病毒传播和感染风险的有效办法，无论对家庭、国家都是一种“奉献”。

不论是分开还是团聚，中华儿女携手过大年的心劲儿不会变，祝愿祖国繁荣昌盛、祝愿小家和和美美的愿望不会变。

The Spring Festival is still the most solemn festival of the year. On New Years Eve, Gao Ju, a young generation after generation of descendants. My grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters, three generations of four generations to eat the dinner on New Years Eve in flourishing lively atmosphere, this is the Chinese family once a year reunion, is the happiest moment in life. With the change of social life environment, peoples consciousness has changed with the times. A change in his parents said the old customs, generally is the Chinese clothing, leaving thick seam, the oldest door to the strange phenomenon of children. In the big environment of todays society, leaving home to go to a foreign country to work is the most common in the real life. Young people and the ability to work, over the years are Chuaizhuo good dreams, left his wife and child care have left growing home, set foot on the front of the unknown journey in a strange land, hard life on the way to work towards. Happiness is a distant dream of this generation of people, and it is not easy to see it.

The new year is the new years Eve, and the new years Eve is over, and the new year begins again. One year cycle, every year at the end of the Spring Festival approaching, crowds of people from all over the country back to their hometown, streams of people busily coming and going. The annual migration of hundreds of millions of people, the train plane is difficult to find one ticket, is a great spectacle in the world. The new year is an ingrained custom in the heart of the outside. Chinese the traditional culture of "filial piety", "Pepsi to remote distance, as long as the old man, rushing home to the new year is Chinese eternal knot. The Chinese nation culture in the end is actually a "filial piety", visit the elderly, serve the elderly, regardless of the money, whether rich or poor, the new year is sure to go home. With a grateful heart, eager to have their own home, nestled in the parents side. It is a definition of "happiness" for the Chinese people to honor the old man, accept the solemn blessing of the elders and the solemn ceremony of the family sacrifice and praying for the blessing. In the way, tired embarrassed in the cause of hardships, a life of sadness...... All vanished in the celebration of the reunion of the evening dinner.

"A suichu fireworks, energy-saving". Over the years, you are a month early in the morning, open the door, ushered in the new years people satisfied customers, friends and family visit on families and greet the year, firecrackers blessing xiangyingjiaohui, go out to play all refreshed. Home tired, over the past year in work life swept away the haze. This is the Chinese in the Spring Festival.

Any time to steal, steal, steal the cause of love to treasure, hidden parts, the Pentium, the Spring Festival, the dream and the development of a new hope.

Today, cellphone has been part of people’s live, they use cellphone to keep

in touch with friends and family, cellphone is also very helpful in people’s

work. As cellphone is so important, so people count on it so much, I think we

need to take the right attitude towards cellphone.

Teenagers especially like to use cellphone, they can’t live without

cellphone. Take my brother for example. He carries cellphone all the time, no

matter what he does. When we are talking to him, he just lows down his head and

says yes, I don’t think he is listening to us. When he is walking on the street,

he still keeps his eyes on the screen. My brother is a typical cellphone user, I

feel pity for him because he misses so many beautiful moment.

It is very a common situation for the young people to low down their heads

to check on the cellphone. They don’t have the real communicate with others, it

is not a good behavior. It is better to drop down the cellphone and see the

scenery around us.

摘要：人类社会已经进入以工业化、教育普及化和科学化为重要特征的现代文明。现代文明主导世界的现实，决定了无论一个国家发展民族现在处于怎样的状态，走向现代化，这是它的必然趋势。在走向现代化的过程中，由于国情不同，各国走向现代化的道路，遇到的问题、阻碍也各自不同，中国是一个的文明古国，有着五千年的传统文化。在中国现代化的过程中，曾反复出现关于中国传统文化能否走向现代化的争论。这一历史现象鲜明地揭示我们：中国传统文化能否走向现代化?如何走向现代化?是一个具有重要现实意义、必须弄懂搞清问题。

关键词：中国传统文化 重要特征 意义影响

文化，是当前学术界持续思考的热点之一，牵涉到历史与现实、中国与外国、古典与现代、全球与地方、政府与民间、精英与公众等许多方面，因而不无道理地一再引发种种讨论或争论。这些探讨对于我国文化的发展是有益的，不过，其中留下了一个有待我们去填补的空白：当前中国文化的层面。在一种特定的文化内部，总会存在着若干种不同的文化层面，它们之间组合成为一个相互对立而又相互共生的整体。梳理这些文化层面，考察它们之间的具体关系，对于这种文化的整体发展是有益的，这尤其会有助于建构这种文化的基本价值系统。那么，就当前我国文化的基本构成来看，我们的文化中究竟有哪些层面呢?它们之间结成何种关系?问题就提出来了。我在这里不打算普遍地纵论文化层面，而是着重从文学文本的文化层面角度来加以分析，即透过文学的文化层面而为揭示普遍文化层面提供具体的想象性模型和个案。因为，文学是文化中最富于表现力的想象性形态，完全可以承担透视普遍文化层面的任务。

一、中国传统文化对当代中国人的影响

文化(culture)的定义历来很多，这里仅仅采纳德国哲学家卡西尔(ernst cassier,1874-1945)的界说：文化是人类创造和运用符号(symbol)的领域，包括神话、宗教、语言、艺术、历史和科学等形态，它主要处理人类生存的意义问题(注：参见卡西尔《人论》，甘阳译，上海译文出版社1985年版，第281、288页。)。也就是说，文化是人类的符号表意系统，人类通过自己创造的符号系统

去表达生活的意义。而文化是一个历史性概念，每个民族及其特定历史时段都有其独特的文化状况。一定时段的文化应是一个容纳多重层面并彼此形成复杂关系的结合体(并不一定就是统一的整体)。而就中国目前的情形来说，这种容纳多样的文化结合体往往有4个层面或形态(注：我自己在过去一度将审美文化分为主流文化、精英文化和大众文化三种(见《从启蒙到沟通》，《文艺争鸣》1994年第5期)，后来认识到不能忽略民间文化的存在。)：主导文化、高雅文化、大众文化和民间文化。从文化价值看，这4个层面之间本身是无所谓高低之分贵贱之别的，关键看具体的文化过程或文化作品本身如何。每一层面都可能出优秀或低劣作品，无论它是主导文化和高雅文化，抑或大众文化和民间文化。上面的4个文化层面往往会渗透或显示在具体的文学艺术文本中，这就有文艺文本的文化层面。具体说来，这4个文化层面有可能同时并存于同一个文本中，这要求我们细心分辨各种文化层面在文本中的存在状况及其相互关系;但是，更有可能的是，它们中的某一种会在文本中居于相对主导的地位，这就使得我们有可能划分出文艺文本的文化层面：主导文化文本、高雅文化文本、大众文化文本和民间文化文本。

1.主导文化

主导文化文本是指体现特定时代的群体整合、秩序安定或伦理和睦需要的文化形态。这种文化文本的一个主要特征是教化性，也就是直接或间接地传达统治群体制定的社会规范，以便教育、整合或感化社会公众。每个时代的统治群体都会有意识地书写或制作这种文本，并大力鼓励原来属于高雅文化的文人作家来参与这种旨在巩固统治性规范的书写工作，再借助行政手段加以传输和推广，以便更有效地利用文学特有的审美感染力去达到教化公众的目的。自汉儒董仲舒提出“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”以来，统治群体对文学的控制或支配作用就获得了明确的合法性，从而推演出文学承受主导文化引导的历史。需要注意，主导文化文本并不一定只要直接的或者甚至赤裸裸的教化性，而可以把教化性掩映在富有感染力的审美表现中。诸葛亮的《前出师表》和《后出师表》正是古典主导文化的典型范本。《前出师表》首先陈述了蜀国的“危急”情势，表达了一下自己“追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下”的忠心，提出“开张圣听”、“亲贤臣，远小人”等等一系列的社会整合以及国家安定的方针政策。接下来，他又坦诚地表述了自己对君王的耿耿忠心，发出“北定中原”、“兴复汉室”的铮铮誓言，从而近乎完美地表达了一个臣子为报答主子的知遇之恩而全力以赴的忠诚之心和献身精神。最后他在《后出师表》里立下誓言——“臣鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已;至于成败利钝，非臣之明所能逆睹也”。在这里，主导文化所追求的群体整合、秩序安定和伦理和睦等目标，以及个人的尽忠报恩之心都得到了集中的体现。

就当代来讲，影片《生死抉择》(2001)也可以说是当代主导文化的代表性文本。它讲述了当今中国公众普遍关心的“反腐倡廉”故事。主人公海州市长李高成在中央党校学习一年后回来，立即被卷入自己工作过的中阳纺织厂工人的集体请愿风波中，由此引发出自己也被牵连进去的重大腐败案件。李高成面临一个“生死抉择”：是把自己交给廉政还是留给腐败?作为一个关键人物，他的自我抉择确实成了事件进展的关键：只有他作出正确的抉择，才能确保廉政一方的成功。他在市委副书记杨诚的协助和省委万书记的支持下，经过短暂而艰难的思索，战胜了自我，作出正确的抉择，起来斗倒了以郭中姚为首的“腐败集体”，并由此挖出了其后台省委副书记严阵等，从而夺取了反腐败斗争的胜利。这部影片鲜明地反映了当今主导文化关于社会群体整合和秩序安定的要求。在中国文化传统中，主导文化历来扮演着群体整合等重要角色，至今仍然如此。不过，主导文化也需要不断更新、发展，体现**性，并且让自身的权威不是强制而成为令人倾心服膺的感动。

2.高雅文化

高雅文化，有的称“精英文化”，是指主要表达知识分子的个体理性沉思、社会批判或美学探索旨趣的文化文本。这种文本往往从知识分子或文人的个体立场和视角出发，去从事独特的形式变革，以便在这种新形式中传达对于社会生活的理性沉思、社会问题的批判性观察。这种文化文本的主要特征有三点：形式创新、社会批判和个性化追求。

高雅文化文本总是善于总结前人的形式惯例，并从现实生活和民间文化传统中吸到资源，创造出新的原创性形式。因而在高雅文化文本里，形式上创新的特征往往格外突出。

二、中国传统文化的主要内容、重要特征及现实意义

1 否定传统文化，也是否定历史

文化，广义上讲，它是指人类在改造世界的社会实践中所获得的物质、精神生产的能力及其所创造的财富的总和，包括物质文明、精神文明和制度文明。狭义的文化主要是指精神生产能力和精神产品。传统文化是一个国家民族在长期的社会实践中所积淀的物质文明和精神文明的文化遗产，也是民族特有的思维方式的精神体现。传统文化既有精华，又有糟粕，所以，对传统文化既不能一概否定，也不能全部的吸收，只有站在时代高度，通过实践检验。汲取精华，清除糟粕，才是正确地发挥作用。

一个国家走向现代化，总要有建立在一定的经济、政治之上的文化，否定传统文化，也是否定历史，否定民族精神。人为地割断自己的“根”。美国文化哲学家怀特说过：“文化是一个连续的统一体，文化发展的每个阶段都产生于更早的文化环境”，“现在的文化决定于过去的文化，而未来的文化仅仅是现在文化潮流的”。可以说，一个国家民族的发展史，也就是发展和丰富传统的历史。同样，作为凝聚和激励人民重要力量的民族精神也是传统文化长期熏陶与培育的结果，是传统文化的结晶。一个民族陷入任何困境都不可怕，可怕的是失去民族精神支柱，精神上无所依托。所以，如何对待传统文化问题，决不单纯是个文化问题，而是一个关系民族命运发展的问题。许多历史事实证明，一个国家走上民族振兴，走向现代化，无不是从弘扬民族精神做起。民族精神是民族之魂。否定传统文化，必然抹煞民族精神。那种认为中国现代化只能从异质文化中汲取力量，企图以文化就是以西方文化模式代替中国传统文化模式的过程称为西化派是错误的。从认识论来看，主要是由于以下三方面原因造成：

首先，对中国传统文化的丰富内涵缺乏深刻的了解与认识。中国传统文化并非像某些人所说，是一堆毫无价值的垃圾，而是有着多方面的丰富内涵，它的优良部分，是人类宝贵的精神财富，并且是一切新的更高的文明的再生源之一。中国传统文化的丰富内涵，主要体现在这样几方面：

(1) 自强不息的奋斗精神。中国文化历来关注现实人生，孔子说：“未知生，焉知死”，并说：“天行健，君子以自强不息”。正是这种入世的人生哲学，培育了中华民族敢于向一切自然与社会的危害和不平进行顽强抗争。中国人自古以来就有不信邪、不怕“鬼”的精神，强调人生幸福靠自己去创造。要实现现代化，这种自信自尊的精神是决不可少的。

(2) 知行合一观。中国儒家文化所讲的“力行近于仁”，在一定程度上体现了“行重知轻”的认识论思想，这与实践品格具有某种一致性。实践是认识的源泉。实现现代化，当然要努力学习外国的先进的东西，但更重要的是自己的社会主义实践。

(3) 重视人的精神生活。中国传统文化非常重视人的内在修养与这精神世界，鄙视那种贪婪与粗俗的物欲。孟子提出“充实之谓美”，并认为“宝贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”，这是对人格的根本要求，这种传统美德，对现代人格的塑造，也是非常可贵的。

(4) 有爱国主义精神。爱国主义，就是千百年来巩固起来的对自己祖国的一种最深厚的感情，爱国主义，是我们中华民族的优良传统。古人云：天下兴亡，匹夫有责“。在今天，一个国家只有走上现代化，国家才会繁荣富强。而实现现代化，全靠全国人民团结一致，共同奋斗。

(5)追求真理，勇于奉献的精神。中国传统文化蔑视那种贪生怕死，忘恩负义、追逐名利的小人。古人在谈到对真理的追求时，认为“朝闻道 ，夕死可矣“。宣扬”路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索“的精神。这种对真理执着、献身精神是推动现代化的强大动力。

(6) 团结互助，尊老爱幼的伦理规范。古人说：“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。”一个社会只有严于律已，宽以待人，形成团结互助，尊老爱幼的社会风气，社会才能充满温馨与和谐，才能给人带来希望与力量。上述种种仅是中华传统文化精华地的一部分，仅此就足以体现中国传统文化的博大精深。罗素曾说过：“ 中国文化的长处在于合理的人生观”这是对中国文化的一种深刻认识和概括。

其次，是把传统文化与现代化对立起来，传统文化并非一潭死水，而是一个动态系统。人类在自己的社会实践中创造传统文化，并在实践中革新与丰富传统。否则，就不会变为现实的文化传统。所以不能把传统文化简单地归结为“过去的历史”而应认识到它同时关系着现在与未来。把发展看成为“反传统”，其思维方式就是把传统文化与现代文化对立起来。其实，任何现代化只能从现实传统文化出发，否则便成为无源之水、无本之木。陈寅恪先生说过：“其真能于思想上自成系统有所创获者，必须一方面吸收输入外来之学说，一方面不忘本来民族之地位。”波普尔曾针对那种妄图“彻底清洗社会这块布—创造一块社会的白板，然后在它上面画出崭新的社会制度”的理论，指出：“没有比毁掉传统的构架更危险的了，这种毁灭将导致犬儒主义和虚无主义，使一切人类价值漠不关心并使之瓦解。而且，一旦毁灭了传统，文明也随之消失。”所以对传统文化决不能采取一概否定的态度，而必须实事求是，具体问题具体分析，在实践中加以检验，清除那些过时的东西。

再次，从民族文化与世界文明的辩证关系看。世界文明并非是某一个国家民族作用的结果，而是全世界人民共同创造的。当然，由于各方面具体条件的不同，在世界中所起的作用各不同，但这只是作用大小的问题，而不是有无的问题。所以各民族的文化应是平等的，需要相互尊重，相互学习，取长补短，而不应有高人一等的优越感。任何一个国家，作为人类世界组成的一个部分，都不是孤立的，其存在与发展，不能不对别的国家有所影响：也不能不受到其他国家这样那样的影响。中国古代的四大发明曾经给世界文明以重大贡献。当代西方许多的中国古代文化热，也表明中国传统文化至今仍在发挥作用。因此，只有各个国家充分发挥自己民族文化的特点，对人类社会作出应有的贡献，世界文明的发展，才会有

可靠的保证。相反，一个国家不顾自己民族的特点，一味模仿或照搬别的文化，不仅不会有好的发展，甚至会走上灭亡的道路，世界史上是有这种教训的，其实，西方文化也是一分为二的，既有好的东西，也有糟粕，不可“拣进篮里都是菜“，如”拜金主义“之类，即使在西方，也是被批判的。西方文化也并不等于世界先进文化，这是两个不同的概念，世界先进文化是以它的先进性、科学性及对人类社会的意义标志的。因此，学习与引进外国文化，必须作具体分析，一定要从本国实际出发，一个成功的现代化国家决不是全盘，引进西方文化，而是在自己传统文化的基础上，一面学习外国先进文化，一面对本国文化进行革新，不断提高自己的现代化水平，由于传统文化能否现代化，能否在新的历史条件下得到弘扬，关键在于人们用何种思维方式对待传统文化。

2 传统文化是一种巨大的精神力量

另外，中国传统文化有着消极因素，这与现代化发展是不利的，就其传统文化的消极因素表现是：

第一、缺乏民主精神。中国长期处于封建社会，封建意识对人们影响极深，封建专制思想一方面严重压抑和束缚个性发展，另一方面，造成特权思想，直到今天，中国人仍缺乏民主意识。

第二、法制观念淡薄。中国传统文化不重视法制，实行的是人治，如实行的是皇权至高无上，因而君言就是法。在我国今天社会主义社会里， 人民群众已经成为国家主人，国家的一切法律反映了人民群众的根本利益，但封建特权思想严重，权大于法，情大于法的事，还时有发生。

第三、商品意识差。中国是个农业国，重农轻商十分严重。过去，经商是被人看不起的，不知商业是产品流通的重要环节，对促进社会生产力的发展，繁荣经济，方便，起着重要的作用，尤其在现代，没有市场经济的高度发展，也就无法走向现代化。

第四、守旧意识严重。中国的小农经济广大，个体经济，靠天吃饭，“日出而作，日落而息“，很容易满足于现状，非到万不得已，是不会起来造反和自学接受新东西的。

3 由传统文化走向现代化，是推动社会主义不断发展的精神动力 区分传统文化中的精华与糟粕，抛弃其糟粕，吸收其精华用来为社会主义服务，也就是使传统文化走向现代化，才能更好地为社会报务。传统文化在一定条件下，可以转化为符合时代需要的新型文化，但这种转化需要社会实践，使传统文化与现代化生活相结合，才能使之适应时代发展的要求。而社会主义市场经济是一个根本的结合点 。

第一、发展市场经济经济的需要。过去，实行的是计划经济，这种经济是人治经济，一切由政府统管，政企不分，按长官意志办事，乱放炮抱粗腿界得到合理配置，造成中国经济长期落后。现在市场经济是以市场机制作为配制社会资源的基本手段，是按照市场经济运动规律建立起来的一种经济管理体制。因此它能有效激励企业发挥主动性与竞争性，调动广大人民群众的与创造性，成为现代化经济发展的强大动力。一定的经济总是与一定的文化相联系的。经济与文化相互渗透，相互影响，今天的经济，也就是明天的文化;而明天的文化，也将是后天的经济。人是社会活动的主体，任何一项经济活动，都是具有一定观念文化的人去从事的，没有一定的科学文化知识与思想首先素养的人，就无法胜任，所以，现代经济的发展，一方面将对人们现有的文化观念进行检验，新的取舍，另一方面，促使人们必须努力学习一切先进的东西，不断提高自己的精神素质，才能适应形势发展需要，这就是市场经济对传统文化走向现代化的根本决定作用

第二、它是建全社会主义法治的需要。社会主义市场经济是法治经济，法制意味着合法性、权威性、公正性。法治在市场经济的作用：一是引导作用—引导市场经济向健康的方向发展;二是规范作用—通过法律规范政府和市场主体的行为与秩序;三是保障作用—保障市场主体的平等竞争与正当权利。这些都是现代文明与现代文化的体现，而中国传统文化在这方面却有很大的缺陷。中国传统文化在法制思想上强调实行人治。法律仅作为治国的某种辅助手段，这种缺乏权利意识的传统文化，在市场经济就难以存在与发展了

第三、市场经济是效益经济，市场经济要求对中国传统文化那种“君子谋道不谋食”把“义”与“利”对立起来的旧的价值观的否定，从而增强人们的务实精神与进取精神。实际上，人们的实践活动，是离不开利益原则的。要保证市场经济所追求的价值的实现，不仅个人实践活动要符合市场经济规律，学会按法办事，而且也促使政府及行政管理部门必须提高工作效率，才能适应形势发展的需要。

参考文献：

[1]吴枫.中国古典文献学[M].济南：齐鲁书社，1982.16

[2]尉迟治平.计算机技术和汉语史研究[J].古汉语研究，2000，

[3张伟云.中国数字图书馆：一个并不轻松的选择[J].国家图书馆学刊，2000，

The Spring Festival is our traditional festival, is also every household had a holiday. We should prepare firecrackers, Spring Festival couplets and New Year pictures, eat, lanterns and clothes. Whenever the Spring Festival, is also the most happy when my mood.

When the Spring Festival, every household will prepare many things, you see the people on the street people mountain people sea appear cheery. Mom and I went to buy necessities, we bought a lot of things such as the Spring Festival couplets bought New Year paintings. The most let me happy is I bought some firecrackers. Mother gave me to buy a new suit of clothes. Arranged to buy back, we have to clean the house, mother hang lanterns in the morning to get up, dad is the Spring Festival couplet and blessing all the door, I put all dried fruit in the plate, placed neatly.

Thirty day, mother put on new clothes for me, I was so happy! In the afternoon do mom and dad together I love to eat food more, eat family reunion dinner together when the whole family were very happy. Eat a big dinner the whole family sitting together watching the Spring Festival gala, holiday is wonderful, sketch, songs, and singing and dancing. The adults are making dumplings. Is nearly twelve o clock, rang with firecrackers outside. Dad carrying firecrackers went downstairs, and I came downstairs I smell the fireworks, we put many firecrackers, I also put a fireworks. Just a little hurriedly ran back, wait for a while still wasnt ask dad how havent! I went to take a look! Father said: "no collapse over", I said: "Ill be careful," I went from a point, finally lit, the colorful firecrackers like a blooming flower in the air, beautiful. Finished put firecrackers, we eat dumplings, began to happy New Year, everyone gave me lucky money.

A New Year begins, hope the whole family can happiness. I hope my learning progress.

春节是我们最传统的节日，也是每家每户都过的节日。大家要准备鞭炮、春联、年画、吃的、灯笼和衣服。每当过春节的时候，也是我的心情最高兴的时候。

过春节时，每家每户都要准备很多东西，你看大街上的人人山人海显得喜气洋洋。妈妈和我去买年货，我们买了春联买了年画等很多东西。最让我高兴的是我买了一些鞭炮。妈妈还给我买了新衣服。年货买回来了，我们要把家里打扫得干干净净的，妈妈一早就把灯笼挂了起来，爸爸也把春联和福字帖到门上，我把干果都放进盘子里，摆放的整整齐齐的。

年三十那天，妈妈给我穿上了新衣服，我高兴极了!下午的时候爸爸、妈妈一起做好多我爱吃的菜，一起吃团圆饭时全家人都很开心。吃过团圆饭全家人坐在一起看春节联欢晚会，节日很精彩，有小品、有歌曲、还有歌舞。大人们都在包饺子。快十二点了，外面响起了鞭炮声。我和爸爸拿着鞭炮下了楼，到了楼下我闻到了烟火味，我们放了很多鞭炮，我还放了一个烟花。刚一点就连忙跑了回来，等了一会还没着就问爸爸怎么还没着啊!我去看一看吧!爸爸说：“不行小心崩着 ”，我说：“我会小心的 ”我去从点了一下，终于点着了，那五颜六色的鞭炮就像在空中盛开的花朵，美丽极了。放完了鞭炮，我们吃起了饺子，开始拜年了，每人都给了我压岁钱。

新的一年开始了，希望全家人都能幸福。希望我的学习进步。

Ofo has been favored by the public, even the foreign people speak highly of

it. These yellow bikes can be found everywhere, so the people who are in a hurry

can use it and then reached the destination in time. Especially for the

visitors, they can ride these bikes and then have a look at the scenery around.

It can saves them a lot of money and the most important thing is the convenience

it brings. These bikes can be placed any place, even the walking areas. I like

ofo so much. It makes me feel green, because it won’t produce bad air to pollute

the environment.

Chinese New year is a chinese traditional festival. We also call it the spring festival. It is on lunar january 1st.

On New year’s eve, all the people sit around the desk and have a big family dinner. There are some vegetables, some fish, some meat, some fruits and some drink like juice, coke, pepsi and some nice wine. Overall, this is a good and delicious dinner. After dinner, we always watch tv New year progammes. We have a wonderful evening on New year’s eve.

On the first day of the spring festival, most of people get up early and say “happy New year” to each other. for breakfast, people often eat dumplings and baozi. After breakfast, people often make many delicious foods, and children often play cards, computer games and fireworks. On the second and third day, we visit friends and relatives.

Everyone is busy on chinese New year, and everyone is happy, too.