中考英语写作指导（实用20篇）

邀请信

Class 1，Grade 7

Beijing Sunshine Secondary School

Sunshine Town

Beijing

April 20

Dear＿＿

We are happy to invite you to________________________________ We’ll hold___________from…to… (time). We will meet at________ _________(place) and have it at _________(place). We’ll do_______ (activities). We’d like everyone _____________(reminding).

Please complete the note on the next page to tell us if you can come. We hope you can come. We look forward to seeing you at out party. Yours faithfully ∕ sincerely,

(Signature) (打印)

Amy (手写)

Monitor of Class 1, Grade 7

注意:邀请信的关键是要体现出邀请的主旨，反映出邀请人的盛情，并明确表示活动的时间、地点及相应的安排。这些都是邀请信不可缺少的内容。

实用套语

1．Will you do us a favor of joining our party？您能光临我们的聚会吗？

2．May I take this opportunity to invite you to our university to give a lecture？我可以借此机会邀请您到我们大学给我们演讲吗？

3．If you have no other plans for Monday, May 15th, will you come to our party at my home？如果本周五，即五月15号，您没有其他安排的话，可以来我家参加我们的聚会吗？

4．Shall we have the pleasure to invite you to our party this weekend？我们可以荣幸地邀请您参加我们本周末的聚会吗？

经典用语

1. If you haven’t made any definite plan for the coming weekend, I’d love to invite you to come to our school and join us in the party.如果您本周末尚无安排，我想邀请您来参加我们的晚会。

2. If you haven’t promised to join your friends elsewhere, we shall be delighted to have you with us.如果您还没有答应别的朋友的邀请，我们将十分高兴地邀请您到我们这儿来。

3. With your presence on this occasion, we are sure to have a most delightful evening.您的到来一定会让我们的晚会增色不少。

4. All of us here are longing for the pleasure of seeing you.您这儿的所有朋友都在盼望着能见到您。

推荐信

Address of sender

Date

Name （Title）of receiver

Address of receiver

Dear _________（Greeting）

I’m writing to recommend sb. To become／be ______（Subject）

Para1: abilities

Para2: personalities

Para3: examples of details

Para4: Ending: We all think … should… Para1--- Para4: Message Yours sincerely,_____ （Closing）

(Signature) (打印)

(Signature of sender) ((手写)

Monitor of Class 1, Grade 7(Title of sender)

注意:

写推荐信的关键在于:

1. 在新的主体部分的首尾各用一句话明确表示写此信的目的,如:

篇首:I’d like to recommend sb. to be/do…

篇尾:We all think sb. should be…/should get the reward

2. 文中所写的这个人的性格特点与能力要与所推荐的任务或职位相关。

3. 在用事例说明这个人的某个优点时，事例要与该优点相吻合。

实用套语

1. I would like to recommend sb. to be ／become….我愿意推荐某人成为／当／做….

2. It’s my pleasure to recommend sb. to be ／become….我乐意推荐某人成为／当／做….

经典用语

1. I am writing to recommend Mary to become the new chairperson of the Students’ Union.我写此信的目的是推荐玛丽当学生会的主席。

2. May is a hard-working and helpful student.梅是个努力且乐于助人的学生。

3. I think John is good enough to be the chairperson. I hope you will agree.我认为约翰很适合主席这个职务。希望您能同意我的想法。

感谢信

Date of writing

Name（Title）of receiver

Dear______（Greeting）

I am writing the letter to say thank you for______（Subject）

Para1: reasons for writing the letter

Para2: examples or details

Para3: Ending: Thank you for… Para1--- Para3: Message

Yours sincerely,_____ （Closing）

(Signature) (打印)

(Signature of sender) (手写)

注意:

写感谢信应注意以下几点:

1. 在新的开头，第一节中明确表示感谢，即“开头言谢”；

2. 信的主体部分要写出感谢的原因。如果原因不止一个，要分段写。每段写一个主题句，表明一个原因，再辅以具体的事例进行说明，使感谢落到实处，不让人产生客套或做作的感觉；

3. 在信的结尾，还要把感谢的话再说一遍，并加上对对方的祝福。

实用套语

1. With many thanks to you for entertaining me so generously.非常感谢您如此慷慨大方的招待。

2. Indeed I do not know how to express my appreciation for your valuable services.对您优质的服务我无以言谢。

3. We express our sincere and hearty thanks for the favors you have done for us.衷心感谢您为我们所做的一切。

4. It will give me much pleasure to do whatever I can in return for your favor.若能对您的好意有所回报，我将不胜荣幸。

5. Please accept our warmest thanks for what you have done for us.您如此帮忙，请接受我们最热忱的谢意。

经典用语

1. Thank you from the bottom of my heart, for your letter and for your kindness to me during my long illness.衷心地感谢您在我漫长的卧床期间给我来信，给我关心。

2. I am grateful for your kind wishes for my success.感谢您对我成功的祝福。

3. Thank you very much for the letter of congratulation and the nice gift you sent to me.感谢您寄来的祝贺信及礼物。

4. I’d like to thank you for always being by my side on Thanksgiving Day. 值此感恩节来临之际，感谢您一直以来陪伴在我身边。

[中考英语应用文作文模板

导语：毕业,就像一个大大的句号,从此,我们告别了一段纯真的青春,一段年少轻狂的岁月,一个充满幻想的时代……下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的毕业感想英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

How time flies! I have studied in my school for three years. And I will graduate from middle school in a month. I am eager to share my happiness and sadness with you. I had so many memories in three years’ life. One of them impressed me very much. I still remember, when I began to learn English, I found it too difficult. No matter how hard I tried, I still couldn’t do well in it and almost gave it up. As soon as my English teacher found my problem, she had a talk with me about how to learn English well. Since then, she has kept helping me. Little by little, I’ve become interested in English and I’m good at it. I think I am so lucky to become one of her students. I’ve learned a lot from her. I will try to help others when they are in trouble. I think it is a happy thing to help others.

【参考译文】

时间过得真快!我在我的学校学习了三年。我将在一个月内从中学毕业。我渴望与你分享我的快乐和悲伤。在三年的生命中我有太多的回忆。其中一个给我留下了深刻的印象。我还记得，当我开始学英语的时候，我发现它太难了。无论我如何努力，我仍然不能做得很好，几乎放弃了。当我的英语老师发现我的问题时，她就如何学好英语和我进行了一次交谈。从那时起，她一直在帮助我。渐渐地，我对英语产生了兴趣，我擅长英语。我觉得我很幸运能成为她的学生之一。我从她身上学到了很多。当别人遇到困难时，我会尽力帮助他们。我认为帮助别人是件快乐的事。

中考即"初中毕业和高中阶段招生考试"，是选拔考试，但又是建立在义务教育基础上的选拔;中考要考虑初中学生升入高中后继续学习的潜在能力，但高中教育还是基础教育的范畴。yuwenmi小编提供一些中考英语写作必备句子给大家，欢迎借鉴!

1.People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer .

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

2. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

3. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

4. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

5. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

6. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

7. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

8. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

9. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

11.There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12.An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13.A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time .In fact ,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study .As an old saying goes :All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话:只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14.Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

16.When it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

17.The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills ,which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18.It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冬的痛苦生活。

19.Although this view is widely held ,this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点任何年龄进行。

20.No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21.According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。

22.The latest surveys show that Quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

23.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

24.People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

25.Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

26.Nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

27.In view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

28.Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

29.An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city .However ,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents ,who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，象犯罪和卖淫。

30.Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus ,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

英语是世界上最流行的语言，也是所有语言中使用最广泛的语言，学好英语有利于我们对外交流。下面是小编带来的是关于期中考试的英语作文，希望对您有帮助。

Today, I feel very unnatural when I go to bed together. No wonder! Mom and dad kept telling them that the air around them seemed to be frozen together.

After breakfast, our classmates went upstairs to do the preparatory work. The first two classes to test Chinese, I excitedly took out the pencil box, take out the Chinese book, began the last review. I havent had such a big exam for a long time, and Im nervous! I have learned Chinese books do not have to worry about basic questions, can recite fluently from memory, the key lies in reading, my level is not very good. Writing is OK, maybe get a full score.

Suddenly, the bell rang, and the faces of the students were so ugly that I got serious. My father always told me, "dont giggle in exams, it will distract your attention."." This is a very common examination, parents are stirred in disorderly fashion not tense, and are not calm down! The teacher rolled it, I got the first volume and looked back, huh?! Thats easy! I was secretly happy. But I still clear my throat, ready to jump into the "sea" to travel, explore. I also believe that peace is an important point, so that it can be static thought; seriously is also very important, the so-called "nothing is unachievable, as long as seriously, what things can be solved; also must be careful, careful person, who will love you!

I finally wrote my name, class, and started thinking about every question! The first question seems like I started doing it from grade one. Its a piece of cake! After second volumes, I suddenly realized that it was so hard and difficult to read. I read three times and didnt come up with the answer! Oh!

Finally, its time to roll in, and Ill have to take a good look at the next door! I think.

"Ding ding." The bell rings again, and I have to start doing some boring questions again.

After several I have done very well, that is, to the last one - English, and I am stumped.

Was that right? Whats this again?! Listening to a very vague English word, I really dont know what to choose is the correct answer, ah! Another door is doomed! What a bad luck!

Then I want to treat bad places I have seriously, for the future to test out koko!

今天，我一起床，就感觉十分不自然。怪不得呢！爸爸妈妈不停地叮嘱，周围的空气好像都凝固在一起——要期中考试了。

吃完早饭，我们班同学陆续上楼做准备工作。前两节课要考语文，我激动地拿出铅笔盒，取出语文书开始最后的复习。很久没有举行这样大型考试了，我不免有些紧张！语文书我已背得滚瓜烂熟，不用操心基础题，关键就在于阅读题，我的水平不是很好。作文倒是还可以，说不定能得个满分。

突然，上课铃响了，同学们的表情十分难看，我也严肃了起来。爸爸总是告诉我：“考试不要嘻嘻哈哈，这样会分散注意力。”这本是很普通的一个考试，都被家长们搅得糊里糊涂，不紧张的人，都冷静不下来！老师发卷了，我拿到第一卷后一看，咦！好简单呀！我心中暗暗高兴。可我还是清了清嗓子，准备跳入“题海”中去遨游、探索。我还认为平静是重要点，这样才可以静心想；认真也很重要，所谓“天下无难事，只怕有心人”，只要认真，什么事都可解决；还必须具备细心，细心的人，谁都会喜欢呀！

我终于写好姓名、班级，开始思考每一题啦！第一题好像是我从一年级就开始做的啦，简直是小菜一碟！一直做到第二卷，我突然发现，阅读题好难好难，我读了近三遍都没想出答案，算了，凑合凑合编一个吧！唉！

终于到收卷的时候了，下一门我一定得好好考！我想。

“叮叮叮。”铃声又响了，我只得又开始做那一些无聊的题目。

之后几门我都考得挺好，就是到了最后一门——英语，又把我难住了。

刚才是不是啊？这个又是什么呀！听着一个个极其模糊的英语单词，我真不知道选什么才是正确答案，啊！又一门要完蛋了！真倒霉！

以后我要认真对待我掌握的不好的地方，争取以后科科考满分！

屠格涅夫曾经说过：“不会宽容别人的人，是不配受到别人宽容的。但是谁能说自己是不需要宽容的呢?”在生活节奏不断加快、竞争日益激烈的年代，我们都在为自己的生存而宛如蜜蜂采花般地忙碌着，很少顾及彼此之间的沟通交流。我们常常在生活中因意见、观点或利益相左而产生矛盾，也难免因一些琐碎小事而产生误会、磨擦，在这种情况下，唯有宽容理解之心才能解决这一切。

请你以“理解”为题写一篇作文，文体自选(诗歌除外)，字数不少于600字。

以下英语短句由语文迷网整理提供，更多英语写作素材请看语文迷作文网。

1. be closely related to…与…息息相关

2. be essential to sb 对某人来说必不可少

3. in a society with more competitions and challenges / in a competitive society

4. feel frustrated (挫折的)/ discouraged

5. a precious (宝贵的) experience

6. raise / arouse the awareness of …

7. acquire knowledge and skills学习知识和技能

8. a growing /increasing tendency

9. have a desire for sth / to do sth

10. put sth into practice

11. be keen on… 热衷于…

12. broaden one’s horizons开阔眼界

13. a large variety of / a wide range of …

14. make one’s dream come true

15. lay a solid/firm/stable foundation for/in…为…/在…方面打下坚实的基础

16. listen to teachers attentively

17. make a practical plan

18. hold the strong belief that…

19. I’m confident / I’m convinced that…

20. with iron will and perseverance

21. pursue one’s dream 追逐梦想

22. arouse one’s passion for…唤起对…的热情

23. resist the temptation of good food

24. change one’s original mind

25. spare no effort to do sth 不遗余力做…

26. redouble one’s effort 加倍努力

27. leave a deep impression on sb

28. turn to sb for help / advice

29. relieve/lessen/reduce/ease one’s burden

30. with time going by=as time goes by

31. cherish/treasure/value our lives

32. vary from person to person

33. a boarding school 寄宿制学校

34. What surprised me most was that…

35. cause severe consequences(后果)

36. pay their tuition/school fees/schooling

37. physically and mentally

38. Some in favor of it think that…., while others are against it, holding the opinion that…

39. Success stems from hard work as it can help us accomplish the goal we’re striving for.

40. establish a special fund to help the poor

41. its negative aspect/impact is also obvious.

42. motivate sb to do sth

43. bury oneself into study埋头学习

44. our determination and efforts

45. express my gratitude to her sincerely

46. be strict with sb in sth

47. achieve the final victory

48. encounter/face some difficulties

49. neglect the disadvantages

50. With the great efforts we’ve made, …

51. enhance/improve his ability of singing

52. be optimistic about

下面是小编整理的中考作文高分技巧，欢迎阅读。

注重卷面

如果卷面字迹潦草，标点都不清楚，还有涂改现象，阅卷老师看到的第一印象就不好，字里行间里书写工整些会让让人觉得你的态度是很认真的。

标题质量

命题作文还好，但是现在基本上都以材料为主，如果你说你的文章标题不能吸引阅卷老师的注意，即便中规中矩点也可以，千万不要用大话、“假哲学”的文章，例如“我们应该透过现象看本质”之类的标题。

开头要写好

如果是材料作文，第一段把材料抄一遍是不理智的，你觉得是引用或者联系材料，如果你用长篇大论来叙述材料，老师会觉得你是在凑字数，所以引用材料做开头要恰到好处。

开头的观点存在争议，会让老师觉得你看问题不全面，文章质量也就降低了!

套作开头，很多学生觉得用排比句开头就很好，于是就用“XX、、因为XX才”，“正因为有了XX才会有XX”，上来就好几句，比如写“自信”的话题，上来就说，“老鹰因为自信才飞上蓝天;小溪因为自信才流进大海、、、”用“勇气”的话题，就写“老鹰因为勇气才飞上蓝天、、、”老鹰的飞翔是觅食的需要，这是客观规律，难道不自信就不飞了?

几种作文开头方式供大家参考：

——开门见山

所谓“开门见山”，是一种比喻的说法，指的是写文章时直截了当入题的一种写法，这种方法在各类文章的写作中得到广泛的运用，占有很大的比例。它的表达角度，可以是开头直叙本事，也可以起笔点题;可以是开宗明义得揭示文章主旨，也可以是单刀直入地点明敌论，如此等等。由于这种写法干脆利落，入题快捷，鲜明清晰，不枝不蔓，所以应为考场作文开头的首选方法。

——进行倒叙(巧设悬念法)

倒叙开头，目的是设置悬念，引起读者的关注，激发读者的兴趣，并同时增加文章的曲折，显示文章的布局之美。这种开头技法在中考作文中的频率很高。但大多数同学的表达角度常以显示文章结局的角度为主，这样的形式出现得多了，就往往显得比较单一。

——引用材料

引用材料开头法，简称引用开头法。它是广泛运用于记叙文、说明文、议论文的一种取材丰富、形式多样、表达自由、运用灵活的开头方法，也是一种很雅致的开头方法，特别适用于考场记叙文和议论文的写作。

——抒发情感

抒情开头法，主要用于写人记事的作文，充满抒情色彩的开头，能够构成一种意境，具有生动、美妙、形象的艺术感染力，使读者沉浸在情感的熏陶之中。

——发表议论

用议论法开头的文章，具有一定的力度，显现出作者冷静而严密的思考，能给读者以振奋之感，也能启发读者认真而严肃地思考问题。

作文内容要切题

几乎所有考生都能看懂作文材料，但是你看懂了，你写的东西别人未必看懂，因为即便你写的文章，标题是你自己拟定的，可是阅卷老师看了之后，好像内容与标题不是非常密切，甚至有凑字的嫌疑，这样的话你的文章就很难拿到高分了。

思想注意深度，要积极向上

在阅卷中，恋爱题材是作文的禁区，武侠故事是“无人区”，发牢骚的文章是“白区”。所以考试作文谨记不要写偏激不符要求的文章，那么文章，不会受到老师欢迎的。

套用模式禁止太明显

如果让阅卷老师发现“套作”，可想而知你的作文分数不会太高了，写作注意文章真实感，切记套作明显。

文章一定要有主旨句

对于一些优秀的学生来讲，写作也是如此，其实阅卷老师，很难静心把你的文章读一遍，一般都是浏览一遍，两遍扫下来，也没有从你的文章中找出主旨句，看看你的语句还可以，字迹也可以，让阅卷者给你高分又不愿意，给你低分又舍不得，所以分数还是可以的，但是很难拿高分。点名主旨，突出主旨句。

导语：请以学生会文体部的名义为一场篮球友谊赛写一份海报，下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

海报是一种带有装饰性的宣传广告。有时配以绘画图案。内容以影讯、展览、演出信息、友谊赛等为主。为了尽可能使更多的人知道，海报往往贴在醒目之处。

看例文：

请以学生会文体部的名义为一场篮球友谊赛写一份海报，内容如下：

1. 参加者：美国北地中学校队和我校校队

2. 地点：水泥球场

3. 时间：2005年11月20日(星期天)下午4点

4. 组织者：我院学生会文体部

5. 海报发出时间：20XX年11月14日

POSTER

Friendly Basketball Match

Under the auspices of the Recreational and Physical Culture Department of the Students Union of our school,a friendly basketball watch will be held between the visiting U.S.Northfield Team and ours on the cement basketball count on Sunday, November20th 2005 at 4:00 p.m.

the Recreational and Physical Culture Department of the Students Union

November14th 20XX

写好“希望”话题作文，可以从以下几个方面人手。

一、审题精准，立意高远

二、选材独特，视角新颖

有句话说得好，眼光决定成败。好的选材、好的视角是成功的基石。选材时，可以从历史中寻找素材，进行翻新或新编：也可以从生活中搜寻，进行加工或改造、选材越具体越新颖越好。

三、结构严谨，中心分明

好的结构不仅折射出写作者严谨缜密的思维，还可以让文章的中心更加突出分明。无论是总分总结构、小标题式结构，还是排比段结构，在成文时，最好能给读者一目了然的感觉，让读者在短短的几秒钟之内就能清晰地获知文章的脉络结构。如优秀习作《心中的希望》的结构：还记得大禹一心治水，只是希望百姓安居乐业，只是希望天下安定太平，只是希望社稷繁荣昌盛……还记得项羽一心奋斗，撒一壶漂泊，携—盏离愁，只是希望成就霸业，希望兄弟无恙，希望子民安康……还记得司马迁强忍着身心惨痛，一心完成巨著，只是希望这恢弘的历史巨著千古传诵，希望这灿烂文化继续传承，希望这缤纷色彩永远炫目……还记得林则徐一心禁烟，毫不顾及条件艰险困厄，只是希望国泰民安，希望这万里江山久仃千古，希望中华民族傲然屹立永坚不摧……每一段均以“还记得”展开，形成排比段，整齐的段落共同表现了“心中有希望，就必定能成功，只因为这心无旁骛的眷恋，成就于千百般的奋斗之中”的中心。

此外，在文体的选择上，我们可以充分展现自己的个性，或书信体，或寓言童话，或故事新编，或访谈录等，只要是我们能驾驭的，只要是能够更好地表现主题的，我们都可以选用，来张扬我们的个性，展现我们的风采。曾经·拥有很多时候我们都在想着何时会走上一条更好的路，听到一首更动听的歌，看到一幅更感人的画面，捕捉到更大的幸福。可是我们很少会想起、会珍惜曾经拥有过怎样的美好，怎样的幸福。记忆隐秘地躲在心中那一排矮矮的灌木后，隐藏着值得我们重温的美丽。

曾经看过一场感人的电影后，还要看更好的；曾经吃过一顿难忘的大餐后，还要尝更美味的。类似这样的小小欲望，在身体里浅浅地蔓延着……

偶尔回想从前，还是上小学的时候，老师准备带我们去春游，那一句看似平常的话“大家可以尽情地玩”久久地在小小的我的心中回荡。我高兴得一夜没有睡觉。尽管第二天仅仅是去了学校旁边的东湖，在草坪上“坐”了一整天，仍觉得兴奋极了……而今回想起来，还是不能理解我的小脑瓜为何将此列入“高兴”的行列，只是年幼的满心的喜悦和尚未成熟的幸福在心间流淌……学会了在文章中加入“旖旎”“绚烂”“璀璨”诸如此类的华丽词藻，作为“希望”的前缀，却忘了希望本身最单纯干净透明的质地。

庞大的，旋转的，光亮的，迷幻的，冰冷的，熟悉却又陌生的，城市。

当好德和罗森走进生活，当元祖和仟吉成了每日的必需，当星巴克不再陌生，当LV和Dior掀起一波又一波的时尚潮流时，我们已经习以为常。很难再以“曾经的……”作为衡量希望与幸福的标准。

或许真的应该停下脚步。一一细数那一件件“曾经”没被拥有的日子里，我们将其列入那份名为希望的清单中时的缕缕欣喜。一位诗人说过，当时光流逝，曾经的风雨也将可爱。正是因为这样，在回头欣赏生命走过的脚印时，才知道留下的一长串歪歪斜斜的美好是对曾经怀揣希望的一种回报。

在如同磁悬浮列车一样快速的生活中，我们真应该从武汉的雨季中抽出几个晴朗的日子，回味从前，体会过去……

曾经永远在那里，闪烁的希望之光总是等我们蓦然回首时，才发现原来它与我们只是一个转身的距离…

有一个人经常出差，常买不到对号入坐的车票。可是无论长途短途，无论车上多挤，他总能找到座位。他的办法其实很简单，就是耐心地一节车厢一节车厢地找过去。这个办法听上去似乎并不高明，但却很管用。每次，他都做好了从第一节车厢走到最后一节车厢的准备，可是每次他都用不着走到最后就会发现空位。他说，这是因为像他这样锲而不舍找座位的乘客实在不多。经常是在他落座的车厢里尚余若干座位，而在其他车厢的过道和车厢接头处，居然人满为患。他说，大多数乘客轻易地被一两节车厢拥挤的表面现象迷惑了，不大细想在数十次停靠之中，从火车十几个车门上上下下的流动中蕴藏着不少提供座位的机会;即使想到了，他们也没有那一份寻找的耐心。眼前一方小小的立足之地很容易让大多数人满足，为了一两个座位背负着行囊挤来挤去，有些人也觉得不值。他们还担心万一找不到座位，回头连个好好站着的地方也没有了。他们与生活中一些安于现状、不思进取、害怕失败的人一样，永远只能滞留在没有成功的起点上。这些不愿主动找座位的乘客，大多只能在上车时最初的落脚之处一直站到下车。

【温馨提示】生活真有趣，如果你只接受最好的，你经常会得到最好的。“耐心地一节车厢一节车厢地找过去”，这不就是一种生存和生活的智慧吗?同学们能够从故事中读到“自信”、“执着”、“富有远见”、“勤于实践”等主题，可以任选其一作文。

以下是由语文迷网精心为大家整理提供的关于教育的英语名言，欢迎大家参考选择。

Education has for its object the formation of character.

教育的目的在于品德的培育。——斯宾塞

He can ill be master that never was scholar.

没当过学生的人成不了一个好先生。

Teaching others teaches youself.

教学相长。

Better untaught than ill taught.

宁可不受教育也强于受坏的教育。

Instruction knows no cladistinction.

有教无类——《论语》

The best bred have the best portion.

最好的教养是最好的嫁妆。

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)

教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)

Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)

与其不受教育，不知不生，因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

Dancing in all its forms cannot be excluded from the curriculum of all noble education: dancing with the feet, with ideas, with works, and ,need I add that one must also be able to dance with the pen? (Friedrich W.Nietzsche, German philosopher)

所有高尚教育的课程表里都不能没有各种形式的跳舞：用脚跳舞，用思想跳舞，用言语跳舞，不用说，还需用笔跳舞。(德国哲学家 尼采 F W)

Education commences at the mother’s knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)

教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)

Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)

教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)

Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)

教育不在于使人知其所未知，而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)

Education is a admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught. (Oscar Wilde, British dramatist)

教育是令人羡慕的东西，但是要不时地记住：凡是值得知道的，没有一个是能够教会的。(英国剧作家 王尔得 O)

Example is always more efficacious than precept. (Samuel Johnson, British writer and critic)

身教胜于言教。(英国作家、批评家 约翰逊 S)

Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

历史使人明智;诗词使人灵秀;数学使人周密;自然哲学使人深刻;伦理使人庄重;逻辑修辞学使人善辨。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)

If you dont learn to think when you are young , you may never learn .(Thomas Edison , American inventor )

如果你年轻时就没有学会思考，那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生 . T.)

Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.

(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。(英国哲学家 培根 . F.)

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)

教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)

And gladly would learn, and gladly teach. (Chaucer, British poet)

勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人 乔叟)

Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)

与其不受教育，不知不生，因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

Education commences at the mothers knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)

教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)

Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)

教育不在于使人知其所未知，而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)

Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)

教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)

For a cultivated man to be ignorant of foreign languages is a great inconveniece. (Anton P.Chekhrv, Russian dramatist)

一个受过教育的人，不懂外语是极不方便的。(俄国剧作家 契克夫 A P)

People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2.

Last but not the least, 论据3.

To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

散文须有敏锐的思想,思想越是崇高,作品的艺术光辉就越强烈,越有艺术生命力。小编收集了2017年中考作文指导：散文总论写作方法，欢迎阅读。

散文是所有文学样式中最自由活泼、无拘无束的体裁。轻便灵活,战斗性强,便于及时反映迅速变化的事物,富有现实性。报刊杂志最喜欢此类及时反映生活,短小隽永的文章。

它有时似银光闪闪的匕首,直刺敌人心脏;有时象抒情诗,抒发内心深处的思想感情;有时如娓娓动听的故事,叙述人世间的悲欢离合;有时若一幅水墨画,描绘山光水色、花鸟鱼虫。

它体积小,容量大。宇宙之大,草虫之微,均可包容。可以“小题大作”,也可以“大题小作”,一事一物,抒发开去,感情的溪流,汩汩流出,想象的翅膀,振翅飞翔,思想的火花,迸溅生辉。它可以写景、叙事、抒情、议论,也可以时而写景,时而叙事,时而抒情,时而议论,溶为一体,更见多采多姿。善于驾驭者,往往把风景、人物、议论、思想组织在一个题目下,象灵巧的蜘蛛网一样,熔炼成一篇情致隽永的散文。

散文的题材无限广阔,不应划地为牢,规定这应该写,那不应该写,应以作者的个性、爱好、素质、经历、思想感情而定。在这急遽变化的现实生活里,应加强作品的时代感,投身到当前大变革的洪流中去。用散文轻便灵活的形式,兴改革之风,赞创业之人,抒时代之情,绘神州之美。要把人民最关心的事情和愿望反映出来,体现时代的精神,开阔自己的视野,扩大自己的胸怀,与时代精神同步,和人民群众共呼吸。

无庸讳言,眼下有的散文写个人生活的抒情咏叹,往往沉迷于身边琐事,抒发自己胸臆里的那一点喜怒哀乐,而不能把个人感情的漪涟融汇于时代洪流中去,激起飞溅的浪花,反映时代的色泽。有的游记散文,大同小异,就是跳不出前人的臼巢,抒情写景没有新鲜感。有的知识性散文,老生常谈,找不到新的发现,论知识不如专家,谈文采又觉逊色。有的史料性散文,介绍的是人所熟知的史料,给人一种陈芝麻料谷子印象。有的时事性散文(杂文),缺乏“匕首”和“刀枪”的锐利,缺乏睿智和幽默,读来如报纸上平板的短评……所有这一些,就是缺乏强烈的时代感,和人民最关心的事物与愿望相游离。

鲁迅先生说:“生存小品文,必须是匕首,是投枪,和读者一同杀出一条生存的血路的东西。但自然,它也能给人愉快和休息。然而这不是小摆设,更不是抚慰与麻醉。它给人愉快和休息是休养,是劳作和战斗之前的准备。”鲁迅所处的时代是黑暗的旧中国,在那“风雨如磐”的日子里,他的笔象匕首和投枪,和读者一起杀出一条生存的血路,不愧是一个战士。今天,我们正全力以赴向信息化进军,我们的笔要为之谱写战歌,也要横扫进军路上的绊脚石。当然,也欢迎“给人愉快和休息”的美妙作品。

有人说鲁迅的散文看起来没有一篇紧扣题目,就题论题,散得很。实际上,他用自己精深的思想红线把生活海洋中的贝壳珠粒,穿缀成闪光的项链。虽然色彩斑驳,但却粒粒如数,虽然运思落笔似不经心,但字字珠玑,环扣主题。形“散”,而“神”不散。这种“散”与不散互相统一,相映成趣,是“神”与“散”兼备的佳作。

散文要有思想的光辉。散文家不仅应是美文家,更应是思想家。凡是读者赞叹击节,印象深刻的散文,大都含蕴着鲜明的立意,闪耀着思想的火花。

散文须有敏锐的思想,思想越是崇高,作品的艺术光辉就越强烈,越有艺术生命力。范仲淹的《岳阳楼记》是一篇不到五百字的散文,而文中“不以物喜,不以己悲,居庙堂之高,则忧其民。处江湖之远,则忧其君。是进亦忧,退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶?其必曰:先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐欤。”就闪烁着永不磨灭的思想光辉,传颂千古,后人把它奉为一种崇高的思想境界,作为宝贵的精神财富继承下来。

我们正处在新世纪大变革、大建设的崭新时代,五彩缤纷的现实生活正在发生历史性的深刻变化。新的人物,新的问题,新的思想,新的感情,新的道德观念,新的审美观念……要求散文作者去体验、观察、思索、反映,写出象鲁迅与范仲淹那样带有时代色彩的散文。写出为人民喜爱的佳作。

以往我们备战高考作文，多从文体和命题形式的角度考虑。其实，从高考作文可能的命题内容这一角度来备考，也不失为一个好办法。

本次介绍的“人与自然”类作文颇具现实意义，契合当今建设环境友好型社会的主题，同学们应引起足够的重视。

“人与自然”类作文的三个话题

依据笔者的认识，“人与自然”类作文主要涉及三个话题。

1、欣赏自然，表述自然之美

《普通高中语文课程标准(实验)》指出：“自然风光、文物古迹、风俗民情，国内外和地方的重要事件，学生的家庭生活以及日常生活话题等都可以成为语文课程的资源。”由此，我们不难理解为什么各种版本的语文教材中都有大量自然风光类的文章了。我们生活在神奇而美丽的大自然中，自然界蕴含着各种美：动态美和静态美互相补充，阳刚美和阴柔美兼而有之……我们不仅要将足迹留在山水里，还要用自己的彩笔描绘大自然的如画风光。

2、体悟自然，书写自然美景引发的人生感怀

着名诗人徐志摩在名篇《翡冷翠山居闲话》中写道“只要你自己性灵上不长疮瘢，眼不盲，耳不塞”，大自然“这无形迹的最高等教育便永远是你的名分，这不取费的最珍贵的补剂便永远供你受用。只要你认识了这一部书，你在这世界上寂寞时便不寂寞，穷困时不穷困，苦恼时有安慰，挫折时有鼓励，软弱时有督责……”。

3、敬畏自然，反思生态的恶化，呼吁人类善待万物

有个叫西雅图的印第安酋长，曾有一段发人深省的话：“人类属于大地。但大地不属于人类。世界上万物都是相互关联的，就像血液把我们身体的各个部分连接在一起。生命之网并非人类所编织。人类不过是这个网络中的一根线、一个结。但人类所做的一切，最终会影响到这个网络，也影响到人类本身。”的确，我们应把自己看成大自然生态链中的一个组成部分，思考人与自然的和谐相处方式。

习作欣赏

阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

地球诞生至今，已有46亿年。46亿年的漫长岁月。才造就了今天这么一个鸟语花香的美好世界——人类赖以生存的世界。

可是，作为万物之灵的人类竟愚蠢地毁坏赖以生存的环境：乱砍滥伐原始森林，乱捕滥杀野生动物，盲目开采地下矿藏，肆意排放工业废水……于是水土流失了，绿洲消失了，土地沙化了，气候恶劣了……环境污染与生态破坏已成为举世关注的重大问题。今天，人们才发现保护环境的重要意义。

要求选择一个角度构思作文，自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题;不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

人，真的很聪明吗徐宗璐

人类从亘古的荒原走来。一直走到高楼林立的都市：人类从愚昧落后的部落走来，一直走到文明和开化的现代社会。这一路高歌猛进，无不说明人类是这个世界上最聪明的生物，不愧为“宇宙之精华，万物之灵长”。近几百年来，人类的聪明才智更是发挥到了极致：蒸汽机、电、核能……这一切的一切，不断显示着人类的智慧和力量。然而。仅凭这些。就能断言人类是最聪明的吗?就能判定现在的世界优于过去，并预测未来的世界一定更美好吗?

我的回答是：不能!

仰望天空。候鸟凄厉的叫声，带来远方战火依然的消息：驰骋高原，再难见到藏羚羊奔跑的矫健身姿……这一切，又是谁造下的孽?

大量的事实告诉我们，有许多人只受到功利的影响。而没有接受智慧的启蒙。近代的战争多数已不单纯为了正义，更多的是为了物欲和私利。这充分暴露出人性中贪婪、自私和暴戾的一面。有些国家为了不可告人的目的，使用贫铀弹等杀人武器，丝毫不顾对环境的破坏，导致受难地区的无奉百姓患癌症等疾病的比例大幅度上升。这不仅仅是愚蠢，更是道德的沦丧，是彻头彻尾的

犯罪。还有，由于人类无节制地向大自然掠夺索取，致使环境日益恶化。生物种类大幅度减少。300亿年前地球上大约有25亿个物种，现在仅存1亿个左右。在已灭绝的约24亿个物种中，有60%是20世纪灭绝的。从17世纪起，动物的灭绝进入了加速时期。据联合国环境规划署统计，现在仅存的约1亿个物种中，鸟类每两年灭绝1种，兽类每一年就灭绝1种。今后的趋势是：植物可能以每小时1种的速度灭绝，动物可能每天减少1种。我不禁想问，仅有的这些物种在地球上还能支撑多久?大海雀、渡渡鸟、旅鸽、卡罗莱纳鹦鹉、高加索野牛……这些早已被人类灭绝的动物，如果能够复活的话，我们从它们眼中看到的将是平和、善意，还是愤怒与敌意?事实上，现在连看一看敌意的目光也成了一种无法实现的奢望。

人类只是地球生命之网上的一段绳索，人类施之于这“网”的，也是人类施之于自己的。人类的文明已经让这张“网”变得千疮百孔。人类用科技来防止小行星将地球“咬”出一个缺口，是聪明的，但自己将这张生命之“网”撕扯得破败不堪。那就不能不说是糊涂之极了。也许有时残缺是一种美，但对整个地球生态环境来说，残缺决不是美!我们需要一个完整而美好的地球。造物主给了人类一个美丽的星球，人类应该怀着感恩的心与地球和谐相处。

21世纪的钟声早已敲响。可我们是否应该将20世纪乃至前几个世纪人类的所作所为放在一架一头是聪明另一头是愚蠢的天平上称一下，看看哪一头会更重?或许，对于未来世界而言，这样做能使我们免生许多遗憾。

2018中考英语作文预测：Talk about Internet

Today，I’ll talk about going online. We know thatthere are too many net-bars (网吧) around us. The Internet can make our lives interesting and enjoyable.Many of us like going online very much because we can learn how to usethe computer and get more information from the Internet. We can learn English.We can read some good newspapers and magazines. It can make us cleverthrough playing computer games. I can sende-mails to our friends quickly. We can chatonline with our friends. It can help us get in touch with (取得联系) people from all over the world, but unfortunately the government doesn’t allow communication with many people.

But some students spend too much time playing computer games and some stay in net bars all day and all night.As a result, they do worse and worse in their lessons andthey don’t study well any more. I think we shouldn’t goonline when it is time for us to study. We can do it in summer or winterholidays.

There be 结构是英语中陈述事物客观存的常用句型，表示“有”，其确切含义是“存在”there 作为引导词，本身没有意义，用动词be的某些形式作为谓语动词，它的主语是用一些表示泛指或不定特指的名词词组，动词be和 主语的数必须一致。句子最后通常为表示地点和时间的状语。因此要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候常用“There be + 名词+ 地点(时间)这一句型。例如：

There is a great Italian deli across the street.

穿过街道，有一家大的意大利熟食店。

There are some students in the dormitory.

在宿舍里有一些学生。

一、“There be”后面可以跟名词或动名词

在“There be +主语+状语"的句型中, 作主语的名词一般是非限定的,常是泛指而不是特指, 故一般不用this, that, these, those 等词修饰, 修饰主语的一般应该是不定冠词、零冠词、基数词或a, an, some, any, no, several, many, much, a few, a little, another, a lot of, enough等非特指的词汇。请看下面例句:

There is a shop at the corner.

在拐角处有家商店。

There are two books on the desk.

课桌上有两本书。

There are many sheep bleating in the field.

田里有许多绵羊在叫。

二、我们也可以根据表达的需要, 在There与be之间用上恰当的情态动词can, may, must, should, will等，构成: There will /may/must/can, etc. be...:

There will be an interesting talk on English next week.

下个星期有个关于英语方面的有趣报告。

My watch doesn’t work, there may be something wrong with it.

我的手表不走了，可能出了故障。

三、“There be” 句型还有扩展形式

在There be 句型中, 除be之外, 某些表示存在概念的不及物动词也可以用于这种句型, 这些动词大致是: live, come, stand, lie等。请看：

Once there lived an old fisherman near the sea.

海边曾经住着一位老渔夫。

There stands a big tall apple tree in front of my house.

我家屋前有一棵高大的苹果树。

Then there came a knock at the door.

那时传来了敲门声。

四、使用“There be”句型时要注意主谓一致

在There be引导的句子中, 谓语动词be的人称和数应该和它后面的主语(名词)保持一致, 当有两个或两个以上的名词作并列主语时, be的形式则和第一个名词保持一致(就近原则)。如:

There is a small river near the village.

村子附近有条小河。

There are two thousand students in our school.

我们学校有2000名学生。

There is a pen and two books on the desk.

课桌上有一枝钢笔。

五、There be句型与have的区别:

二者都表示汉语中的“有”。但是在用法上有区别: There be 句型表示“某处(某时)有某物”; 而have则表示“某人或某物拥有某物”, 强调主语和宾语的所属关系。如:

There are quite a few pine trees on the campus.

校园里有许多松树。

Each supergirl has her merits and faults.

每个超级女生都有他的优点和缺点。

We have ten copies, but we shall need more.

我们有10册,但是我们还需要更多。

六、There be 句型的转换

一般地说, There be 句型的基本转换还是比较容易掌握的, 关键要注意句型中名词的转换形式, 请看下面的例句:

Are there any boats on the lake? (一般疑问句)

There are not any students in the classroom. (否定句)

——Whats in the bag? (对主语提问的特殊疑问句)

——There are many oranges in it.

七、There be 句型的时态:

There be 句型没有语态形式, 但是却有比较复杂的时态形式, 以及可以表达不同的情态语境,请看下面的例句:

There will be a class meeting this afternoon. (一般将来时)

今天下午有班会。

There was a football match in our school yesterday. (一般过去时)

昨天我们学校有一场足球赛。

There have been great changes in China in the past twenty years. (现在完成时)

在过去20年里中国发生了巨大变化。

There are going to be two English parties next week. (一般将来时)

下周有两场英语晚会。

There must be something wrong with the computer. ( must + be)

这台计算机一定出问题了。

八、即时练习

用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。

1. There was a tractor _____ (work) and some cows _____ (eat) grass on the farm.

2. Look! There _______ (come) the No.7 bus.

3. There _______ (be) sheep and goats on the hill yesterday morning.

4. There must _______ (be) somebody in the corner because there was something _____ (move) quickly.

5. There _______ (be) a writer and singer in our school last week.

6. There _______ (be) a writer and two singers in our school last week.

7. _______ there _______ (be) an exciting concert in town tomorrow?

8. There ________ (be) a lot of changes in my hometown in the last two years.

9. Once there _______ (live) some hard-working people in the forest.

10. ______ there ________ (stand) a statue (塑像) by the sea?

在小红的铅笔盒里，有四位好兄弟。其中，铅笔是老大，橡皮是老二，削笔刀是老三，笔盒是老四。

一开始，他们都很团结。可有一天，铅笔开始傲慢起来，铅笔召集橡皮、削笔刀和笔盒开会，铅笔说 ：“从今天开始，你们都要为我服务。”橡皮、削笔刀和笔盒答应了。从那时起，铅笔故意刁难他们：铅笔故意在纸上乱画，让橡皮为他美容，为此橡皮瘦了一大圈；铅笔常找削笔刀为他剃头，这让削笔刀的牙齿都磨平了；铅笔躺在软绵绵的笔盒里，稍感觉有一点儿不舒服，就对笔盒破口大骂。可是他们从不说苦，因为他们认为铅笔永远是他们的好兄弟。

不久后，小红的铅笔盒里又添了几支新铅笔，他们对铅笔老大说：“瞧瞧你的熊样，小主人早该把你扔了。”铅笔听了，赶紧跑到镜子前，想看看自己的模样，只见镜子里的自己又矮有瘦，样子真像一根火柴。铅笔见了，伤心地哭了起来。此时，橡皮、削笔刀和笔盒来到铅笔面前，说：“在你刁难我们的时候，其实也毁了你的面容，只要你和我们团结一致，咱们还是好兄弟。”听了他们的话，铅笔惭愧地低下了头。

……

You are writing a complaint to the manager about the hotel.

题目：你向饭店经理写信投诉酒店服务。

(以e-mail的形式出现)

On the whole, my stay here was satisfactory. The hotel was comfortable and the room was bright, but it was too dirty. Whats more the food was compeletely awful and the service was really terrible. I have stayed in your hotel for several times and everything is getting worse, though the price is fair.

总体而言，我在这边住得比较满意。酒店很舒服，房间也很明亮，但是太脏了。另外，这儿的食物太糟糕了，服务也很差。我已经在这里住过好几次了，虽然价钱还不错，但每件事都越来越糟糕。

Please try to clean the room a bit more often and find someone who is capable of cooking and who knows how to talk friendly to others.

请时常打扫一下房间，找个真正懂烹饪的和懂得跟别人和睦相处的员工!

When you were born, you need to face the ups and downs in our life. For

example, you need to learn to speak, learn to walk, learn to write, learn to

read, and so on. Whenever you learn a new thing, you will be always full of joy.

But the hardness only you know. Perhaps, you have thought about giving up, but

in the end you insist on. In this world, there is no difficult, only those who

do not adhere to. As long as you can hold on, thats not a thing. Perseverance

prevails! This is the eternal law! Come on.

导语： 秋也许就藏在金灿灿的稻穗上，也许藏在火通通的柿子里，也许藏在绿油油的菜地间。秋，收获的季节，金黄的季节——同春一样可爱，同夏一样热情，冬一样迷人。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢! ​

1. 啊，秋雨把梧桐树的衣裳打黄啦，给秋天添上了一身神秘的彩装。

2. 秋天到了，天空一碧如洗，好像用清水洗过的蓝宝石一样。

3. 秋天的天空里，团团白云像弹好的羊毛，慢慢地飘浮着。

4. 秋天的田野，一片金黄，好像给大地铺上了一层金黄色的地毯。

5. 上坡上，一穗穗的高粱高傲地矗立着。秋风吹来，它们像一把把胜利的火把，高兴地晃动着。

6. 深秋时节，枝头黄叶被一夜秋风吹尽，遍地都是，好像铺了一条黄色的地毯。

7. 十月的秋风拂着大地，辽阔的田野一片金黄。

8. 秋天的湖面波光粼粼，一阵微风拂过，湖畔长长的柳条飘洒在湖面上，溅起点点水花，火泛起层层波纹。

9. 秋，来到果园，打开她的化妆盒，把苹果擦得透红，把橘子抹得金黄，把葡萄涂得紫盈盈的。

10. 千树万树的红叶，愈到深秋，愈加红艳;远远看去，就像火焰在滚动。

11. 秋的天空里，团团白云像弹好的羊毛，慢慢地飘浮着。

12. 秋光绚丽，金风送爽，如海的高粱举起火把，无边的大豆摇响铜铃。

13. 秋高气爽，蓝蓝的天像擦拭得一尘不染的玻璃，绵绵的云朵雪白雪白，如奶汁一般。

14. 秋后的后半夜.月亮下去了，太阳还没有出，只剩下一片乌蓝的天;除了夜游的东西，什么都睡着。

15. 不知道从多久起，仿佛一场紧张的拼搏终于渐渐地透出了分晓，田野从它宽阔的胸膛里透过来一缕悠悠的气息，斜坡上和坝子上有如水一般的清明在散开，四下里的树木和庄稼也开始在微风里摇曳，树叶变得从容而宽余。露水回来了，在清晨和傍晚润湿了田埂，悄悄地挂上田间。露岚也来到了坝子上，静静地浮着，不再回到山谷里去。阳光虽然依旧明亮，却不再痛炙人的脊梁，变得宽怀、清澄，仿佛它终于乏力了，不能蒸融田野了，也就和田野和解了似的;……秋天来了!

16. 当峭厉的西风把天空刷得愈加高远的时候;当陌上呼头的孩子望断了最后一只南飞雁的时候;当辽阔的大野无边的青草被摇曳得株株枯黄的时候—一当在这个时候，便是秋了，便是树木落叶的季节了。

17. 多明媚的秋天哪，这里，再也不是焦土和灰烬，这是千万座山风都披着红毯的旺盛的国土。那满身嵌着弹皮的红松，仍然活着，傲立在高高的山岩上，山谷中汽笛欢腾，白望在稻田里缓缓飞翔。

18. 风，轻轻地、温和地吹着，是美丽的灰姑娘姗姗而来;树木开始脱下她绿色的夏装，换上了金色的秋装。

19. 红艳艳的大苹果撩开绿叶往外瞧;金灿灿的柿子像正月十五的灯笼压弯了枝头;小红灯似的枣子在枝头上一闪一闪的;像玛瑙的葡萄一串串的挂在葡萄架上荡秋千;有的荔枝太胖了，把衣服撑破了，露出白白的肚皮，玉米特意换了一件金色的新衣，咧开嘴笑了，露出满口金黄的牙齿;大豆也许太兴奋了，有的竟笑破了肚皮;西红柿为了让自己更漂亮，便把口红涂在了脸上……

20. 金黄的稻谷在微风里，一边跳舞，一边唱着秋天的歌。

21. 金秋季节，满山遍野的枫林红了，好像一片火海。

22. 九月一到，就有了秋意，秋意在一个多雾的黎明溜来，到了炎热的下午便不见踪影。它踮起脚尖掠过树顶，染红几片叶子，然后乘着一簇飞掠过山谷离开。

23. 看，那菊花，它们开得多么热烈!多么旺盛!黄的、红的、白的、紫的……一朵朵，一簇簇，迎着秋风，披着寒霜，争妍斗艳，喷芳吐香，开得到处都是，简直成了一个锦簇的世界。

24. 梨子树上挂满了一个个黄澄澄的梨子，就像一个个可爱的小葫芦。走近一看，梨子脸上还长着许多小雀斑呢!梨子很多，把树枝越压越弯，越压越弯，有的梨子干脆一屁股坐在地上。

25. 那些“红国光”、“黄元帅”挤挤压压地挂在树上，躲在树叶后，露出一张张可爱的胖脸儿，笑迎着秋姑娘的到来。

26. 扑入车窗的景色，使我生发了一种似曾相识的感触。那碧天的云，蛮荒的山，被秋霜洗黄的野草，俨然像一位饰着金色丽纱的处女，裸露着奶黄色的胴体，在萧瑟的秋风中婆娑起舞，展现着消魂的倩姿。伫立在山颠的秋阳，宛如一尊威武的战神，抖落血染的战袍，溅在草丛中，渗入山下的小溪，泛着数不清的涟漪，呜咽地向外流淌，从古流到今，从辽远的过去流向那茫茫的未来。

27. 清晨，晶莹的露珠便会和草叶做游戏，滚来滚去的。用手接一滴，一不小心，露珠便会滚落到地上，一下子不见了，仿佛也和我在玩游戏呢!

28. 秋，不是常说是金色的吗?的确，她给大自然带来了丰硕的果实，给包括人在内的众多生物赏赐了无数得以延续生命的食粮。“自古逢秋悲寂寥”，这是常人的看法。在许多的文字里，我们不难寻觅到描写秋天肃杀的段落。我们一直喜欢生活在生命的律动的氛围里，而缺乏对秋天全面而真实的理解与歌颂。五谷丰登、一派丰收的风景，是秋天的极致;满目萧索、一派肃杀的暮秋时节，也是秋天的韵味。那三分鹅黄、七分橘绿的落叶，曾几何时默默地陪衬姹紫嫣红的鲜花，默默地托举出如锦似橙的果实。春华秋实摘尽之后，也并不是生命的终止，而是为了迎接来年的灿烂与辉煌，需让生命的指针暂时沉寂，使叶片呈古色苍茏之概，不单以葱翠争荣，再看那一树霜红，燃烧着的又何尝不是一种情愫一种精神;那遍地落荫，显现的又何尝不是一种豁达，一种坚韧，一种旺盛而又无所畏惧的人生呢?

29. 秋姑娘在苹果树上荡秋千，她像对苹果树施了魔法，把苹果变得又大又红，远远望去，就像片片玉树林挂满了红彤彤的宝石，真惹人喜爱。

30. 秋末的黄昏来得总是很快，还没等山野上被日光蒸发起的水气消散.太阳就落进了西山。于是，山谷中的岚风带着浓重的凉意，驱赶着白色的雾气，向山下游荡;而山峰的阴影，更快地倒压在村庄上，阴影越来越浓，渐渐和夜色混为一体，但不久，又被月亮烛成银灰色了。

31. 秋收时节，天特别高，特别蓝，云朵格外白柔娴静，阳光格外明媚和煦，风也显得格外轻漫清香。

32. 秋天，大部分树叶都渐渐变黄了，有的已经枯落下来了，唯有枫叶红了下来，火红火红的，为秋天增添了一道亮丽的风景线，真是“霜叶红于二月花”啊!

33. 秋天，大部分树叶都渐渐地变黄了，有的已经枯落下来了，唯有枫叶红了起来，火红火红的，为了秋天增添了一道亮丽的风景线，真是“霜叶红于二月花”啊!

34. 秋天，美丽的季节，收获的季节，金黄的季节，同百花盛开的春天一样令人向往，同骄阳似火的夏天一样热情，同白雪飘飘的冬天一样迷人。

35. 秋天，那永远是蓝湛湛的天空，会突然翻脸而露出险恶的颜色，热带台风夹着密云暴雨，洪水潜流着，复苏的草原又泛起点点苍苍的颜色。然而，台风暴雨一闪而过，强烈的气流依然抖动着耀眼的波光。这时，只有北来的候鸟知道这张温暖的床眠，那飞翔的天鹅、鸿雁和野鸭，就像一片阴深的云朵，使这儿显得更苍郁了。

36. 秋天，杨树叶子黄了，挂在树上，好像一朵朵黄色的小花;飘落在空中，像一只只黄色的蝴蝶;落在树旁的小河里，仿佛是金色的小船。

37. 秋天带着落叶的声音来了，早晨像露珠一样新鲜。天空发出柔和的光辉，澄清又缥缈，使人想听见一阵高飞的云雀的歌唱，正如望着碧海想着见一片白帆。夕阳是时间的翅膀，当它飞遁时有一刹那极其绚烂的展开。于是薄暮。

38. 秋天到了，金风送爽，河里的鱼虾肥了;果园里果实累累，到处是一派丰收的景象。

39. 秋天到了，菊花开了。有红的，有黄的，有紫的，还有白的，美丽极了!秋天到了，果子熟了。黄澄澄的是梨，红通通的是萍果，亮晶晶的是葡萄。一阵凉风吹来，果儿点头，散发出诱人的香味儿。

40. 秋天的来临，也让小草换上了黄色的衣裳。这时的小草虽然已不像春天的那个嫩娃娃了，也不像夏天那个穿着绿色衣服的小伙子，但小草依然挺立着，风儿轻轻一吹，它们便把身体扭向一边，以优美的舞姿博得人们的赞赏。

41. 秋天来临了，天空像一块覆盖大地的蓝宝石。村外那个小池塘睁着碧澄澄的眼睛，凝望着这没好的天色。一对小白鹅侧着脑袋欣赏着自己映在水里的影子。山谷里枫树的叶子，不知是否喝了过量的酒，红得像一团火似的。

42. 秋天是庄稼成熟的季节，也是农民伯伯最喜爱的季节。高粱涨红了脸，苞米咧开了嘴，黄澄澄的玉米粒，像一颗颗金豆子，谷子笑弯了要，正向我们鞠躬，大豆被风吹得了乐出了声……秋天真好，我喜爱秋天。

43. 秋也许就藏在金灿灿的稻穗上，也许藏在火通通的柿子里，也许藏在绿油油的菜地间。秋，收获的季节，金黄的季节——同春一样可爱，同夏一样热情，冬一样迷人。

44. 秋雨打着她们的脸。一堆堆深灰色的迷云，低低地压着大地。已经是深秋了，森林里那一望无际的林木都已光秃，老树阴郁地站着，让褐色的苔掩住它身上的皱纹。无情的秋天剥下了它们美丽的衣裳，它们只好枯秃地站在那里。

45. 秋雨像淘气的小孩从瓦片上滑下来。

46. 人生如秋。历经春的耕耘，夏的生长，已积淀了几许悲欢离合酸甜苦辣。朝看水东流，暮看日西坠。百年明日有几何?青春岁月已随流水逐日逝去，但未来的路依然漫长。错过了就不应再失去，重要的是把握机遇蓄势而待。前面的路走得不错，后面的，自信也不会坏到哪里去，你又何必悲观失望呢?秋日多情，将五彩一路赠与;秋风多意，将飒爽一路馈送。“晴空一鹤排云上，便引诗情到碧霄”。刘禹锡的诗句与秋风相伴，与落叶共舞，一起风景成生命的箴言。

47. 如果说，燕子是报春的天使，那么落叶就是迎秋的顽童。秋天一到，落叶就毫不犹豫地从树丫上纷纷飘下来。它们好像在对大树说：“亲爱的妈妈，我们要回到大地的怀抱中去，请允许我们随风阿姨飞吧!”树发出沙沙的声音，似乎在说：“走吧!走吧!”叶子飞过墙头，来到野外，看!大地上到处都有它们的身影。落叶，你给地面铺上了一层金地毯。

48. 首先映入我眼帘的是那一大片鲜艳的一串红，一串红的叶子并不引人注意，引人注意的是一串红的花，那鲜艳的小花，开得娇巧别致，一簇足有数十朵，长在翠绿的茎上，就像一串串用绿线连起来的红铃铛。他们一朵朵紧密排列，整齐划一，就像我们班组成的一个纪律严明紧密团结的集体。仔细观看，花儿里面还藏有像头发一样的小花。微风拂过，玲珑别致的花朵轻轻摇曳着，向你点头，好像一个个小朋友正张着笑脸朝你笑呢。

49. 虽然寒霜降临，可青松爷爷还穿着碧绿碧绿的长袍，显得更加苍翠。花园里，菊花争芳斗艳，红的如火，粉的似霞，白的像雪，美不胜收。柿子树上的叶子全都落了，可黄澄澄的柿子还挂在枝头，像一个个大大小小的橘黄灯笼，红彤彤的海棠树把树枝都压弯了。

50. 天渐渐地转凉了，一片片枯黄的叶子像一只只美丽的黄蝴蝶，纷纷离开了大树妈妈温暖的怀抱，轻轻地从树上飘落下来，飞落到草地上，小河、庄稼上，这落叶似乎是报信员，告诉大家“秋天来了，秋天来了”。小草们也脱下了绿衣裳，换上了金灿灿的秋装。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分