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+ 加入清单一、说明文的含义和分类
所谓说明文,就是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人以知识的文章,它通过对实体事物的解说,或对抽象整理的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类,成因、功能,关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识,从而获得有关的知识。以说明为主是说明文与其他文体从表达方式上相区别的标志。
在各种文章样式中,说明文体是一种相对独立的类别。在人们的社会生活中,说明文越来超越显示出它的重要作用和实用价值。现实生活充分表明,说明文不是一种无足轻重的文章形式,而是运用范围极为广泛的常用文体,它与人们的生产、工作和生活的关系相当密切,而且由于社会生活的需要,说明文写作正在大量涌现。
关于说明文的分类,现在人们从不同的角度,根据各自的标准,对说明文有不同的分法。我们根据说明文的表现手法,大体上把它分为三类:一、阐释性说明文;二、述说性说明文;三、文艺性说明文。
从几个不同侧面来解说事物、阐释事理的说明文叫阐释性说明文。有关历史、地理、物理、化学、动物、植物、科学卫生、语言文艺等方面的知识性文字或教材、科学实验报告、器物使用说明等都属于这一类。
通过简述概况或情节来介绍事物的说明文叫述说性说明文。电影、电视剧各戏曲的剧情简介,小说和其它文学作品心的内容提要、连环画或某些摄影照片的解说词等都属于这一类。
运用形象化的手法来介绍事物、阐述事理的说明文叫文艺性说明文。这类说明文具有较多的文学色彩。知识小品(或叫科学小品)、名胜古迹、文物的说明简介等都属于这一类。
一般说来,前两类的写法比较平实,重在对事物或事理的条分缕析的解说。后一类的写法活动活泼,富有情趣,多采用文艺笔调。
二、 说明文的特点
说明文有如下特点:
1、 说明性
所谓说明性,是指说明文主要运用说明的表达方式,侧重对客观事物或事理作如实的介绍、简要的解说,力求使人有所知。就整个文体而言,说明文与记叙文、议论文的特点有显著的区别。记叙文记叙人物的活动,事情的经过,景物的状态,以及作者对人物、事件、景物的观感,主要用记叙和描写的表达方式,重在使人有所感;议论文通过逻辑论证形式,分析事物的本质、规律和特点,提出主张,发表见解,主要用议论的表达方式,重在使人有所悟;比如,同是写读书学习这件事,高尔基在《我的童年》里描述了一段读书的具体情景,把人物读书时的画面绘声绘色地表达出来了,这是记叙性的;毛泽东在《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》里写了一节“学习”,论述了学习的重要性和学习的任务以及必须采取正确的学习态度等问题,阐述了观点,论证了事理,这是议论性的;《读书笔记》用简洁的文字介绍做读书笔记的几种常用方法:“第一种是在书上画记号”;“第二种方法是摘录,就是把书中的重点、重要的材料、精彩的句子或段落,抄录在笔记本上”;“第三种方法是写出全篇或全书的提要”;“还有一种是写心得体会(读后感)”;“除了上述方法之外,还可以使用卡片”。全文既没有具体描述,也没有分析论证,主要是运用了说清事理的表达方式,条分缕析地介绍了作读书笔记的具体方法,读后使人获得学习经验。这是说明性的。由于写作目的不同,由于表达内容的方式不同,文章的特点自然也就不同了。正如记叙文具有形象性、抒情性,议论文具有说理性、逻辑性一样,说明文具的说明性。当然,一篇说明文由于表达内容的需要,部分地使用记叙或议论的表达方式,也是常见现象,但是这只能说它含有记叙或议论的成分,并不会因此而改变它的说明性质。
2、 知识性
一般说来,记叙文、议论文都或多或少地含有各种知识,能给人以教益,但是在传授知识方面,都比不上说明文那样直接、集中和强烈。这是因为说明文写作,其直接目的就给人以知识或技能。说明文的内容以知识为核心,不管是哪一篇说明文,它的内容不外乎是自然科学知识,社会科学知识,人们日常生活、工作、学习所需要的知识,从宏观世界到微观世界,从基础学科到尖端科学,从奇妙的微生物到人类社会,从石器到电脑,从沙漠到海洋,从地层变化到天体运行,……漠漠宇宙,大千世界,无一不是说明文内容所涉足的领域,知识性是说明文写作的出发点,也是它的落脚点。
说明文既然要给人传授知识,就必须具有高度的科学性(包括阐释事理的合理性)。不管是对实体事物的说明,还是对非实体事物的说明,都必须如实地反映客观事物,做到内容真实可靠,反映准确恰当,解说清楚明白。如果说明文违反知识的科学性,则是一个致使的伤。说明文主要对客观事物或事理予以冷静地解说阐释,一般不需要带上强烈的感情色彩或表示作者的倾向,具有客观性的特点。
《辞海》是这样介绍银杏的:
银杏亦称“白果树”、“公孙树”。银杏科。落叶乔木。叶扇形。雌雄异株。种子椭圆形或倒卵形。系孑遗植物,我国普遍栽培;日本亦产生长较慢,寿命较长,可达千余年。种仁供食用,多食中毒,外种皮可提栲胶。木材浅黄色,细致,轻软,供建筑、家具,雕刻及其他工艺品用。又为庭园树、行道树。中医学上以种子入药,性平、味苦涩、有小毒。功能敛肺定喘,主治痰哮喘咳、遗精、带下、小便频数等症。种子含有氢氰酸、组氨酸、蛋白质等。
这段关于银杏的说明文只是对银杏的名称、特点、产地,用途等作客观的如实的介绍,全是解说式的语言,把它与郭沫若的散文《银杏》对比,其客观性就显而易见了。
3、 实用性
从说明文的社会功用看,它具有广泛的实用价值。诸如法律条文的撰写、典章制度的编纂,天文历法的修著,生产知识的记录,工作经验的介绍等等,从卷帙浩繁的百科条目到一种产品的使用说明,说明文的触角,探伸到社会生活、生产的各个领域,起着巨大的作用,成为人们交换思想、交流经验的工具,沟通文理学科的桥梁。
三、 说明文的写作
写说明文和写其它文章一样,必须明确写作意图,确立文章中心;充分占有材料,力求做到言之有物、言之有序。除了这些一般性的要求之外,说明文的写作还有如下要求:
(一) 抓住事物特征,把握说明中心
任何事物都具有自身的质的规定性,一个事物的特征是区别于其它事物的标志。写说明文只有抓住事物的特征,才能把被说明的事物准确清晰地介绍给读者,让人们对事物有确切的了解。事物往往有方面的特征,介绍事物时,不可能在一篇说明文里面面俱到;只能根据需要,一次谈一两个特征。因此,要写好说明文,还必须把握说明文的中心。如:《漫活圆周率》是一篇介绍数学基础的说明文。文章题为“漫话”,并没有漫无边际地随意堆砌关于圆周率的材料,而是围绕求出圆周率的更精确的数值这个中心,向人们介绍了古今中外数学家对圆周率的数值所做的贡献。
抓住事物特点,把握说明中心,这是写说明文的一个重要要求,要做到这一点,写作者必须在写作前对被 说明的事物作深入细致的研究。必须懂得只有熟悉被说明的事物,认识并掌握被说明事物本身的规律性,才能做到这一点。
(二) 针对具体情况,选好写作角度
写说明文也是要求有的放矢的。写什么、怎样写,要从读者的实际情况考虑,使文章具有针对性,切合读者的知识水平、职业特点和年龄大小。往往读者对象不同,写的角度也不同。如阐述吸烟有害的说明文很多,有的是针对老年人的,有的是对妇女而言的,的有是对青少年而言的,角度不同,说明的内容则各有侧重。《青少年吸烟害处大》这篇文章从青少年是国家的未来和希望的高度介绍吸烟对青少年的危害,突出分析青少年的生理特征,说明青少年接触毒性物质比成年人吸收快、排除慢、毒害大的情况,指出“吸烟对青少年是绝对有害而无一利的”。这样说明目的清楚,针对性强。
写说明文选取什么角度要依实际情况而定。比如,介绍牛的知识,如果是为饲养者写的,要侧重介绍牛的生活习惯和特性;如果是为使用者写的,要侧重介绍牛的功能和力气;如果是为兽医写的,则主要介绍它的身体构造;如果是为食用者写的,可以主要介绍它的营养价值。当然,作为科普知识介绍,不妨全面一点为好。
(三) 务求解说清楚、做到条理分明
写说明文的目的就是让人获得知识的技能,只有解说清楚,才能达到这个目的。说明说明,一说即明,如何解说清楚,要讲究说明的方法,注意结构的安排,着力语言的运用。关于说明的方法,这里就不详细介绍了。这里着重讲讲结构安排的条理性问题。
文章的条理性是客观事物、事理本身的特点、规律在文章结构上的反映。说明文解说事物、阐释事理要按其本身的条理来安排说明的次序,使之层次清楚,主次分明,安排说明文的结构首先要注意条理性。如何具体安排结构,不同类型的说明文有不同要求,介绍产品制作过程的说明文,往往按照产品生产工序来安排结构,如叶圣陶的《景泰蓝的制作》是一篇介绍手工工艺品景泰蓝的说明文。它按照制作工艺的程序,抓住“做胎”、“掐丝”、“涂色”、“烧制”、“打磨”五道关键工序依次作了详细具体的说明,全篇言之有序,给人的印象十分鲜明。这一类安排,以时间变化为序,着重写事物的过程。
(四)语言准确简明,文字通俗浅显
选用准确的语言,精当地解说事物的事理,是说明文语言的基本要求。说明文是以介绍知识性内容为主的,只有如实反映被说明内容的客观情况,才能保证知识的科学性。相反,语言不准确就会失去知识的科学性。
明代学者徐光启笔译古数学家欧几里得的《几何原理》,其中的一节:
凡论度必始于一体。自点引之而为线,自线广之而为面,自面积之而为体,各自三大纲。是心有长而无阔者谓之线,有长与阔而无厚者谓之面,长与阔厚俱全者谓之体。唯点无长阔厚薄,其间不能容,不可以数度,然线之两端即点,而线面体皆由此生。点虽不入于数,实为从数之本。
这节解说数学基本概念的说明文,把什么是点、线、面、体,点与数度的联系和区别作了确切的阐释,语言也很精当。
此外,在说明文中往往有些内容是带有专门化的科学知识,涉及一些专门名词和专业术语,在说明中特别要求把它们运用得准确无误,使读者便于领会。如:“航空”与“航天”是两个不同的概念,有篇文章作了这样的解说:“飞机在大气层内飞行,称为航空;卫星、飞船在大气层外飞行,称为航天。它们是采用不同的飞行器在不同的空间来完成飞行任务的”。这种解说是十分准确的,使人对什么叫“航空”、什么叫“航天”得到了科学的了解。
说明文的语言必须简要精当。看下面的这段文字:
“蝉的幼虫脱皮是从背上开始的。先出来的一层旧皮从背上裂开,露出淡绿色的蝉来。先出来的是头,接着是吸管和前腿,最后是后腿和折叠着翅膀,只留下尾边尖儿还在那层旧皮里。这时候,它腾起身子,往后翻下来,头部倒挂着,原来折叠着的翅膀打开了,竭力伸直。接着,用一种几乎看不清的动作尽力把身体翻上去,用前脚的爪子钩住那层旧皮。这个动作使它的尾巴尖儿从那层旧皮里完全脱出不了。那层旧皮就只剩下空壳,成了蝉蜕,。从开始到完全脱出来,大约要半个钟头。
这段文字不到二百个字,具体说明了蝉的幼虫脱皮的整个过程。用简明的语言把幼虫脱皮的复杂动作细致而真切地写出来了。文字不枝不蔓,语言富有表现力,给人很清晰的印象。、
说明文要介绍一些科学知识和一些内容,往往是一般人所不熟悉的内容人,要把专门化的科学知识解说清楚,让人易于了解,必须做到深入浅出,通俗易懂,生动活泼,富有趣味。如,《洲际导弹自述》是一篇介绍洲际导弹知识的科技小品。文章用拟人化手法把洲际导弹问世、分类、构造、特点及其威力和弱点都解说得十分清楚,文章把它赋予假定的人类行为,读起来生动风趣,易于理解。为了把说明文写得生动活泼、通俗易懂,人们常常运用各种修辞手法,增强文章的形象性、趣味性。
在说明文的写作中,应该注意克服几种常见的毛病。这就是:
第一,防止知识性的差错。如有篇写“牛”的习作这样写道:“牛有水牛、黄牛两种,牛是反刍动物,只吃青草,不必喂料。牛都两只角,体强力大,是世界各国普遍使用的耕作工具。”由于写作者对有关牛的知识了解不够,有些只是一知半解。所以写起来造成知识性的错误。世界上牛的品种不只水牛、黄牛两种,杂交品种的牛并不长角;除了青草外,还必须给牛喂其它饲料;世界上也不是普遍使用牛作为耕作工具,牛还有专供食用、奶用或运输用,甚至作为神物崇拜的。
第二避免文体性的错误。如有篇说明文题为《蚯蚓》,其中写道:“……别看这小动物不惹眼,它可天天在松土、干活,它不讲究吃穿,不讲究休息,不讲住的,不讲报酬,整天埋头苦干,为人们劳作耕地,让作物生长茂盛。我不禁想起我们的老师,他们也有蚯蚓精神。
我愿作一条辛勤劳动的蚯蚓。”
显而易见,这篇习作把一篇说明文写成了一篇借物咏志的抒情散文了。
第三,克服片面性的论述。如,有篇题为《青蛙》的知识小品,介绍青蛙时写道:“青蛙是两栖、变温的动物,营养价值很高,……”这样定是片面的,青蛙能捕捉害虫,有益于庄稼的生长,只写它营养价值高,不宣传要保护它,饲养它,必然会造成不良社会影响。片面性是不利普及科学知识的。
更多相似作文
篇1:大学我的梦想英语作文
全文共 1116 字
+ 加入清单Good afternoon, everyone!
My name is Jia Yangliu. I’m eleven years old. I’m in Class 2, Grade 7.
Different people has different dreams. Someone wants to be a doctor. Someone wants to be a musician,because he is good at music. Someone wants to be a writer, because he likes writing. Someone wants to be a teacher because he likes teaching children.
What do I want to be when I’m older? You see, I like playing the piano. So I want to become a pianist. Playing the piano is very interesting. And you can learn something of music. Piano can make your life beautiful and happy.
I could play the piano when I was ten years old. My teachers and friends say I can play the piano very well.
Now I’m a middle school student. There are many things at school. Sometimes, I have no time to play the piano. But, I’ll still be harder and harder to practice. The youngest pianist, Langlang is my idol. He is such a great pianist. I hope I can be a pianist like him.
I know becoming a piano is a hard job. But I believe I can do it. Where there is a will, there is a way. My dream will come true one day. Believe me! Thank you!
篇2:高中期末英语写作素材汇总
全文共 4522 字
+ 加入清单1.I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.
2.I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.
3.Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.
4.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.
5.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.
6.He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.
7.Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.
8.When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.
9.The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.
10.I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.
11.Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.
12.There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.
13.In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.
14.In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.
15.In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.
16.With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
17.For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.
18.In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.
19.At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.
20.Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.
21.However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.
22.Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.
23.Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.
24.Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.
25.Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.
26.A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.
27.If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.
28.The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
29.As with hiking ,you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes.
30.Jane and Betty are going on separate holidays in a few days’ time.
31.When are you off to Guangzhou?
32.My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.
33.See you when I get back.
34.The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.
35.Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.
36.Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.
37.Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
38.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
39.The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.
40.I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.
41.He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.
42.First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.
43.Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.
44.Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.
45.Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.
46.In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.
47.The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.
48.Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.
49.This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.
50.It is about a big white shark that attacks swimmers who are spending their holidays in a small village by the sea.
篇3:音乐论文的写作基础
全文共 1381 字
+ 加入清单导语:音乐是门艺术,写好音乐论文是门技巧,下面小编就跟大家介绍下写音乐论文的写作基础吧!
一、选题
1、选题的意义——选题是论文写作的基础,是确定自己研究的课题将要解决什 么问题的基础,需要明确研究目标和研究范围。选题确定的早,就等于早给自己 明确研究的任务和方向赢得了研究时间。
2、选题的原则
(1)适宜性原则——选题要根据的主观条件,选择自己专业范围内的、难易适 中、大小适宜的课题。
(2)创新性原则——选题应判断课题是否具有学术价值,是否是本学科研究领 域的“前沿课题” ,是否填补了本学科或研究领域的一项空白。
(3)价值性原则——是指选题是否有学术价值、科学价值。
(4)把握性原则——选题应该建立在自己最擅长的学科上,这样对所需要研究 的问题才会有更深刻的认识。如果脱离所学专业,对自己研究的论题没有把握, 就不能充分发挥自己的才能写好论文。
3、选题的途径
(1)自主选题——通过自己的努力,发现有价值的课题,或根据自己的需 要选择研究课题。
(2)借鉴选题——即被动选题,就是借鉴外界因素获得适合自己的选题。
4、选题的方法 选题的方法多种多样,因人而异,因专业方向而已,很难概括,但常用的有 以下四种:
(1)综合寻找法——就是对自己所占有的材料广泛阅读,对已有课题进行 综合选择,寻找出有研究价值的一种方法。
(2)主观设定法——就是先有主观设定,然后沿着一定的方向,查阅文献 资料,并进行必要的调查验证,证明自己的选题价值。
(3)借鉴深入法——广泛地研究、分析各种成功的课题,对他人已经研究 的有关论题进行反复咀嚼,看看还有哪些问题值得继续深入研究,从而确立研究 课题的一种方法。
(4)实践总结法——从自己的实践中发现有研究价值的论题,把自己掌握 的理论知识应用在解决现实问题的研究中。
二、资料的搜集与梳理 资料的搜集与
1、搜集资料的意义——选题一旦确定下来,很重要的一个工作就是搜集和积累 资料。它们是写好论文的基础。有人初步统计过,一个研究者在科研项目中的时 间分配是:搜集材料时间占 50.9%,思考计划占 30%,撰写论文只占 19.1%。 因为资料是创造的源泉,是形成论文观点和表达主题的基础。撰写论文需要摆事 实、讲道理,事实即材料。
2、搜集资料的方法
(1)确定方向——确定好搜集的方向,才不会将自己置身于资料的“汪洋大海” 里,以至于淹没在一大堆与论题无关的资料中。
(2)文献检索——是指从储放文献资料的库房里找出自己所需要的文献资料的 操作过程和方法。
3、资料的梳理
(1)阅读资料
(2)分类组合
(3)选择资料
三、撰写提纲
1、撰写提纲的意义
(1)明晰构思
(2)贯通文脉
2、提纲的基本内容
(1)标题(题目)
(2)中心论点
(3)分论点
(4)层次段落与所用的资料
3、提纲的常见形式
(1)简略提纲
(2)详细提纲
四、论文的写作
1、写作格式
(1)标题
(2)署名
(3)摘要——摘要是对论文研究方法和研究成果的客观表述,是论文的缩影, 文字要简练、明确、不加注释,不做评论,一般在 300 字左右。摘要既要写得短 而精,又能包含与论文等量的主要信息。
(4)关键词——是从论文中选出来的,最能体现文章内容特征、意义和价值的 单词或术语。一般是 3——6 个。写在“摘要”之下,词与词之间用分号隔开。
(5)主题部分 A、引言 B、正文 C、结论 D、致谢 E、参考文献
篇4:写作基础之什么是互文
全文共 622 字
+ 加入清单什么是互文,今天小编告诉你。
互文是一种修辞手法,又叫互辞,互参。
在古代汉语中,上下两句或一句话中的两个部分,看似各说一件事,实则是互相呼应,互相阐发,互相补充,说的是一件事。解释时要把上下句的意思互相补足,否则就会理解出错。
比如:
“将军百战死,壮士十年归”。——《木兰诗》
如果翻译成“将军经过百战之后都战死了,回来的都是久经战场的壮士”,我们明显可以感觉到逻辑上讲不通,就是因为它用了互文的修辞手法。这一句是说:“将军和壮士经历了很多年征战,有的战死,有的归来”
应该翻译成“将军和壮士们经过多年征战,有的光荣殉国,有的载誉而归”
互文的表现形式:
同句互文。即在同一个句子里出现的互文。
比如:
1.朝晖夕阴。 ——《岳阳楼记》
意思是“朝晖夕阴”和“朝阴夕晖”。“朝”和“夕”、“晖”和“阴”是互文。
以下句子也都一样。
2.“秦时明月汉时关” 。“秦”和“汉”是互相补充。
3.“主人下马客在船”
4.“东船西舫悄无言”
5.“东犬西吠”
二、邻句互文。即在相邻的句子里出现互文!
比如:
1.不以物喜,不以己悲。——《岳阳楼记》
意思是 不因“物”﹝所处的环境﹞或“己”﹝个人的遭遇﹞而喜,也不因“物”或“己”而悲。)
2.将军百战死,壮士十年归
补充材料。
古代汉语中对互文修辞的解释是:“参互成文,含而见文。”具体地说,互文的特征是“文省而意存”,主要表现在两个方面:
一、结构特征:互省。比如上面例子。
二、语义特征:互补。比如“当窗理云鬓,对镜贴花黄”——《木兰诗》。
篇5:大学英语
全文共 652 字
+ 加入清单Some think we should try to help strangers. Helping others is a virtue,and
helping others is helping ourselves.We may come across some trouble and need
others help some day.If everyone isnt willing to help us just because we are
strangers to them,its hard to imagine what our world will be like.However,some
are afraid that helping others can sometimes bring us trouble.Sometimes we are
just misunderstood and even have to pay the cost of kindness.In my opinion,we
should try our best to help others when they are in need of help,but we should
also protect ourselves from getting into trouble.If everyone tries a little
kindness,our world will be full of love.
篇6:2024年高考为作文写作基础知识大全
全文共 2747 字
+ 加入清单小作文测试并不新鲜,从上世纪80年代到现在,小作文已经多少见诸于高考试卷,比如1990年要求描写进入玫瑰园的一对孪生小姑娘的肖像,表现她们的同和异;1991年要求把“圆”想象成除一轮满月之外的另一个“圆”的物体,描写有陪衬物但以圆形物体为主的画面和场景;1993年要求写一段关于圆规的功能、构造和使用方法的说明性文字;1997年上海卷要求考生推荐一部电影(电视剧或戏剧作品);1998年要求根据给出的开头和结尾补写《妈妈只洗了一只鞋》相关内容,综合考查学生对心理、动作、语言等描述能力以及想象能力;2005年重庆卷要求考生以“筷子”为对象写一篇说明文。
微写作字数不是太多,也就二三百字,可以是应用文也可以是说明性、议论性的文段。
纵观高考曾出现的小作文,无论是事理说明文、情境记叙文,还是事物评论文,都有文体的要求,有写作对象(即具体内容)的要求,有表达方式的要求,有表现手法的要求,字数一般是200至350,但都属于“规定动作”,而非“自选动作”,这是高考的公平性所决定的,是考试性质的难度、信度、效度及区分度所决定的,在同一个尺度下,检测考生语文学习的综合能力与素质。
从本质上看来,小作文,其实就是一种语言综合运用题。语言运用题往往又是语基题方面的各种新题型的试验基地,是最值得广大考生关注和训练的。
研究已出现过的小作文,其命题特点是非常明确的,就是字数限定在200字左右,注重单项训练,比如说明训练、描写训练、对话训练、想象训练……具体说来,高考小作文的种类大概有如下一些:
一是说明类:就是要求考生能写简短的
说明文,能够采用说明的表达方式对事物进行简单说明和介绍。具体又可以包括:介绍日常实用物品、介绍一部影视作品、介绍说明漫画的画面内容、介绍一处场所或一种建筑、介绍时令特征等等。介绍日常实用物品,如1993年要求写一段关于圆规的功能、构造和使用方法的说明性文字;2005年重庆卷要求以“筷子”为对象写一篇说明文。介绍一部影视作品,如1997年上海卷要求考生推荐一部电影(电视剧或戏剧作品)。介绍说明漫画的画面内容,如1983年为漫画《这下面没有水》写一段说明性文字,向没有看过这幅画的人介绍画面内容;1996年介绍《给六指做整形手术》和《截错了》两幅漫画的内容。介绍一处场所或一种建筑,如1994年上海卷要求介绍一家街头(或乡间)小店。介绍时令特征,如1996年上海卷要求考生从三个方面介绍初夏的时令特征。
二是描写类。
就是要求考生能够进行各种各样的描写、描述、描绘、描摹等等,能够进行各种各样的想象,和对想象作出描绘等等。具体又可以包括:心理描写、肖像描写、动作描写、语言对话描写、想象联想描写、场景画面描写和综合性的描写等等。心理描写,如1999年上海卷要求以“开考时刻”为题,描写当年高考开考时的心情。肖像描写,如1990年描写进入玫瑰园的一对孪生小姑娘的肖像,要求符合人物的年龄和性格,显示出她们的同和异。动作或行动描写,如1997年描写小新背双腿瘫痪的同学小牧上学的情景,要求以行动描写为重点。语言对话描写,如1995年描写两种小鸟的对话,要求想象合理,必须以对话的方式写。
场景画面描写,如1991年要求把圆想象成除一轮满月之外的另一个物体,然后加上陪衬物,再用文字描述出以圆形物体为主的画面、场景、镜头;1991年“三南”(湖南、云南、海南)卷描述漫画《我从小就知道》的两幅画面的内容,要求内容具体,描写生动;2000年上海卷以“节日小景”为题写一篇短文,要求考生主要采用描写的表达方式来展示节日的一个小场景。综合性描写,如1998年要求根据给出的开头和结尾补写《妈妈只洗了一只鞋》的有关内容,综合考查对肖像、语言(包括对话语气)、神态、心理、动作、细节、景物等的描述能力、想象能力等等。
三是赏析评价类。
就是要求考生能够对某一事物、某种现象、某篇文章等发表评论或加以赏析。具体又可以包括:诗文漫画等赏析、思想评价、事物名称评价、某种活动评价等等。诗文漫画等赏析,如2005年湖南卷将小作文变成了现代文阅读的赏析题目:“从下列题目中任选一个,写一篇300字左右的赏析短文。思想评价,如1992年要求选择所提供材料中的一个或几个人物(包括”我”)的思想行为,进行分析,展开议论,写一篇小议论文。事物名称评价,如1988年上海卷列出几个拟用的文学社名——“新潮”、“阿波罗”、“丑小鸭”、“浅草”,要求写出喜欢其中一个的理由。某种活动评价,如1989年上海卷要求考生就中学生各式各样的竞赛发表自己的看法等等。
四是应用类:就是要求考生们熟悉各种各样的
应用文体,能够拟写各种各样的应用文,如请柬、书信、短信、通讯、消息、广告、通知、摘要、聘书、海报、解说词、
申请书、讲话稿、留言条、欢迎辞、欢送辞、广播稿等等,如1987年要求根据提供的材料写一篇通讯,1990年上海卷要求考生写出在班级举行的一位老教师光荣退休欢送会上自己的欢送辞,1995年上海卷要求就学校里最近举行过的一次活动(运动会、艺术节或主题班会)写一则简短的消息等等。
五是扩缩改写类。
就是要求考生们能够对一些文字或文段进行扩展或压缩,或改写成其他形式的短文等等,如1998年上海卷的小作文是,将冰心的小诗《春水》“墙角的花!你孤芳自赏时,天地便小了”改写成短文,要求根据这首诗的诗意,展开想象,从周围环境、花的性格、全诗寓意等方面,去进行改写。
今后的小作文,会如何命题,命题的走势如何呢?我们的判断是,有继承,也有创新。一方面,将继承以往的形式和内容,具体地说就是,以上所列举的五大类的小作文命题形式,仍然会继承,这是毫无疑问的;另一方面,也会在继承的基础上进行一些创新,比如,创拟哲理笑话、写趣味小品文、写微型小小说、提供情景、氛围等,要求转述;根据中间,补写首尾;把记叙文、散文等转换成诗歌,或把诗歌转换记叙文、散文……
此外,在小作文的备考中,一定要加强各种表达方式的训练。如说明方式,要弄清对象是具体事物、抽象事理,还是事物的形成过程;顺序是以空间、时间为序,还是以逻辑事理为序;语言是平实性说明,还是文艺性说明。如描写方式,要懂得按照对象分为,写景、写人、状物;按手法又可分为,工笔细描和粗笔勾勒;按顺序可,由远到近、由高到低、由大到小、由静到动、由整体到局部等。单就写人而言,要会运用语言描写、肖像描写、神态描写、心理描写、动作描写、细节描写等;单就写景而言,要能充分调动人的感觉器官,从人的听觉、视觉、味觉、嗅觉等方面表现景物的特点,要能充分运用拟人、比喻、对比、夸张、通感等修辞方法,要善于使用对比烘托、动静结合、虚实相生、情景交融等写作技巧。记叙、议论、抒情这几种表达方式,也都应做到分门别类,了如指掌才行。
篇7:小学生写作基础知识
全文共 1012 字
+ 加入清单一、要明白什么是作文?为什么要写作文?文章有什么作用?写作是我们通常说得写文章,写作就是写文章,也就是用文字的形式把自己所看到的、听到的、想到的记录下来。文章可以长久地保存,可以广泛地流传。文章不会随着时间的流逝而消失。虽然近代以来电报、电话、电视、电影、网络都可以保留和交流信息,但文字保留仍然是一种主要的传递人类文明成果的主要形式之一。
二、文章的构成。一篇文章是一个整体,好比一个人由头、手、脚、躯干组成。那么文章呢?文章是由字、词、句、标点、段、篇组成的。大家知道,身体任何一个部分出现毛病,人体就不健康,同样的,一篇文章中字、词、句、标点、段、篇任何一个部分出现毛病,都不是好文章。所以写好文章要正确地运用每一个字、词、句、标点,并分好段,组成篇才是一篇好文章。
三、小学阶段文章的分类及各类文章的写作要求。通常我们小学阶段小学生所写的文章以记述文为主及简单的应用文。小学生作文的基本文体通常分成六大类:写人、写事、状物、想象、应用文。
1、写人:写人要写“真实”,讲“真话”,育“真人”。可以自由选材与立意,写人要写出人物的个性与特点,写得人物要神气活现。
2、写事:写事要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件经过与结果。写清楚社会环境与自然环境,按事情发生过程写清楚。
3、写景:写景文章要写清对象的主要特征、形状、颜色、声音、动态、静态等特征。写景一定要表达感情,要注意描写对象顺序、层次、重点、景物间关系。
4、状物:状物分为动物、植物、静物三类。状物文章要注意观察,观察要细致,状物文章必须按一定顺序、层次写清楚。
5、想象:想象作文关键就在于要充分发挥想象力,可以根据事物之间的联系,从这件事物想象到另一件事物,从事物某一点想到事物其他方面,联想事物的过去与未来。
6、应用文:应用文与生活、社会联系紧密,格式、行为习惯更有规定。格式包括:书写要求、行款式样、结构、习惯用语、称谓和签署、简明得体、规范。同时要注意环境、时间、地点、场合、对象及表达方式。
四、小学生写作文字量问题。小学写作作文通常要求写一定篇幅,要求写一定字数,其实是要求学生的作文尽量写长,写长了才会多想,多想了才能写长,命题者限字数是根据学生的水平,促使学生多想,把文章写成一定长度。我认为文章的长短实际要由感而发,有话则长,无话则短,从文字使用量来说,要做到“惜墨如金”与“泼墨如水”相结合,“惜墨如金”就是要文笔精练,“泼墨如水”就是要写具体与形象。
篇8:锻炼思路的写作基础
全文共 1525 字
+ 加入清单(1)拓展法。目的是为了求广、求新、求异,使思维活跃而开阔。思路可作如下拓展:
一是平面拓展。平面拓展主要包括顺向、逆向、纵向和横向等。顺向是指沿着人们惯常的思维轨道来思考,反之则为逆向。纵向是指按时间顺序或事物发展过程来思考,横向则为将不同的事物加以比照联想。例如,一则手表广告词的写作,既可从“准确、耐用、美观”作正向构思,又可从“该公司在各地的维修人员闲得无聊”作反向思索;既可对其作发展、换代历史作纵向介绍,又可从它与其他牌子手表的比较中作横向说明。
二是立体拓展。立体拓展是将平面拓展重叠交叉起来,建构起立体交叉的文章框架。这种方法适用于调查报告、经济分析、专业论文一类较为大型的文章。
三是发散。发散是指由一点向四周辐射的开放式思维方式,即对一个问题从多个角度引出思路。既要从宏观上作全方位的考虑,又要从微观上找出各个零散的无系统的思考方向之间的有机联系。如写关于“如何扩大产品销路”的文章,就可围绕“如何”二字引出“运用科学管理”、“提高员工素质”、“加速品种更新”、“改善广告方式”、“做好售后服务”、“开辟国外市场”等多条辐射思路,然后再对各个思考方向之间的内在联系加以考察。这样就可以加大思维跨度,弥补单向思维没有涉及的空白,健全文章的结构,丰富文章的内容。
(2)挖掘法。
目的是为了求深,使文章有内涵、有深度。多向拓展思路之后,就应迅速将广思变为深思。深思指的是层层挖掘,寻根刨底,纵深推求,由外在到内在,由现象到本质,由具体到抽象;或由现实追溯过去,由结果探求原因,乃至更深层的缘由。例如,对“如何认识市场经济”这一问题进行思考,可以从市场经济与商品经济的关系,社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济的区别,计划经济与市场经济的关系,如何发展社会主义市场经济等几个方面加以论述,也可向深处挖掘。向深处挖掘的方法如下:
一是在探讨上述第一个问题时,先对两个概念分别加以解释,再进一步区别其特征,然后更进一步挖掘过去提商品经济、现在又提市场经济的原因。
二是探讨上述最后一个问题时,可先论述社会主义市场经济的提出是具有战略意义的理论突破,并分析其原因,然后深入思考如何发展社会主义市场经济。在论述“如何发展”的具体策略时,对每一个方面再进行纵深推求,在这些步步深入、层层递进的开掘中将问题论述明白,最后顺理成章地得出结论。
(3)控制法。目的是为了求得集中——对多向的、支离散乱的思维活动加以搜索,以形成一条清晰。严密、连贯的思路。控制法主要包括以下方面内容:
一是筛选。筛选是指对多种信息和大脑中闪现的种种想法进行重重筛选,然后加以归类,形成多层次的文章框架的思考方法。筛选的优点是便于先集中内容相似的材料,然后从中筛选出需用的东西并形成相应的观点。对总结、典型经验、调查报告等文书的写作构思较为适用。
二是综合。综合是指在多向思考中迅速挑出最切实际、应用性强的几项加以综合,然后从中提炼出最佳议项。综合的优点是使文章有新思想、新提议,同时又切实可行。它适用于可行性研究、决策、建议、计划等文书的写作。推测,是将盘根错节的各种信息、各类条件和多条“初步思路”按一定的规律进行多次清理和推论,从中导出由小到大的层层假说,并由此构成一幅明晰的“思路图”。三是推测。推测的优点是可直观地审视和比较有关条件及现象,推理过程一目了然。它较适用于可行性研究、市场预测、经济分析等文书的写作构思。
(4)梳理法。以拟写提纲的形式将思路理清。定型。这是锻炼思路的一种极为有效的方法,有助于快速成文。梳理法包括以下两方面内容:
一、是标明主题,用“主题句”把构思时确定的主题列在提纲首位,以统领下面各项;
二、是安排层次,用概括的文字逐层排列,由小到大。由粗到细地展开思路。
篇9:高考英语写作基础知识
全文共 3183 字
+ 加入清单良好的开端等于成功的一半,下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识,欢迎阅读。
一. 开头用语:
良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时,通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求,点出文章的中心思想。
1.议论文:
A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.
B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.
C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...
D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.
E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.
F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
2. 书信:
A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.
B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...
C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.
D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.
E. How nice to hear from you again!
3. 口头通知或介绍情况:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.
(词典例子:Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)
B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.
C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.
4. 演讲稿:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.
(词典解释:be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸
例子:I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我,真是荣幸。)
B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.
(词典解释:extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予
例子:I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)
(词典解释:allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来
二.并列用语:
as well as, not only…but (also), including,
A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.
B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.
C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.
D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.
三.对比用语:
on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless
A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.
B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.
C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.
(词典:contray to sth 与之相异的,相对的,相反的
Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反,许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)
四. 递进用语:
even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse
A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.
篇10:2024高考微作文写作基础知识汇总
全文共 1821 字
+ 加入清单高考微作文也可以成为小作文,小作文虽〝小〞,但在写作中,学生经常出现错误,且错误颇多。以下在实际教学中的一些经验或许可用以指导学生的写作。
一、注意语言的简洁
这一点体现在两方面。其一,小作文字数一般是100┄300字,受篇幅限制,语言要求简洁明了。其二,如果是写应用文,则语言也一定要简洁,因为语言简洁是应用文写作的最基本要求。
二、注意审题
小作文的审题(即审读材料)很重要,决定着文章的成败。因为一个小作文的材料中,往往隐含了若干个写作要求,如不细心审读,抓不到这些隐含的要求,就很容易出现错误。例如:
一个孩子乘母亲不在,将家里的小闹钟拆了,母亲见后……
要求;根据上面的材料,展开想象,如果你是母亲,如何处置这个事情。请写出一个200字左右的处置过程。
这个小作文便隐含四个要求:(1)〝母亲见后〞,时间上必须要从母亲看见闹钟被拆之后写起;(2)〝如果你是母亲〞,行文中写作者必须是小孩的母亲,必须以小孩子母亲的身份出现,不能这样写:〝如果我是这位母亲,我会这样处置……〞;(3)〝200字左右〞,字数限定在200字左右;(4)〝处置过程〞,内容只能写处置的过程,而不能写结果和其他。
三、力求结构完整
小作文是片断性作文,而非篇章。虽如此,但不能一味忽略结构的完整性。一篇小作文如果能够做到结构完整,则效果会更好。例如:
在你的身边有许多可亲可爱的事物,请你任选其中一种,以《我眼里的___________》为题写一篇200字左右的短文。
有位学生在叙写完一只小猫的伶俐乖巧后,篇末一句〝我非常喜爱我家的小猫〞独句成段,这样,既抒发了情感,又收束了全文,使短文结构完整,比那些一味描写小猫的文章要好得多了。
要做到结构完整,可运用以下的结构方式:前后照应式、篇末点题式、总分总式(包括总分式和分总式)等。
四、注意表达方式的运用
受文体的制约,一篇文章总以某种表达方式为主,同时兼用其他表达方式为主。小作文也应注意这一点。如江西省2002年中考语文小作文题为二选一,(1)通过某一情景或场面,描写你最喜欢的色彩。(2)就你最喜欢的色彩,发表议论。无论选哪一题,或描写、或议论,总得以一种表达方式为主。但如果能兼用其他表达方式,如兼用议论和抒情,表达自己对某种色彩的某中看法和喜爱之情,则能使短文大为增色。
五、注意直接入题,不必铺陈
为表现中心,大作文可以大肆渲染、铺陈,好比助跑跳远,通过助跑可跳得更远。而作为片断作文的小作文,则不必铺陈。小作文好比立定跳远,不能助跑,站定就跳,它的写作必须围绕中心按要求直接写中心内容。如小作文〝请用200字左右的文字描写学校升国旗的场景〞,写作时就必须围绕中心内容〝场景〞直接描写,与这一场景无关的内容全都不能写。
六、注意时空的局限性,不能任意发挥和联想
有些小作文受篇幅影响,写作内容在时间和空间上受到很大限制。一般来说,只能写材料要求所制约的某一特定的时间和空间内的人或事,不能超出这一时空范围,不能不受时空限制而任意发挥和联想。再以〝描写学校升国旗的场景〞为例,空间上只能是校园内,不能超出范围。否则,势必使字数过多,内容不集中而不符合要求。
七、注意漫画类小作文的写作
要写好漫画类小作文必须做好以下三点。首先,必须认真审读漫画内容。有些漫画附有揭示该漫画所蕴涵的意图的词句,这类漫画易于读懂;而有些则只有图画没有文字。对此,考生要认真审读画面的每一个细节,任何一处都不能忽略。
其次,必须正确领会漫画所隐含的意图或问题,力求避免误解和错解。漫画的意图或是为了反映社会生活中的某一个问题,或是为了揭示某中道理,它总是隐含的。学生就要通过审读图画,联系现实生活实际,正确领会漫画的意图。
第三,写作时必须注意写作内容与漫画内容的联系,二者不能相互脱离。否则,所写的东西便成了无源之水,无本之木
另外,在写作时,必须要有使漫画与写作内容相联系的语句。这样的语句可以在开头,在中间,或在结尾。如在开头可写:〝这幅漫画告诉我们一个道理;……〞。结尾可写:〝……。这幅漫画给了我们这样的启示。〞有了这样的语句,便使漫画内容与写作内容联系了起来。
八、注意拟题
许多小作文并没有要求自拟题目,这时,学生可以不拟题目而直接写。这样既可以减轻写作难度,又可以节约时间。
如果要求自拟题目,则必须拟题。而为了琢磨一个恰当的题目,有时让人半晌难以下笔,焦急万分,此时不妨先把正文写好,而当正文一写好,再行拟题时,往往会出现柳暗花明、豁然开朗的喜人情景。
篇11:初中英语写作常用谚语
全文共 3032 字
+ 加入清单Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.船到桥头自然直。下面是小编为你带来的初中英语写作常用谚语,欢迎阅读。
1. All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
2. Well begun is half done.
好的开端是成功的一半。
3. East, west, home is best.
金窝、银窝,不如自己的草窝。
4. First think, then act.
三思而后行。
5. It is never too late to mend.
亡羊补牢,犹为未晚。
6. Time is money.
时间就是金钱。
7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真交。
8. Great hopes make great man.
远大的希望,造就伟大的人物。
9. Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者,事竟成。
10. Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.
只要人有恒,万事都能成。
11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
早睡早起,富裕、聪明、身体好。
12. A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。
13. It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.
前车之鉴。
14. Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.
船到桥头自然直。
15. No pains, no gains.
不劳则无获。
16. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.
世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
17. Where there is life, there is hope.
生命不息,希望常在。
18. An idle youth, a needy age.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
19. A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.
花有重开日,人无再少年。
20. God helps those who help themselves.
自助者,天助之。
21. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作,不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
22. Diligence is the mother of success.
勤奋是成功之母。
23. Truth is the daughter of time.
时间见真理。
24. No man is wise at all times.
智者千虑,必有一失。
25. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。
26. Kill two birds with one stone.
一石双鸟。
27. Easier said than done.
说起来容易做起来难。
28. Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.
天才一分来自灵感,九十九分来自勤奋。
29. He who laughs last laughs best.
谁笑在最后,谁笑得最好。
30. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.
身体健壮就有希望,有了希望就有了一切。
31. No man is born wise or learned.
人非生而知之。
32. Action speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
33. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.
勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。
34. There is no smoke without fire.
无风不起浪。
35. Many hands make light work.
人多好办事。
36. Reading makes a full man.
读书长见识。
37. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.
胸中有知识,胜于手中有金钱。
38. Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
39. Money is a good servant but a bad master.
要做金钱的主人,莫作金钱的奴隶。
40. It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.
无风难驶船。
41. The path to glory is always rugged.
通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。
42. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
43. Quality matters more than quantity.
质重于量。
44. The on-looker sees most of the game.
旁观者清。
45. Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.
与众同乐,其乐更乐。
46. Happiness takes no account of time.
欢乐不觉日子长。
47. Time and tide waits for no man.
岁月不等人。
48. If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.
若要求知,必须刻苦。
49. Learn to walk before you run.
循序渐进。
50. From words to deeds is a great space.
言行之间,大有距离。
51. Skill and confidence are an unconquered army.
技能和信心是无敌的军队。
52. Habit is a second nature.
习惯成自然。
53. Two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。
54. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
55. You can‘t make something out of nothing.
巧妇难为无米之炊。
56. Nothing for nothing.
不费力气,一无所得。
57. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
不犯错误者一事无成。
58. Nothing seek, nothing find.
无所求则无所获。
59. A little of every thing is nothing in the main.
每事浅尝辄止,事事都告无成。
60. A great ship asks deep waters.
大船要走深水。
篇12:帮助别人大学英语作文
全文共 2124 字
+ 加入清单"You the best for others, will receive from them the best. Your help, the more you get is more also. The more you mean, the more nothing." This is the first time. The reality is this, only those who are willing to help others person would have someone elses respect. I believe you heard the boys story, he out of a mother to call him very angry, and then, perhaps is hate the fear of punishment, he ran out of the house, to the valley shouted: "I hate you! I hate you!" Then came the valley echo: "I hate you! I hate you!" A child is very afraid, ran home to mother said, the valley have a sneaking child to say he hate him. Mother take him back to the hillside, and he called out, "I love you, I love you." As the mother of the child said, and this time he has found, there is a very good child in a valley said: "I love you, I love you."
Life is like a kind of echo, you send it back to what what you sow, what is what you give to harvest, what will get it. As long as you pay the, harvest. It is no use more words, only this one paragraph, it is true portraiture of helping others: when we help others, we give to others is the love of life, as if to others the tree of life also rouses readers with a clear spring. Love is the source of the feelings of an inexhaustible, we pay more, the heart filled with happiness, is stronger. So, help others is not only to offer and harvest.
Helping others is the Chinese nation long advocate virtue, therefore also presents a respectable example: lei feng, clump other people of flying, and ordinary workers, industrious, pure girl, farmers, and so on. They are in with his actions, their power to help people in need, to go to the warm these peoples heart. Social prosperity, fewer not between people help each other. Many engineering is not a person can complete, it requires a lot of cooperation, help each other, encourage each other, can be a complete success. When we help others, then you are grown old, the joy of a very, very happy. Help others are happy.
Others get a warm, he got the happiness. Is not this "helping others is helping oneself"? Remember: to give is getting.
篇13:2024成人高考英语作文写作素材精选
全文共 1366 字
+ 加入清单Grasp all, lose all. 贪多必失.
Whats lost is lost. 失者不可复得。
Waste not, want not. 不浪费,不会穷.
Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天. / 我生待明日,万事成蹉跎.
No man is infallible. 没有人不犯错误。
Alms never make poor. 施舍穷不了人.
Love will find a way. 爱心所至,金石为开.
Manners make the man. 举止见人品。
Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德.
Pity is akin to love. 怜悯生爱.
Call a spade a spade. 是啥说啥,难听不怕。
Delays are dangerous. 因循出危险.
Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手.
Counsel is no command. 劝告不是命令.
Poverty tries friends. 贫穷考验朋友.
Once bitten,twice shy. 吃一次亏,学一次乖.
Pain past is pleasure. 痛苦过去即欢乐.
Leal heart lied never. 心诚无谎言。
Hot love is soon cold. 过热的爱情冷得快.
As good lost as found. 有得必有失. /得失同喜.
Every dog has his day. 瓦块也有翻身日,人人都有运来时。
Wise fear begets care. 懂得担心,就会小心.
"Never”is a long word. 不要轻易说“决不”。
After wind comes rain. 风是雨的头。
Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性.
Time tries all things. 时间检验一切.
Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子.
No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食.
The truth will out. 真相总会大白.
Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹.
To think is to see. 思考就是明白.
Truth will prevail. 真理必胜
A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。
Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧.
In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏.
Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出.
Every little helps. 点滴都有用.
Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度,勿念旧恶。
Manners maketh man. 举止造人品.
Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖 。
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量.
Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.
Love me,love my dog. 爱屋及乌.
Life means struggle. 生活就是斗争.
Fair plays a jewel. 比赛风格好,胜过珠宝.
Early sow,early mow. 种得早,收得早.
篇14:经典英语写作素材:梦想的英语名言
全文共 4418 字
+ 加入清单人类因梦想而伟大,人生因拼搏而精彩。梦想引领人生,拼搏创造传奇!下面是语文迷小编整理的关于梦想的英语名言,希望对你有帮助。
the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. (johan wolfgang von goethe, german poet and dramatist)
人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德. j. m.)
the man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. (mark twain, american writer)
具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克·吐温)
the only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today. (franklin roosevelt, american president)
实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。(美国总统 罗斯福. f.)
when an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory. (abraham lincoln, american statesman)
如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. a.)
ideal is the beacon. without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.( leo tolstoy, russian writer)
理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. l.)
if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )
冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)
if you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky ground. (ibsen, norwegian dramatist )
如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)
if you would go up high, then use your own legs ! do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads. (f. w. nietzsche, german philosopher)
如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. f. w.)
it is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest, but there is seldom any money in them. ( mark twain, american writer )
就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克·吐温)
living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. (alexander dumas, davy de la pailleterie, french writer)
生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. a.)
the ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness, beauty and truth.(albert einstein, american scientist)
有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. a.)
the dream is not a dream, the difference between the two usually have a very worth pondering the distance.梦想绝不是梦,两者之间的差别通常都有一段非常值得人们深思的距离。
“two gates there are for dreams," said penelope to odysseus after his ten years’ wandering had ended. "one made for horn and one of for ivory. the dreams that pass through the carved ivory delude and bring us tales that turn to naught;those that can come through polished horn accomplish real things whenever seen."“梦想有两扇门,”在奥德修斯结束了十年的漂泊后,潘尼洛对他说,“一扇是号角制成,一扇是象牙制成。通过精雕细缕的象牙门得梦想不过是一场会归于无的海市蜃楼的童话;而那些通过磨砺的号角门的梦想才会成为真实,为人所见。”
who has the material to survive, people have a dream only talk about life. you have to understand life and life different animal survival, while others life.人有了物质才能生存,人有了梦想才谈得上生活。你要了解生存与生活的不同吗?动物生存,而人则生活。
the dream was always running ahead of me. to catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.梦想总是跑在我前面,追寻它们,乃至仅有一瞬间的与梦想合而为一,也都是动人的生命奇迹。
a person rich money is not certain, but if the man is not a dream, the poor people.一个人有钱没钱不一定,但如果这个人没有了梦想,这个人穷定了。
if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)
dont part with your illusions. when they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (mark twain, american writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后,你还可以生存,但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家 马克·吐温)
to accomplish great things, in addition to dream, must act.要想成就伟业,除了梦想,必须行动。
when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you finish it.当你真心渴望一件东西的时候,整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成它。
everything is now for the future of dream weaving wings, soar to great heights to dream in reality.现在的一切都是为将来的梦想编织翅膀,让梦想在现实中展翅高飞。
11、human nature is the most pathetic: we always dream of the horizon of a wonderful rose garden, not to enjoy today in our window open rose.人性最可怜的就是:我们总是梦想着天边的一座奇妙的玫瑰园,而不去欣赏今天就开在我们窗口的玫瑰。
faith consists in believing when it is beyond the power of reason to believe. it is not enough that a thing be possible for it to be believed.当还缺乏产生信仰的足够理由时,要用信念去包涵。模棱两可不足以支持一个信仰。(伏尔泰)
the dream is the other shore, the reality is that on this side, action is the bridge connecting.梦想是彼岸,现实是此岸,行动是那座连接的桥。
a heart will not be hurt for pursuing a dream, when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you complete the.没有一颗心会因为追求梦想而受伤,当你真心想要某样东西时,整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成。
dreams don’t abandon a painstaking pursuit of the people, as long as you never stop pursuing, you will bathe in the brilliance of the dream.梦想不抛弃苦心追求的人,只要不停止追求,你们会沐浴在梦想的光辉之中。
篇15:雅思基础写作题12则
全文共 2454 字
+ 加入清单1. You are an university student who are living in the accommodation at the campus. One day you find something wrong with your accommodation. So you write a letter to the House Officer to tell them what happened, the reason you think, what you decide to do, and whether if it is right.
2. It is wrong that our government pay more money to the artist projects, for instance, there are more and more paintings and sculptures appearing at the public places, because there are more important thing to do. What‘s you opinion? Do you agree or disagree with it?
3. writing to an English speaking college about qualification, accommodation, fee, what courses do you want to choose and why.
4. Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical condition and social development.
5. You have left college. But you didn‘t say goodbye to your friend who live in the room with you because he had a course at that time. Write a letter to him to appology and tell hem how you spend that days before you leave and how you get home. Then invite him to visit you.
6. Some people say the parents should except school to conduct their children‘s behavior and tell them what is ‘right‘ or ‘wrong‘. Others say schools should take this responsibility. Please give your point about it.
7. Write to the agency officer and complain about the rent car which has sth wrong. Tell them the problems of the car you rent from the agency and your requiring.
8. As the developing countries and the third world countries, there are a funds, how to use it? Invest in the basic education or in the high-technology, for instance, computer? What‘s your opinion?
9. You are a foreign student. Write to the Student Union, introduce your hobbies and interests and ask information of clubs and societies. You want to join a club or society enjoy your time when you study there.
10. Fast food is developing more and more popular. It replaces other traditional food. Some people think it is good, some people disagree with it. What‘s your opinion about it. Give some reason of your opinion.
11. A friend will visit Beijing. You will meet him at airport. But for some reason, you have to be late. Explain the reason. Since you haven‘t meet each other, tell the friend where you will meet and how to recognize each other.
12. More and more children‘s writing & math ability are affected by computers and calculators. We should limit the use of those tools. Disagree or agree.
篇16:我的大学生活英语
全文共 1167 字
+ 加入清单Another deep impression of my university is her creativity and profundity. As is known to all, she has a wide range and comprehensive style. No wonder I can enjoy the multi-ceolored life here. Every school year a diversity of competitions and aetivities are held and a large number of students take active part in them. I do appreciate such a style, and in my minds eye, she resembles a tall tree silhouetting with all shapes of branches while stretching far into the blue sky.
Undoubtedly there is a world of difference between university and high school. University students are supposed to enjoy more freedom to develop themselves. However, Fudan seems more concerned about the efficient cooperation and teamwork among students as to prepare them for the competitive society. I believe upon graduation I will be equipped with abundant skills to face more unknown challenges.
After all, in my opinion, university is for more cultivated character, richer knowledge and greater abilities. Thats why I chose Fudan. She provides me with what Ive dreamed of.
Now all kinds of successes are in sight every day, and all I have to do is endeavor for a more beautiful future...
篇17:我梦想的大学英语
全文共 552 字
+ 加入清单There are many different kinds of hobbies. Some people like collecting things. Others like sports , drawing, sewing or music.
A hobby is not only fun but also useful. It can help build your confidence. It makes your life more colourful. My hobby is gardening. I like to plant vegetables, fruit and flowers in my garden. I like working in my garden. It’s enjoyable and easy to learn.
I also like listening to music. When I am tired, I listen to some light music. I feel relaxed and happy.
All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. Do you have any hobbies
篇18:英语高考作文预测及写作指导
全文共 1874 字
+ 加入清单英语是占据分数比较多的,所以写好英语作文很重要。小编整理了关于文明的英语作文,快来看看吧。
【预测作文】文明旅游
【猜题理由】有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏,致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视,因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。
【预测题目】文明旅游
写作内容:1. 以约30个词概括短文的要点;
2. 以约120个词写一篇短文,就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表你的看法,内容包括:
(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;
(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对,并简要陈述你的理由。
【参考范文】
It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.
In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.
So personally I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project.(124 words)
英语写作指导:
英语学习中,在英语书面表达时,每次写作前问自己四个问题:这篇文章的体裁格式是怎样的?主体时态用什么时态?人称用第几人称?可以分几段,之间用什么过渡词、连接词?带着这四个问题去审题,搞清楚文章的主要内容,然后列出提纲。最后利用自己有把握的英语句子丰富自己的提纲就可以了。
(1)条理性。指的是合理布局文章结构。首先,在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次,根据需要,安排好段落,各段之间要层次分明,也要重视每一段的开头和结尾,开头语往往是总起句,结尾语往往是总结句。
(2)准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子,包括时态、语态、用词和句法等,要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达,避免中式英语,在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异,养成用英语思维写作的习惯。高考英语作文素材。
(3)流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要,有效采用不同的连接手段,清晰段落,使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。
(4)简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁,不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。
(5)思想性。新标准对写作的要求,增加了情感因素,在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时,适当增加句子的感情色彩,增加一些人情味,使文章读起来更亲切,完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。
(6)美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。在高考书面表达中,书面整洁是也是一个主观评分标准,所以在高考中保持书面整洁是必要的。
总结:那么在高考作文中,除了自己的一些英语知识的巩固还需要的是自己的情绪和思维。写作期间保持稳定的情绪,按照自己的思维完成写作,从总结文章中—布置文章结构—使用表达的语句—下笔连贯。最后当然是要检查是否出现拼错字,句子语法有误等。
篇19:大学开学英语自我介绍
全文共 828 字
+ 加入清单I am ___________. I was born in _________ . I graduate from senior high school and major in English. I started learning English since I was 12 years old. My parents have a lot of American friends. That’s why I have no problem communicating with Americans or others by speaking English.
In my spare time, I like to do anything relating to English such as listening to English songs, watching English movies or TV programs, or even attending the activities held by some English clubs or institutes. I used to go abroad for a short- term English study. During that time, I learned a lot of daily life English and saw a lot of different things.
I think language is very interesting. I could express one substance by using different sounds. So I wish I could study and read more English literatures and enlarge my knowledge.
篇20:大学英语作文题目预测:传统文化
全文共 1235 字
+ 加入清单On the Losing of Traditional Culture
2. 传统文化消失的原?因
3. 我的看法
On the Losing of Traditional Culture
It is widely noted that lots of traditional culture is disappearing along with the development of technology. Many ancient architectures and traditional ways of living have been deserted. It seems that the traditional culture and craftsmanship will be replaced in this modern era.
The following reasons can account for the above phenomenon. Firstly, traditional technologies are always considered ineffective while the new sciences are always highly efficient. Secondly, it is costly to protect the traditional culture. If the fund used to protect the ancient culture was instead delivered to the poor, it will be helpful to the improvement of their living standard. Thirdly, modern science and technology facilitate both our daily and academic life a lot. For instance, college students always collect their thesis materials by surfing the Internet instead of borrowing books from the library.
In my opinion, although traditional culture is an ancient heritage, it couldn’t keep pace with the development of society. It is the tide of history that the traditional culture and technology will no doubt be eliminated in the end.