英语高分写作指导【推荐20篇】

从结构上看，一篇读后感至少要有三个部分的内容组成：一是要介绍原作的篇名内容和特点;二是根据自己的认识对原作的内容和特点进行分析和评价，也就是概括地谈谈对作品的总体印象;三是读后的感想和体会。下面是小编整理的读后感的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

首要的一点是“读”。“读”是感的基础，“感”是由“读”而生。只有认真的读书，弄懂难点疑点，理清文章的思路，透彻的掌握文章的内容和要点，深刻地领会原文精神所在，结合历史的经验、当前的形势和个人的实际,才能真有所“感”。所以，要写读后感，首先要弄懂原作。

其次要认真思考。读后感的主体是“感”。要写实感，还要在读懂原作的基础上作出自己的分析和评价。分析和评价是有所“感”的酝酿、集中和演化的过程，有了这个 分析和评价，才有可能使“感”紧扣原作的主要思想和主要观点，避免脱离原作，东拉西扯，离开中心太远。

所以，写读后感就必须要边读边思考，结合历史的经验，当前的形势和自己的实际展开联想，从书中的人和事联系到自己和自己所见的人和事，那些与书中相近、相似，那些与书中相反、相对，自己赞成书中的什么，反对些什么，从而把自己的感想激发出来，并把它条理化，系统化，理论化。总之，想的深入，才能写的深刻感人。

第三，要抓住重点。读完一篇(部)作品，会有很多感想和体会，但不能把他们都写出来。读后感是写感受最深的一点，不是书评，不能全面地介绍和评价作品。因此，要认真地选择对现实生活有一定意义的、有针对性的感想，就可以避免泛泛而谈，文章散乱，漫无中心和不与事例挂钩等弊病 。

怎样才能抓住重点呢?

我们读完一部作品或一篇文章后，自然会受到感动，产生许多感想，但这许多感想是零碎的，有些是模糊的，一闪而失。要写读后感，就要善于抓住这些零碎、甚至是模糊的感想，反复想，反复作比较，找出两个比较突出的对现实有针对性的，再集中凝神的想下去，在深思的基础上加以整理。也只有这样，才能抓住具有现实意义的问题，写出真实、深刻、用于解决人们在学习上、思想上和实践上存在问题的有价值的感想来。

第四，要真实自然。就是要写自己的真情实感。自己是怎样受到感动和怎样想的，就怎样写。把自己的想法写的越具体、越真实，文章就会情真意切，生动活泼，使人受到启发。

从表现手法上看，读后感多用夹叙夹议，必要时借助抒情的方法。叙述是联系实际摆事实。议论是谈感想，讲道理。抒情是表达读后的激情。叙述的语言要概括简洁，议论要准确，抒情要集中。三者要交融一体，切忌空话、大话套话、口号。

从表现形式上看，也有两种：一种是联系实际说明道理的。这是用自己的切身体会和具体生动的事例，从理论和实践的结合上阐明一个道理的正确性，把理论具体化、形象化，使之有血有肉，有事有理，以事明理，生动活泼。另一种是从研究理论的角度出发，阐发意义。根据自己的研究和理解，阐明一个较难理解的思想观点，或估价一部作品的思想意义。它的作用是从理论上帮助读者加深对原文的理解。这一种读后感的重点仍在“感”字上，但它的理论性较强，一定要注意关照议论文论点鲜明、论据典型、中心明确突出等特点。

教学目标 ：

1 、通过训练，让学生进一步学会写人记事的记叙文的写法；

2 、启发引导学生在 写人记事 中，用心去体会所写人和事中所蕴含 的情感。

教学重点 ：交代清楚记叙的要素。

教学难点 ：详略得当，突出中心思想。

教 具 ：胶片。

课时安排 ：本次作文训练分两个课时，其中辅导、堂上写作各一课时。

教学过程 ：

一、创设作文情境 ，让学生产生一种 内驱力 。可尝试用下列的方法去激发。（ 8` ）

▲让学生自主地回忆最近所遇到的值得一说的人或事，以激发学生的情趣。

二、学生结合第一单元所学的四篇课文，谈谈记叙文的六要素在具体的文章中的体现和运用 。（ 20` ）

教师在学生充分自由地发表意见的基础上，总结下列一些规律性的知识和方法：

▲事情是由人在一定的时间、地点做出来的，事情本身有它的起因，经过和结果，因此，记事应把六个要素交代清楚；

▲交代要素要根据情况灵活掌握，一般说来，记叙真实的重要的事情，六个要素都要交代清楚。不需要作者交代，读者就明白的，可以省略；

▲在记叙的几个要素中，事情的起因、经过和结果构成记叙文的主要内容，这部分要着重写，写具体，写充实，以突出中凡思想。

▲记叙的要素，要详略得当，突出中心。（含盖前三点）

三、学生先朗读课文第 33-35 页中的例文 《我们的国土到处都是一样》，然后简述事情的起因、结果和发展过程，以进一步让学生弄清和学会

要素

在文章中的体现和运用。（ 15` ）

然后教师明确：

事情的起因 -- 闲聊《可爱的浙江》征文比赛

事情的发展 -- 各人谈及自己的 所爱

事情的结果 -- 我们的国土到处都是一样

四、教师出示 5 个作文题，以便让学生有自由发挥的空间 ( 胶片 ) （ 2` ）

1 ．我的小伙伴。

2 ．童年的一件趣事。

3 ．上中学后遇到的一件事。

4 ．根据下边提出的情况，写一篇文章，记叙这件事。

体育课前，王勇同学没做准备活动就 跳山羊 ，结果把脚给崴了。

5 ．逛集市或花市。

作文要求：

①将六个要素交代清楚，且做到详略得当。

②中心突出。

③字数不少于 500 字。

④书写工整。

附 1 ：说课精要：

本次作文训练的重点就是 交代清楚记叙要素 。由于学生从开始接触写作以来就是 写话 ，也往往就是 小小记叙文 ，但也许正是由于这样，又会疏忽或轻视，因此教师不仅仅只保留在让学生知道 什么是记叙的要求 ，而且更重要的是通过学生回顾分析课文，尝试分析范例的方法让学生学会 交代清楚记叙要素 这一要求在写作实践中的运用，在其中，同时也弄清并非硬是要面面俱到，而是要详略得当，有重点，这样难点也就迎刃而解了。一句话，在阅读尝试中去体会，在写作实践中去运用，读写结合。

应用文是人们日常生活中广泛使用的文体。它最突出的特点是它的实际应用性，应用文包括很广，如书信、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事、请柬、电报、合同等。应用文的语言应使用规范语言，重在实用，力求朴实、准确、简洁。

一、书信

书信我们分为两部分：信封和内容。

1、信封的写法。

英语信封正面的左上角，写发信人的姓名和地址。在信封的正面中央偏左一点，写收信人的地址和姓名。

英语信封上的地点名称由小到大，视其长短可占二至五行不等。

寄信人只写姓名，不写头衔。但是，收信人一般都在名字前加上头衔，以示礼貌和尊敬。对于没有官衔和学衔的人士，通常在姓名前写上Mr., Mrs.,或Ms.。

信封的写法，一般来说，很少出现在中考英语的作文中。

2、内容。

英文信一般可以分为下列几个部分。

1)信端(Heading)即写信人的地址和发信日期。

2)收信人姓名地址

3)称呼

4)信的正文

5)结束语

6)签名

有的时候，出题者会让考生写e-mail。e-mail的写法和书信的写法基本一致。只不过少了书信在信封上的繁琐。

二、发言稿

发言稿要注意以下三点：

1、发言的地点

2、发言的对象

3、发言的内容。

三、通知

通知的正文一般都是写在"Notice"以词之下，一般来说不必写称呼语和结束语。出同时的单位名称可以写在notice之上，也可以写在正文的右下角。

正文一般采用文章式，有时为了醒目，也可采用广告式。广告式要力求简明扼要，一个句子可分几行。每行第一个字母一般要大写。

四、启事

启事是一种公告式的应用文。团体或个人如有什么事情要向大家公开说明或对公众有什么要求，可将要说的话写成启事，张贴在布告栏上或登在报刊上。启事一般无固定格式，要求简明扼要即可。

五、海报

海报是一种带有装饰性的宣传广告。有时配以绘画图案。内容以影讯、展览、演出信息、友谊赛等为主。为了尽可能使更多的人知道，海报往往贴在醒目之处。

在我们的英语写作过程中，如果能够很好的运用英语谚语，能给我们的作文带来亮点。下面是语文迷整理的高频谚语，一起来看看吧。

(一) Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

(二) One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

(三) Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

(四) A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

(五) Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

(六) All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

(七) Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

(八) More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

(九) Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

(十) All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

(十一) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

(十二) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

(十三) Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

(十四) A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

(十五) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

(十六) Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

(十七) Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

(十八) well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

(十九) It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

(二十) Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

(二十一) Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

(二十二) An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

(二十三) As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

(二十四) To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

(二十五) Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

(二十六) Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

(二十七) First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

(二十八) Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

(二十九) A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

(三十) live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

(三十一) Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

(三十二) East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

(三十三) Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

(三十四) Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

(三十五) Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

(三十六) The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

1.发言稿是介绍性说明文，在语言使用一定要准确简洁，通俗易懂，层次清楚，条理分明。介绍说明事物的内容关系要明确，要求逻辑性强。发言稿印版有开头语，正文和结束语三部分组成。开头语一般来说比较简单，目的就是吸引听众或读者的注意力。

发言稿的开头和结尾一般都有固定的的格式，如：

Dear friends,

I’m glad to introduce myself to you

.___________________________

That’s all. Thank you.

如果是熟悉的听众，头尾可以活泼一些，灵活一些，如：

(1)Good morning,/Good afternoon,everyone…

That’s all. Thank you.

( 2 )Good evening!Ladies and gentlemen..

That’s all. Thank you.

2.正文是发言稿的主体，主要是提供论点和相关的论据等，论点要明确，论据要充分有力。发言稿的正文常见形式：

第一部分：开门见山提出本人要谈的问题及对问题的看法;

第二部分：说明理由，常见的关联词有：First of all , Secondly, Finally等;

第三部分：照应开头，总结全文。最后可以做简明扼要的总结，也可以谈自己的希望或看法等。常见的句式有：In short, In a word…等。

3.发言稿的语句表达要直接面对听众，尽量不要用复杂啰嗦的句子，更不要采用深奥难懂的句子。话要说的准确易懂，最好用大众语言。除了要求以简单句为主的同时，可以适当穿插一些复合句结构。由于文章要求以简单句为主，所以不要把文章写成单句的罗列，适当的使用关联词承前启后，可以使文章前后连贯，浑然一体。

发言稿的时态一般以现在时态为主。

常用句型

1.I’d like to tell you something about our school.

2.Let me give you a brief introduction about our school.

3.Please allow me to introduce the travel arrangements to you.

4.It’s my honor to say a few words to welcome you.

5.I am sure we will benefit a lot from the lecture.

6.Personally, I think it’s a good idea for us to have daily exercise.

7.In my opinion,…

8.Personally,…

9,In a word,…

10,However,…

议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式;论据基本要是：真实可靠，充分典型;论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。

写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论;也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法。

议论文又叫说理文，它是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。

议论文是用逻辑、推理和证明，阐述作者的立场和观点的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点。新闻报刊中的评论、杂文或日常生活中的感想等，都属于议论文的范畴。

一、议论文写作三要素

议论文主要包括三要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点必须正确。论据是为说明论点服务的，既要可靠又要充分，事实胜于雄辩，是最好的论据。论据也可以是人们公认的真理，经过实践考验的哲理。论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有：

1. 归纳法

从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。

2. 推理法

从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。

3. 对照法

对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。

4.驳论法

先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。

二、议论文的特点

议论文的结构一般有引子、正文和结论句三部分。一般在引子部分提出论点，即文章的主题，在正文部分摆出有利的事实，对论点进行严密的论证，最后根据前面的论证得出结论。

三、议论文的写法

要写好议论文，必须注意以下几点：

1.确定论点。

论点通常在文章的第一段提出。

2.要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例。

3.论证要有严密的逻辑性。

所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论连接起来。

4.层次要清楚。

5.态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，以理服人。

议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。议论中的说明常为议论的开展创造条件，或是议论的补充;议论文中的叙述和描写应是为论点提供依据的因此，叙述应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。

6.论据要充分

欲证明自己的观点必须有充分的证据。作者可以列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或利用亲身经历。

中考英语作文是必考项，重要性不言而喻。它也是让大多数学生最头疼的事情。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，练习英语写作也是一样，三天打鱼两天晒网是不行的，必须得持之以恒的练习，才会有进步。YJBYS中考频道精心为大家汇总了多篇中考英语作文范文资料，可以供同学和家长们参考。

假设Susan是你的好朋友，请你根据Susan的个人信息，以“My good friend”为题，用英语写一篇80词左右的短文。 One possible version:

My good friend

I have a good friend. Her name is Susan. She is 14 years old. She’s from America. She’s a tall girl with blue eyes and she has long golden hair. She likes doing sports, especially swimming and running. She enjoys reading books and listening to music. What’s more, she is very interested in Chinese history and culture. So she often reads books about China. She’s lovely and friendly. She gets on well with her friends. She’s also helpful. She often helps me learn English. With her help, I made much progress in English. I’m lucky to have such a good friend.

一、写提示议论文应考虑的几点

1、文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。

2、会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。

3、归纳总结，首尾呼应。

二、看图作文应考虑的几点

1、看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。

2、确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。

3、确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。

4、根据图片或图表大意议论。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

从下面两个题目中任选一题，写一篇文章(40分)

题目一：人们常说：读万卷书，不如行万里路，行万里路，不如名师指路!虽然未必每一个教练都能教出冠军，但每一个冠军背后都有教练!回想自己的成长历程，都会有来自老师的帮助，请以"记一位帮助过我的初中老师"为题，写一篇文章。

题目二：吹面不寒杨柳风

要求：

(1)将所选题目抄写在答题卡上。

(2)文体不限(诗歌除外)。

(3)不少于600字。

【题目分析】

题目一：

"记一位帮助过我的初中老师"乍一看特别像小学经常考查的题目"我的老师"，但认真审题之后会关注到"帮助"，还有提示语中的"成长"，所以塑造人物形象是落脚点，而人物形象的塑造必然是通过帮助自己的事及最终自己获得的成长或者成功体现出来的。

所有人都熟悉的作文题目，更要求考生做到作文新颖性，因此在写作时一定要大胆放弃自己的第一想法。

同时，考生在完做到这些要点之后，还应注重加入生动形象的细节描写，辅以我们曾经在课程中讲过的塑造人物形象的表现手法，如：抑扬法、正侧面描写相结合等。这样才能在一个看似很普通的作文中打动读者，取得高分。

中考在即，初三考生必须要做到快速提升作文能力，作文新颖性、动情点、主题类作文等都是考生必须要迅速掌握的要点，而这些要点，一直都是东学堂课程始终践行的重点，且针对中考层出不穷的变化，我们在即将到来的寒假课程中加入了更多考生必须要掌握的点：动情点设置、想象类作文等等，希望所有考生都能抓住中考最后的冲刺时间。

题目二：

"吹面不寒杨柳风"。简单7个字，相信给了考生不小的视觉冲击力。

但是沉下心来，认真思考之后，会发现，其实这个题目并不难，"吹面不寒杨柳风"就是"温暖的杨柳风迎面吹来一点寒意也没有"，很显然这个题目是含有比喻义的。考生只要想一想生活、学习中哪些人、事、物给过你温暖，让你有过"杨柳风拂面"的感觉，这个题目就变得特别好写。可以写成成长类的作文，那成长中的"杨柳风"便是激励你成长的良师益友、至爱亲朋，亦或是某种自身的品质(乐观、坚持不懈等)，亦或者是某种物(礼物、小草、松、菊……)，也可以写成励志类的，也可以写成亲情类的……这几类写作立意的角度，在东学堂语文初二春季班课程中进行过详细的讲解，东学堂语文的学员你们有福了!

【把议论文写规范】

从同学写作议论文的现状看，有两种情形比较普遍：一是太“杂”，思路不清，表达混杂;二是太“死”，典型的三段式，中间部分是事例的堆砌。解决问题的办法有没有?有。那就在于掌握议论文两种基本结构形式，从规范的议论文写起。

一是横式结构。就全文而言，是非常典型的“总-分-总”结构。开头引出观点，结尾总结照应，而中间(主体)部分则一般由三个以上的分论点支撑，即从几个方面(或几个角度)分别展开论述，来证明作者在文中所要阐明的观点。这里要说明的是主体部分用来论述中心论点的几个方面，它们是并列的关系，中间没有主次之分。所以，这种横式结构，我们又通俗地称它为并列式结构。譬如，我们以“幸福”为话题作文，如果以横式结构来写一篇议论文，我们可用“幸福在哪里?”的设问开头;主体部分则从“幸福在劳动者的汗水里”、“幸福在有志者的追求里”、“幸福在无私者的奉献里”等几个方面来展开论述;最后以“幸福无处不在，幸福就在我们的手中”来作结。由此看来，以横式结构行文，全文的层次显得非常清晰。

二是纵式结构。如果说横式结构的主体部分由几个并列的分论点支撑，那纵式结构主体部分在展开事理论述时，则是逐层深入的。很虽然它不是并列推进，而是层层递进。在论述时，我们既可以按事理的性质，由表及里地展开;也可以按事理的范围，由小到大地展开;还可以按事理的发展，由浅入深地展开。比如针对学生的“浪费”现象，我们既要跟他们谈谈经济问题，也就是要“算算账”，让他们明白“积小成多”的道理;更要跟他们说说性质问题，一旦“浪费”成习，极易形成“奢侈”的作风，那后果就严重了。这样的分析，很显然是按照从现象到本质的事理逻辑进行的。由此可见，采用纵式结构行文，事理层次清楚，文章的逻辑性强。

就“说明对象”而言，英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类，比如：对“LASER（激光）”、“Computer Problem of Year XX（计算机XX年问题）”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明，而“The Successful Interview（谈成功的面试）”、“How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能写好英语作文）” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说，在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者，即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中，阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重，其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述，英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说，文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容；第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对文章的主题进行展开说明；第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出，要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中，常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种：

1.罗列法（listing）

在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的：

Early Rising

Early rising （早起） is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit （健康）。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise （做早操）。

Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

Thirdly， early rising enables （使能够） us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”

罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：

There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …

We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，

必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。

2.举例法（examples）

举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：

Recreation

It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation （娱乐）。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous （有活力的） There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“

There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles （肌肉） with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work （体力活） should adopt （采纳） reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk （轻松） walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。

3.比较法（comparison and contrast）

比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法，比如：

From Paragraph to Essay

Although they are different in length （长度）， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure （结构）。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence （主题句） or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus （主题所在） Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory （引导的） paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence （结束句） ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions （例外）， most well written expository （说明文的） paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.

可以看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。

European Football and American Football

Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America （the United States and Canada）。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions （位置） on the field， is played with an elongated （拉长的） round ball. Soccer has little body contact （接触） between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting （顶） it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponents （对手） goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish （区别） association and American football.

这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。

4.定义法（definition）

定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：

被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语

可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：

A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以……为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.

其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession （专业）。

5.顺序法（sequence of time， space and process）

顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。

下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的：

Coal

Coal underwent （经受） many changes before it became the bright， brittle （脆的）， black substance which we now use. During ancient times （在上古时代）， when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed and began to sink （下沉） a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit （沉淀） of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.

Generations after generations （几世纪后）， as the ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and clay was again deposited （积聚） above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted （作用） and the peat （泥煤） was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.

Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine （煤矿）。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.

6.分类法（classification）

分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》（Of Studies）一文中就用到了分类法：

Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others； but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…

参考译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所需摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者……

——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》（张培基等）

可见，如果能够根据具体情况，选用合适的写作手法，就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。

除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外，还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下，对于中学生来说，上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是：在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此，必须根据具体情况，选用合适的展开主题的写作手法，才能写出优秀的英语说明文。

1、命一个小俏的题目。

命题要做到新、小、俏这三点。新，顾名思义就是新颖，给人一种耳目一新的感觉。小，就是说题目的范围要命得小一点，便于写得具体完整、短小精悍。俏，就是要命得像花季少女一样，亭亭玉立、花枝招展，让人一看就喜欢，便迫不及待地往下读。

2、写一个迷人的题记。

题记不宜过长，百字以内为最佳。可引用名人名言，可组成排比、对偶句，也可化用历史典故、人物事件等。这样不仅可以点明主旨、升华主题、丰富内容，还能增加文章的文学色彩，吸引读者，给人一种美好的感觉。

3、来一个崭新的形式。

作文，从小学三年级一直写到了高中，总不能还是分三大段来写吧?!要勇于尝试一些新的形式，如:书信法、小标题法、日记法、报告法、启事法、倡议书法、说明书法、影视戏剧法、传奇演义法、故事新编法等等。只有如此，形式独特、写出新意，才能让人拍案叫绝!

中高考——高分作文的六个制胜法宝

4、置一个严谨的结构。

写作文，一定要注意使之结构完整，首尾照应。结构严谨，不仅看起来美观大方;而且读起来意思明了，富有节奏感、音韵美。

5、做一次大胆的创新。

“做人，重在求真;作文，贵在创新。”只有创新，才能精彩纷呈;只有创新，才能回味无穷;只有创新，才能赢得关注;只有创新，才能得到青睐;只有创新，才能赢得高分!大胆创新吧!成功一定属于会创造的人。

6、有一个漂亮的书写

卷面是作文的门面，卷面书写洁净工整会让人赏心悦目，能博得阅卷老师的好感;而卷面脏乱不堪的作文只能让阅卷者望而生厌，难得高分。中高考高分作文的书写虽然字体各异，但都字迹工整，卷面整洁。

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。小编收集了中考英语作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作十分强调形式上的严谨性，特别是全局的丝丝入扣。如果写作时结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了。框架万变不离其宗，适当地填如观点、素材，文章就自然而然地立起来了。

掌握了这些英文写作中的练习技巧，会使提高英文写作水平的努力有更大的收益。

下面智康教育跟大家分享写作的“五项基本原则” ：

1、 长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

as a creature, i eat; as a man, i read. although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

2、 主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

to begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

3、 一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

4、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

i cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：i cannot put up with it.

i want it.

可以用短语表达：i am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

5、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：

i enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

the car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

the coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

the snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：this is what i can do.

whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

when to go, why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

the man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

i don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

mr liu, our oral english teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

一、优化词汇输入教学，丰富词汇知识积累

词汇是一篇文章最基本的组 成要素。头脑中如果没有一定数量的、且处于鲜活状态的词汇，就无法写出好文章。要写出好的文章，就必须善于从众多的词语中选择和运用最恰当的词语。因此， 加强词汇教学、扩大和丰富学生的词汇量是提高学生写作能力的基础工作。克拉申的“语言输入假说模式”认为：正确和恰当的语言输入将会使语言学习的效果更 佳。

最佳语言输入的两个必要条件：

1)密切相关的

2)大量的。因此，将密切相关的常用词汇、习惯搭配适当集中教学，反复归纳、不断循环和强化是较好的词 汇输入方法，同时也保证了常用词汇在头脑中的鲜活状态，为写作输出提供可靠保障。

二、加强基础写作训练，活化基础知识积累

在学生写作过程中，我们 常常会发现许多学生的词汇量与运用能力不成正比的现象，写作中经常出现词汇贫乏和用词不当等问题。这种问题的出现实际上是学生获得的知识没有有效的活化。 配合词汇和句型教学，教师可以经常以所教学词汇为关键词拟定一些与时事或生活相关的话题，让学生用词、句做翻译练习，一段时间(4-5天)之后，再让学生 用这些词、句进行写作，多写多练以达到活化知识的目的。

三、广泛阅读，拓展知识积累

“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作 诗也会吟”。在大量的阅读过程中，可使学生开拓视野，拓展知识，增加语感，为写作提供必要的语言材料。写作和阅读是互相促进、相辅相成的。有些词汇和句 型，学生只是似曾相识，通过广泛的阅读能促使学生把这些东西运用得更熟练，表达得更准确。反过来，这也会有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力。

阅读下列提示，按要求作文。

春天，不单是四季之首的名词。春天，与美好同在。

挨过漫漫严冬，人们希望春光永驻;听着谆谆教诲，人们感觉如坐春风。春晖，为诗歌增添亮色，使图画洋溢生机。

孩子们唱着春天的歌谣，老人们唤出青春的记忆……作为一名高中生，走进新世纪的青年人，你又是怎样感受“春天”，怎样思考“春天”的呢?

本题可写的内容较广(“春天，不单是四季之首的名词”一句，提示我们可以写象征意义的春天，比如人生的春天，人和人关系的春天，国与国之间关系的春天，等等)

第一步:确定立意。春天可以引发人们以下的联想:

①充满生机与活力，是生命的象征;

②拥有美好的前景，是青春与希望的象征;

③拥有温暖的阳光，是关爱的象征;

④拥有绵绵的春雨，是思念的象征。

第二步:确定内容。可描摹春景、可叙写春天的故事、可抒发你对春天的感想。

第三步:确定文体。叙事则写记叙文、发表高见则议论文、状物抒怀则写散文……

【示例一】可写成记叙文，叙述关于春天的故事。选择立意③。

冬日里的春天

记得一个冬天的早晨，天非常冷，阴森森，灰茫茫。狂风夹杂着雨点，直往衣领里钻。我不禁打了一个寒颤，缩了缩脖子，埋头向学校奔去。

刚到校门口，铃声就响了。我下意识地把书包提在手里，快步向教学楼赶。还在走廊里就听到教室里琅琅的读书声。糟糕!许老师反复强调早自习要检查背书，不准迟到，为什么我偏偏忘了呢?老师对我那么耐心，那么关照，可我?唉!昨晚爸妈为离婚争吵得不可开交，以至到了深夜我还进不了那可怜的梦乡。我揉揉发涩的眼睛不敢上楼，可脚步不由自主地向教室挪。老师会怎样对待我?看来只有硬着头皮碰碰运气了。

“报告。”我低着头，声音小得几乎只有自己能够听到，只觉得几十双眼睛利剑般朝我刺来。不争气的家伙，白让老师关照。读书声嘎然而止，空气似乎一下子凝固了。“进来吧。”老师似乎不经意地招呼着，“大家继续读书。”我匆匆回到座位，把咬了两口的快餐面放到桌子的一角。赶紧拿出语文书读起来。头仍埋在课桌下。

不知过了多久，许老师走到了我的桌旁，她看了看我，又瞧了瞧桌上的剩面，然后拿起它，悄悄地走出教室。怎么，难道要没收我的早餐?我茫然地望着许老师的背影。

一会儿，许老师笑盈盈地端来了一碗冒着热气的快餐面，我更加迷惑了，只见她走到我面前，递给我一双筷子:“拿着，快吃吧!小心噎着，饿着肚子怎么能集中精力学习?”我一愣，“啊，真对不起您，老师!”我真想诚恳地向您道声歉，向您解释我的迟到不是故意的。可话到嘴边又咽下去了。我这是怎么了?一向调皮倔强的我面对这碗热气腾腾的方便面，只觉得鼻子一酸……

这碗热乎乎的面，一直热到我心里。窗外的寒风依然不停的刮着，而我却分明感到一种阳春般的温暖。

点评:题目使用反常法，引人注目。小作者老老实实地通过一件小事，抓住事情中的感人细节进行描写刻画，表现了深刻的主题。现在很多学生喜欢故作深沉，写出来的文章看似高深玄虚，实则无病呻吟，故弄玄虚;语言似乎文采飞扬，实则内容空洞，虚有其表。评卷老师大多喜欢这篇文章一样的文体明确，内容充实、感情真挚的文章。

【示例二】可写成议论文，发表你对春天的感想。选择立意②

花开不只在春天

出于污泥濯淖之中的荷花，选择了在夏天绽放自己曼妙的姿态，于是有了“接天莲叶无穷碧，映日荷花别样红”的壮观景象;

经历了秋霜打击的历练，菊花迎来自己的节日，在金秋十月释放了自己蓄势已久的属于自己的美丽，终于有了“待到秋来九月八，我花开后百花杀，冲天香阵透长安，满城近代黄金甲”的大气;在寒风凛冽中选择怒放的梅花傲立于枝头，透出一身浩然正气，让人不又从心底崇敬，赢得了“梅花香自苦寒来”的赞美。

花尚且选择自己开放的时间，何况我们万物之灵长的人呢?面对社会、人生中的种种个别，我们为什么不选择属于自己开放的时期呢?有些人少年时期就显露出超世之才，有些人则是韬光养晦大器晚成。人生的各个时期，经过努力，我们都会开出属于自己的成功之花，留下属于自己的美丽。只要我们真正的实现自我突破，将自己的才华发挥到极致，就一定能够创造出人生的一个个辉煌。

不少人，人到中年就已经成功，实现了自己的少年梦，更多的人则默默无闻。他们太过于想绽放自己，以至于花刚蓓蕾就凋零了。而有些人则韬光养晦在晚年一鸣惊人。感动中国人物黄伯云，他花了十五年时间磨成了一柄倚天长剑--高性能炭碳复合材料制成的大型民用飞机刹车片。十五年寒窗苦守，艰难困苦，玉汝于成。昔日的赤子报国青年，如今的白发先生，终于点石成金。壮哉黄伯云，二十载砺剑心;大哉黄伯云，一辈子强国情。黄伯云晚年绽放的生命之花，浸透了他为之奋斗的心血和汗水，花叶上闪耀着一种昂扬奋发的雄壮之美。他犹如秋天灿烂的金菊，内心涌动着一种集天地精华的力量。

我们也看到了一个平均不到三十岁的团队，研发了完全中国制造的“嫦娥一号”。辉煌成就，让世人瞩目，国人更是欣悦不已。少年壮志当拿云，这些青年才俊飞扬着青春，飞扬着报国志，飞扬着强国梦，圆了中华五千年飞天梦。我们不能不佩服这群年轻人，他们在人生黄金时段干出了属于自己的伟业。总有一些人感叹世事变迁，找不到属于自己的舞台。那是因为他们不知道选择属于自己开花的季节，当然总是落得“空悲切，白了少年头”。

人生何时不开花!为什么不去选择适合自己的花期，去释放那蓄势已久的美丽呢?选择了夏天，你就选择了我定与骄阳争光的豪气;在秋天，你就选择了菊花的雄浑丰厚之美;在冬天，你就选择了梅花的浩然博大之美。

花开不只在春天，看花思人，花如此，人亦如此。

点评:作者使用反弹琵琶的方法反向立意，使文章主题深刻而新颖，独具一格。作者善于调动积累的诗词、名言、事例，把它们写入文章，使文章内涵丰富，说服力极强。很多同学其实也积累了不少名言诗句事例成语等，可就是在写文章时没有使用的习惯。

【示例三】可写成写景状物的哲理散文。

春天里的小草

春来了，万物复苏，大地披上了一件绿衣裳。桃花争奇斗艳，鸟儿欢快歌唱，特别是那嫩绿的小草好像是摆脱了黑暗似的，在风中飘浮，在雨中点头。

人们也出来抖擞精神了，孩子们在“绿”的操场上打滚、踢球、嬉戏、玩耍。这下，可苦了那些刚发芽的小草了，它们被小孩子踩在脚下，被球压在地上，好不容易等到的发芽又被可恶的人们给践蹋了，刚经历了寒冬攻袭的小草被这些可恶的人们给浪费了。

但是，小草是不会屈服的，不是有“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”这句诗吗?小草连火烧都不怕，难道会怕这区区一脚、一压吗?

在经过一夜的春雨滋润后，被践踏的小草又竖了起来，又在风中跳舞去了，又在雨中吟唱去了。春天，给人的希望和给小草的力量又有什么不同呢?

小草能够在被践踏后站起，人为什么不能在这个满怀希望的季节里重新再来呢?为什么不能带着春天的希望一跃而起呢?

失败了的人，要像小草一样，不屈不挠地奋发向上，顽强拼搏。

成功了的人，要像小草一样谦虚。在春风中，小草弯着腰，低着头在为春天的到来而跳舞，在为自己的新生而喜悦，却从不高傲地越过春天，这样谦虚的小草难道不值得现在成功了的人借鉴和学习吗?

正得意洋洋的人们啊!请把你们的眼睛投向这春天的小草，看看它们的生机勃勃和奋发向上，再想想自己的骄傲自满和停滞不前，你们难道不感到愧对“人类”这个高级动物的称号吗?想想吧!这也许是你的新起点。

正意志消沉的人们啊!请用你们心灵去感受这春天的小草的蓬勃向上吧!请想想，我们人类可是高级动物啊!难道我们的意志力还不如这微不足道的小草的意志吗?我不相信，我绝对不相信。

春天是收获希望的季节，是勃发的季节，是成功的季节。我们不妨敞开自己的胸怀去感受，去接纳春的气息，春的小草的精神，顽强的精神，谦虚的精神，永不言弃的精神!

赶快行动吧!别人不会等你，时间也不会等你，小草更不会等你。

点评:选择毫不起眼的小草为写作材料，选材极为精细;但作者却能小题大做，以小见大，把小草写成大文章，这是作者的高超之处。很多同学选材太大，比如就以“春天”为题目，“春天”范围很大，你如何落笔呢?你写春天的什么呢?是不是春天里的一切景象都写的呢?如果面面俱到，春花、春草、春雨、春风、春山、春水等都写入文章，难免会泛泛而谈，蜻蜓点水，结果内容变得空洞而无力了。

【示例四】可展开丰富的想象，构思一篇小说。

走进春天

学期已去半了，面对不可阻遏的退步，我不知所措。兵败如山倒，我迷惘地徘徊在肃杀的寒风中，今年的春天似乎迟迟不来……------题记

“盼望着,盼望着,春风来了,春天的脚步近了。”

是这样吗?

真不知道朱自清是怎么写出这句话的，居然盼望着春天?它有什么好盼望的?在我眼中，春天和冬天没什么两样，都是这失意者的寒风，刺骨的空气，即使春天的天空再晴朗，也始终摆脱不了那分肃杀。哪里有躲在被窝中舒服?

可是妈妈似乎是下定了决心，始终将我拉出了被窝。

刚出门，我冷不丁打了个哆嗦，手赶紧的向口袋摸去。

“都出来了，还怕什么冷.来，把手拿出来,像个男子汉。”

在妈妈鼓励的目光下，我老大不情愿地抽出了手。刺骨的寒风似乎找着了发泄口，疯狂地涌来，从每个毛孔中钻了进去。我不禁打了个寒战，瑟瑟发抖。

妈妈携着我，向田野小跑开去。

都说春天是万物复苏的季节，我倒不这么觉得。空中灰蒙蒙的一片，大地上死气沉沉。瞧，山清水秀呢?鸟语花香呢?哪有一丝生机勃勃的样子?唯一残存的，也只有道旁嶙峋的小树，那羸弱的身躯，那光秃秃的枝干，一副奄奄一息的模样。

继续走着，眼前赫然出现了一条小河。不用说，河面铁定是冰封的。我用脚尖轻踮了一下河面，又扔了块石块上去，冰面纹丝不动，我跳上了冰面。冰确实是牢固得很。这就是春天?

突然耳畔传来一阵弄水声，转头望去，一个精神炯炯的老奶奶正在一处凿开的冰洞旁洗衣服。“杨奶奶，这么早就来洗衣服。您不怕冷么?”

“一年之季在于春，再不活动活动，这把老骨头就要散喽，这点冷算什么?”

我的心仿佛被什么拨动了一下，我似懂非懂地点了点头，向前走去。

河边矗立着一棵杨柳，盘虬卧龙般的枝干预示着她的年岁，挺拔的身躯充满气劲。

“妈妈，这树死了吗?”

“没有，她是村中的老祖宗了，岁月的流逝磨灭了她的青春，但坚强的意志使她熬过了一个又一个春冬。”

妈妈微笑着望着我，眼神中似乎大有深意。

天空不知何时开朗起来，阳光拨开重重乌云，将万物揽在怀中，似有似无的馨香弥漫开来。我们的漫步仍在继续。

“瞧，这儿有一株小草!”

妈妈欣喜地叫着，我兴冲冲地跑了过去，俯下身观察。

如水般的绿色精致地点在大地上，一个不起眼的生命从乱石堆下挣扎出来，快活地摇曳着身躯，接受阳光的洗礼。

倒是我，这次却平静多了。

一年之计在于春，是了，连老树小草都捱过了严冬，这点困难算得了什么呢?拥有青春，拥有自信，又有什么困难是克服不了的呢?

我抬起头，大步向田野冲去。

妈妈微笑着点点头，远远跟着我……

点评:小说的三要素是:人物、环境、情节。这篇短篇小说“麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”。这篇还通过虚构一个故事情节，表现了深刻的主题。

英语写作少不了积累句型。以下是小编带来的2017英语写作必背经典句型【集锦】，希望对你有帮助。

the + 形容词最高级 + n. + (that) + S(主语) + have ever seen / known / heard / had / read, etc

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

(海伦是我见过的最美丽的女孩。)

Nothing is + 形容词比较级 + than to + V(谓语)

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

(没有比接受教育更重要的事。)

S cannot emphasize the importance of sth. too much：再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

(我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。)

There is no doubt + that + 句子：毫无疑问，……

例句：There is no doubt that the economy is recovering.

(毫无疑问，经济已经逐渐复苏。)

It pays to + V + O(宾语)：……是值得的。

例句：It pays to help others.

(帮助别人是值得的。)

An advantage of + 名词结构+ is that + 句子：……的优点是……

例句：An advantage of using solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.

(使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。)

There is no denying that + 句子：不可否认……

例句：There is no denying that the quality of our life has gone from good to better.

(不可否认，我们的生活质量日益改善。)

On no account can we + V：我们绝对不能……

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

(我们绝不能无视知识的价值。)

It is universally acknowledged that + 句子：全世界都知道……

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable[不可或缺的] to us.

(全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。)

The reason why + 句子 + is that + 句子：……的原因是……

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

(我们必须种树的原因是它们能给我们提供新鲜空气。)

be closely related to sth.：与……息息相关

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

(做运动与健康息息相关。)

So + 形容词 + be + S + that + 句子：如此……以致于……

例句：So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

(时间是如此珍贵，它经不起我们浪费。)

It is time + S + 动词过去式：该是……的时候了。

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

(有关当局是时候采取适当措施解决交通问题了。)

S + enable + O + to + V：……使……能够……

例句：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.

(听音乐使我们获得放松。)

be + forced / obliged / compelled + to + V：不得不……

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

(既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。)

a. + as + S + be, S + V + O：虽然……， 但是……

例句：Rich as our country is, the quality of our life is by no means satisfactory.

(虽然我们的国家富有，但我们的生活质量仍差强人意。)

It is conceivable / obvious / apparent that + 句子：可想而知/明显/显然……

例句：It is apparent that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

(显然，知识在我们人生中扮演着重要角色。)

The + 形容词比较级 + S + V, the + 形容词比较级 + S + V：……愈……，……愈……

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

(愈努力，愈进步。)

Since + S + 动词过去式，S + 现在完成式： 自从……，……一直……

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

(自从上了高中，他一直很用功。)

By + V-ing, S can V：通过……，……能够……

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

(通过做运动，我们能够保持健康。)

be based on sth.：以.……为基础

例句：Progress in society is based on harmony.

(社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。)

That is the reason why +句子：那就是……的原因

例句：Summer is sultry[闷热的]. That is the reason why I dont like it.

(夏天很闷热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。)

There is no one but + V + O：没有人不……

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

(没有人不渴望上大学。)

Due to / Owing to / Thanks to + sth. / V-ing：因为/ 多亏……

例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

(因为他的鼓励，我终于实现了梦想。)

For the past + 时间, S + 现在完成式： 过去的……来，……一直……

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

(过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。)

What a + a. + n. + S + V!= How + a. + a + n. + V!：多么……!

例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! / How important a thing it is to keep our promise! (遵守诺言是多么重要的事!)

get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V：养成……的习惯

例句：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

(我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。)

leave much to be desired：令人不满意

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

(我们的交通状况令人不太满意。)

Those who + V + O：那些……的人

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

(违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。)

have a great influence on sth.：对……有很大影响

例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.

(抽烟对我们的健康有很大影响。)

spare no effort to + V：不遗余力地……

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

(我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。)

do good / harm to sth.：对……有益/有害

例句：Reading does good to our mind.

(读书对心灵有益。)

pose a great threat to sth.：对……造成很大威胁

例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

(污染对我们的生存造成很大威胁。)

bring home to + S + O：让……明白……

例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

(我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。)

do ones utmost to + V = do ones best to + V：尽全力去……

例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

(我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。)

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

一、写校园外的事情的作文类型

1.通过一件事情，反映出社会的新面貌新风尚;

2.写一件在校外发生的事情，表达自己的思想感情，表现自己对社会的认识。

二、写校园外的事情的参考题目

1.《上学路上》

2.《这件事教育了我》

3.《一件小事》

4.《放学以后》

5.《路遇》

6.《感人的一幕》

7.《这件事对吗》

8.《社会新风》

9.《发生在街头的一件事》

10.《愉快的一天》

11.《这是一件真实的事》

12.《________见闻》

三、写校园外的事情的参考开头

1.《上学路上》的两种开头

第一种开头：那天，风特别的大，把地上的落叶吹得满天都是。

第二种开头：护龙街是我每天上学都要经过的一条街，这一天，我遇到了一件奇怪的事情。

2.《这件事教育了我》的两种开头

第一种开头：爸爸是警察，负责我们这一片地方的治安工作。有一天，一个人来找他，手里还拿着一大包东西。

第二种开头：“你怎么能收下他的东西呢?”爸爸下班回来，得知我收了一个陌生人送来的礼物时，非常生气。我站在一边，低着头为自己辩护：“他送到我们家来了，我就只好收下了。”

3.《社会新风》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我们的周围，每天都发生着许许多多值得赞颂的事情，今天，我要说的一件事情，就是表现了人与人之间善良友好的感情。

第二种开头：张大妈已经六十五岁了，可她最近竟举行了一场有意义的婚礼，你说新鲜不新鲜?

4.《感人的一幕》的三种开头

第一种开头：春风吹拂着景德路上的杨柳树，像一位位舞蹈演员一样，杨柳翩翩起舞。

第二种开头：那天，我放学回家，经过景德路口的时候，突然前面有一位骑车的妇女摇摇晃晃，从车子上重重地摔了下来!

第三种开头：感人的一幕永远也不会使人忘记。这件事发生在去年夏天的一个下午。

5.《这件事对吗》的两种开头

第一种开头：我气呼呼地跑回家，往床上一扑，眼泪像泉水一样夺眶而出。

第二种开头：双休日，我与妈妈一起去逛街，当我们走到一条小巷的时候，一辆摩托车从远处开来。正好我们身边有一个积水的地方，车子一开过，脏水哗地溅了我们一身。

6.《路遇》的两种开头

第一种开头：“啊呀，这不是我的小学同学张亚吗?”放学时，我看着走在前面的一个人，突然叫了起来。

第二种开头：张亚是我小学时很要好的一位同学，可是她搬家以后，我们就很少见面了。巧得很，我们竟然在放学的路上相遇了!

四、写校园外的事情的参考词句

人山人海/成群结队/三五成群/人来人往/川流不息/大开眼界/流连忘返/恋恋不舍/兴致勃勃/满载而归/衷心感谢/千载难逢/人声鼎沸/熙熙攘攘/先人后己/扶老携幼/仗义执言/爱憎分明/助人为乐/公而忘私/拾金不昧/排忧解难/一马当先/慷慨解囊/货真价实/百问不烦/笑容可掬/移风易俗/别开生面/返老还童/真相大白/耳目一新/今非昔比/闻所未闻/稀罕/纳闷

1.有的扛草袋，有的搬石块，有的担土筐……人人都是步伐匆匆，急如星火般奔向大堤。

2.熊熊的烈焰像疯狂的火蛇夹杂着灰尘、烟尘在屋顶乱窜。

3.蒙蒙细雨中，邮电支局前的小广场比往日更加热闹了。

4.他们排着队，一个个捧着各式各样的储蓄罐，踮起脚尖，把盒里的硬币小心翼翼地倒进箱中，然后蹦蹦跳跳地回到了自己的队伍中。

5.他双手插腰，歪着脑袋，噘着嘴，瞪着叔叔，做出生气的样子。

6.这时轮船上人们一阵骚动，有些人皱紧了眉头，用手捂住鼻子，嘴里还嘟嘟囔囔地说一些不满的话。

7.李爷爷瞪了瞪眼，气哼哼、颤巍巍地走开了。

8.来的客人可不少，男男女女，穿红着绿，贺喜的，帮工的，凑热闹的，个个喜笑颜开。

9.出题人步步紧逼，抢答者沉着冷静，对答如流，整个赛场上掌声和喝彩声此起彼伏，不绝于耳。

10.几个老外一下子买了20多条牛仔裤，一边叽哩哇啦地说笑，一边七手八脚地把货塞进大编织袋里。

五、写校园外的事情的参考段落

1.在熙熙攘攘的购物市场上，两个老外正在认真地挑选衣服。那个男老外选了一件风衣穿在身上，转了几下身子，女老外上下左右看了一番后，连连摇头。于是，那个女老外帮着男老外脱下那件风衣，又把它放回原处，转身便来到另一个摊床。摊床上那个精灵的小伙子一边用俄语说：“欢迎，欢迎!”一边很礼貌地拿出一件风衣递给老外看。那个女老外先翻看了一下衣服的商标，接着帮那个男老外穿上风衣，女老外前后左右看了几遍，便指着衣服的商标高兴他说道：“上海，哈勒绍!”两个老外终于买到了一件称心如意的风衣。

(“老外”和“哈勒绍”这两个词语用在文章中，增加了生活的气息。)

2.火红的晚霞中，他们一个个红光满面，兴致正浓。瞧，他们穿着很时髦的蝙蝠衫，随着乐曲的节奏翩翩起舞，脸上的皱纹在优美的旋律中都舒展开来。“又是一年三月三，风筝飞满天……”随着乐曲的明快节奏，这些老人的步伐和动作也在不断地变化，时而双脚不停地点踏地面，时而双手有规律地上下起落，时而来个“对佛掌”，姿态潇洒;时而又来个滑稽的“乌龟伸缩”，令人忍俊不禁。扭啊，跳啊，他们越跳越欢，越跳越开心，越跳越显得年轻。

(这一段中的一组排比句用得很好，把老人们欢快舞蹈的样子写出来了。“时而”这个词语是“一会儿”的意思，用它来描写一连串的动作最合适了。)

3.这一拨儿秧歌刚过，那一拨儿又接了上来。耍龙灯、舞狮子、天女散花、丰收锣鼓……满街的秧歌让人目不暇接，满街的锣鼓声震耳欲聋。人们沸腾了，拥着秧歌队说呀笑呀，指指点点地议论着。孩子骑在爸爸的脖子上追着秧歌队叫，儿女们搀着老人跟着秧歌队跑……流连忘返中，说不定你也会情不自禁地加入这狂欢的行列，身不由己地扭起来。

(这一段文字的小作者是很会写文章的，他有一个本领，能把句子写得像对偶句一样，让人读起来觉得很有味。比如：孩子骑在爸爸的脖子上追着秧歌队叫，儿女们搀着老人跟着秧歌队跑。)

4.这时，一队身着西装的日本朋友从西门走过来，主动向我们招手，向我们亲切问好。他们有的用熟练的中国话与我们交谈;有的拿出小本子让我们签名;还有的向我们赠送红色气球。一位日本女青年为我们画了一只活泼可爱的小熊猫。另一位身挎照相机，戴着黑边眼镜的日本朋友，通过翻译向老师表示，为了日中两国人民的友好，愿意与我们合影留念，老师欣然同意了。同学们手持风筝，很快地聚集在一起。几位日本朋友站在后面，亲热地抚摸着我们的头，搂着我们的肩。有一位日本朋友把杨玲高高地举了起来，“咔嚓”、“咔嚓”，一个个中日友好的镜头拍摄了下来。

(作者写日本朋友选了两个重点人物，一个是画画的，一个是拍照的，把这两个人写好了，读者对这件事也就有了比较深刻的印象。)

5.放学路上，我看见一群人围在一堆，我最喜欢凑热闹，也连忙挤了进去。原来人群中有个讨饭的老人，他面黄肌瘦，破衣烂衫，耷拉着脑袋。地面上，还有一张用石头压着的求援信，信上的字歪歪扭扭的，有些字看不清，我琢磨了半天，才猜出意思来。原来他已经70多岁了，就住在农村，他的儿子和媳妇不养他。有一天，他的儿子对他特别好，说要给他买衣服，把他哄到汉口，一到汉口，他儿子就溜走了。他身上没有钱，也回不了家，只得四处求援。我想：这儿子真缺德!

(小作者很聪明，没有把求援信的原文全部抄录下来，他可能考虑这样太费篇幅了，于是他就只写了这封信的意思。这是对的。)

6.我拿了蒜苗挤出人群，匆匆离开了菜市场。路上，我掏出那张旧票子一看，竟是一张五角的。哎呀，多找钱了，不能占便宜，要向雷锋叔叔学习，送回去不留名。于是，我又急匆匆回到了菜市场，郑重地对售货员说：“阿姨，您多找给我三角钱。”说着，递过了那张五角钱的票子。原想会听到感谢的话，却没料到她没好气地说了声：“讨厌!”扔出两角钱。我满腔热情顿时里外凉透。我一直纳闷儿，她错找了钱，我还给她，她为什么不高兴呢?

回家后，我把疑问告诉了妈妈，妈妈说：“可能是售货员出了差错，怕扣奖金吧!”

(一小段文章却显得曲曲折折，买了菜却多找了钱，去退却又不肯收，相反还骂人，最后还是妈妈说出了原因，但不知道事实到底是怎样的。)

7.决战的第三个回合开始了。机器人发出了比前两次更多更快的指令：“耳、鼻、右眼、嘴、左眼”我急匆匆地按开关。耳，要按两耳的开关呀，我急中生智，两手同时按住，接着按动鼻、右眼、嘴、左眼的开关，只见我面前的机器人接二连三地亮起灯泡，我按完最后一个按钮时，高利均也完成了任务，可他毕竟慢了那么一刹那呀!分辨器朗声宣布：“左边获得胜利!”我高兴得跳了起来，欢呼着：“噢，我赢了!”我看看高利均，他像个外国人似的耸耸肩，两手一摊，无可奈何地摇了摇头。

(我的高兴与高利均的丧气形成了一个鲜明的对比，这样写很有效果。)

8.叔叔家有个酒柜，酒柜不算太大却很精致。令人不解的是酒柜里的酒总是喝不完，可又永远放不满。这是为什么呢?我心中升起了一个大问号。出于好奇我便仔细地观察了他家的酒柜。原来，叔叔是厂长，找他谈工作办事的人很多。他们每次来手里不是拎着酒，就是提着烟。每次带来的酒多则五六瓶，少则二三瓶。这样酒柜里便有酒了。

而叔叔又从不喝酒，可是酒又到哪儿去了呢?为什么酒柜总放不满?这我也曾经仔细观察过，可我总想不出名堂来，于是我就去问婶婶，婶婶笑着说：“傻孩子，这些酒呀，被你叔叔拿去卖了，你别着急，等几天柜子里又会有酒了。”我知道婶婶最疼我，她说的都是实情话，一定不会骗我的。我终于揭开了酒柜的秘密。

(小作者喜欢提问，用问题不断地把事情和情节引出来，也吸引了读者的阅读注意力。)

六、写校园外的事情的参考题材

1.拾金不昧，仁义值千金;

2.见义勇为，挺身救群众;

3.帮贫救困，送粮又送衣;

4.勇擒歹徒，正气必压邪;

5.助人为乐，善小亦为之;

6.铺路架桥，方便为大家;

7.捐资办学，教育最重要;

8.捐款救灾，邮局留假名;

9.路上骗局，小心中圈套;

10.以强欺弱，恶行有恶报。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，小编收集了英语新闻标题写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，引起阅读兴趣。写作标题的原则，是要尽量用有限的语句将新闻的主要内容和意旨表达清楚。在英语(优习英语网)新闻标题的写作中，选取准确的动词及正确的时态、语态，是一项重要技巧。例如下面这几行标题，不管是硬新闻还是软新闻标题，都含有一个动词：

High tax levels “driving away foreign investors”

Bush acknowledges Viet Nam parallel

Nigerian plane crashes with over 100 aboard

Myles Quin likes to collect stuff-most of all good yarns

The City cultivates a thriving poetry corner out of The Waste Land

如果缺乏动词，新闻标题会显得单调、千篇一律，例如：

Bill Gates and the Microsoft

American views on China

这两则标题显得大而空泛，华而不实，没有提供关于新闻具体内容的实际信息，应该尽量避免这种写法。

动词的选择

动词使新闻标题变得活跃，但它本身必须是一个活跃的词，能最准确、生动地描述新闻事实，因为标题里没有多余的空间来容纳形容词，所有修饰性的内容，包括程度、颜色、感觉等，都必须依靠这个动词来体现。因此，要尽量避免使用“ask”这类平淡的动词和表达含糊的混合动词，例如“American government gives views on Mexican’s racism”，如果报道对象“American government”在谴责“Mexican’s racism”时用了很有力很明确的语句，那么就应该避免“gives views”这种含糊的写法。

此外，还应该尽量使用表达力强、有力的动词，尽量不使用较弱的助动词“be”、“have”作为新闻标题的主要动词。

时态的使用

一种观点认为新闻标题应使用现在时态，因为所报道的事件虽然已经过去，但它是新近发生的，对读者来说仍然是第一次了解该事件，现在时态能给他们一种事件正在发生的感觉，这对新闻报道来说很重要;另一种观点认为新闻标题不能用现在时，例如法庭报道，对于过去发生的事件，绝对不能用现在时态，避免产生歧义，例如应该写成：“Old retiree stole grocery loaves”，不能写成“Old retiree steals grocery loaves”，否则会使人误会此人一直在继续这种偷窃行为，引起争端。甚至认为任何含有过去的时间因素的标题都应使用过去时态。这一观点可能深受上世纪70年代以来美国新闻学者梅耶(Philip Meyer)的精确新闻报道理论的影响。

那么，究竟应该使用什么时态?考虑的重要依据是看使用现在时态会不会带来歧义，如果不会，则适宜使用现在时。英语新闻标题中不宜使用“yesterday”这个词，尤其是在早报的标题中，因为早报所报道的几乎所有事情都可以被认为是发生在“昨天”的。但如果报道的是将来要发生的事，则应尽量使用确切的时间，如：“Paper industry will strike tomorrow /next week/next month”。再如：“Beijing to fulfill promises for 2008 Olympics”，即使省略了“will”，意思仍很清楚。

有一种新闻标题采用“be+动词不定式”结构，助动词“be”通常省略：

Princess (is) to Visit Baffinaland in August.

Financier (is) killed by burglars.

Countries (are) to Spend More on Cancer Research.

使用将来时态报道即将和日后将会发生的事情是很常见的。

主动语态与被动语态

在英语新闻标题中，主动语态比被动语态的表达效果更好。试比较下面两则新闻标题：

France rejects EU Constitution

EU Constitution rejected by France

对比后，我们发现，使用被动语态的新闻标题，比主动语态标题长，单词数量多，这对有长度限制的标题来说是很不利的。同样长度的标题，主动语态所提供的信息内容更多，结构更生动，而且可以有更多的空间去阐述其他内容，例如“Boy found dead by teacher”如果改写成主动语态“Teacher found boy dead in lab”，不但阐述更加自然，包含的信息也更多。

例外的情况是当事件或动作的承受人比执行者更重要时，可以使用被动语态。

关于动词，还有一个问题需要注意。英语中有不少单词既能作名词，又能作动词，其词性是根据具体语法位置来决定的。写作标题时如果省略了一些前后辅助辨别的词汇，单词的词性就可能变得不确定和含糊，下面这些单词都属于此类：

tax, ban, plan, drive, move, probe, protest, bat, share, watch, cut, axe, ring, bank, rises, state, pay, pledge, talks, riot, attack, appeal, back, face, sign, jump, drug

英语新闻标题的动词应尽量使用一般现在时，但在遇到该动词兼有名词和动词两种词性的情况下，有时可以使用过去时态，以使这个动词的词性更加清楚，避免产生歧义。

2015中考将至,目前距2015 中考仅有几个月，因此现在是复习的关键时刻，在此YJBYS为了让考生们了解更多的中考试题，以为今年的中考取得更好的成绩。YJBYS的小编为考生们收集了2015中考英语作文关于【解决方法题型】写作，具体内容请各位考生及时查看如下，尽请关注!

1. 问题现状

2. 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

in recent days, we have to face i problem-----a, which is becoming more and more serious. first, ------------(说明a的现状).second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)

confronted with a, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. for one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). for another -------------(解决方法二). finally, --------------(解决方法三).

personally, i believe that -------------(我的解决方法). consequently, im confident that a bright future isawaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).