关于教育的英语作文(精品20篇)

Panda is our country’s treasure, we should protect it. nowadays, we see

from the TV that panda is less than before, it is not only because of the damage

of the environment, but also the weakness of the panda. Everybody loves panda,

it is so lovely, a panda has two black eyes, it is very lazy, it likes sleeping

all the time. When we see its round body shape, we can’t help loving them. In

order to see the lovely animal, we need to protect them. We must protect the

environment, like not to throw the rubbish away, not to cut down the trees. We

condemn such behavior that killing the animals. Protecting the animals is

everybody’s job.

As the Christmas Day is coming, our class decided to send some gifts to our

teachers, because we wanted to show our gratitude to them. At first, we had no

idea what to buy, because we wanted to do something special. So at last an idea

came to my mind. I advised to write a card, pasting some pictures of classmates

on it. Everybody agreed with me, so we spent a day to take some funny pictures,

and everybody wrote down their names on the card. When we sent this gift to the

teachers, they loved it so much. They were so impressed by this precious

surprise and would keep it forever.

China, as a developing country, has a large gap compared with developed countries. If we want to catch up with and even surpass the developed ones, education seems important and should be given the first priority. Besides, education seems the same important to individuals.

In modern time, when science and technology are making great progress, the education of the work force is the most important. Moreover, many of the success in advanced countries have demonstrated that a nations prosperity mainly depends on the quality of its labor force, namely those who have been well educated.

For individuals, education is the best way to improve oneself. Firstly, its education thathelps people gain basic knowledge of the world, helping them to distinguish what is right and wrong. Secondly, education improves ones skills of life and work, which can make people live a good life or have achievements in career. Finally, education brings people ability of learning and that is the key role of education.

Nowadays, environmental pollution is very common. Resource waste is also

seen everywhere. In order to protect the environment, to protect our earth, we

need to live a low-carbon life. I usually go to school on foot, sometimes by

bike. If I need to go to the other city, I will choose the public transportation

and not ask my parents drive me there. If I am the last one to leave classroom

or home, I will make sure all the lights are off. I always will save the water

after washing clothes. And then use it to wash the toilet. Our earth is in our

own hands.

My mother is sixty-three years old, and for the last forty year she has

been the village doctor. She has a small clinic that she prepares medicine and

treats small injuries, and also sells canned powder milk. Our house has people

in and out at all hours of the day and night. The villagers always like to come

to her clinic to see the doctor and to meet their neighbors, too. Almost all the

villagers come to my mother when their baby is due. My mother is very good at

predicting the day the baby will come. Sometimes my mother will not get enough

sleep if the babies come late at night or early in the morning. There are

special rooms for the mother and baby, and usually they stay at the doctors

house about twenty-four hours. We always like to see the new babies get their

first bath because they look so red and small. All the village people know and

trust my mother because she is such a quiet, kind, and experienced friend of

theirs.

The Differences of Education between China and U.S

Based on checking the extensive literature and summing up the evidence, it is clear that study about differences of higher education between China and US has carried out a lot which mainly explaines the differences from different aspects of higher edcation between China and the United States. Such aspects mainly includes the social environment and cultural tradition, higher education system and reform measures. In the Integration of these differences, advantages and evils of both educational systems have been evaluated respectively, and corresponding improvement measures were also put forwords. By summary, the detailed conclusions are listed as follows:

US is a open society. The societys openness urges the American college to abandon old educational thoughts which European traditional universities stick to, adopt the open policy to absorb all advatanges from other countries and establishe a diverse and open education control system which emphasizes on the actual effect. US is the biggest imigrant country which has very strong containing nature in the culture. American economy ephiseizes on the practical value, matter rewards as well as individual value realization with fast development, rich material life, strong material idea and etc[2].

Us’s higher education was considered as the best education in the world. Comparing the elementary education between American and China, peoples universal view will be: Chinas elementary education aims to build the foundation of education with more study and less thought; while USs education aims to bulid such an education to raise the creativity with less study and more thought. Now Chinese students are generally regarded as intalents with few intelligence and high scores. What causes for such a view? Because the Chinese students study more, actually pay little attention to the practice, and cannot study for the purpose of application. Therefore, it is very important for Chinese higher education to cultivate the idea of unifying the study and prctice.

USs education pays more attention to raise students self-confidence,independence,spirit of supporting oneself, but Chinas education emphases on training the students to be strict,rigorous spiritual.Obviously, Chinese education may fruitfully develop and ultilize the function of cerebrum, but US’s higher education could expand the function of cerebrum by ultilizing and synthesizing the information outside.

Each national higher education as economic system’s reflection serves for the economy; US education aims to adapt for society demand, they explicitly stipulate three big functions including education’s service for the economic development, scientific research and teaching. The manifest of service in the establishment of specialty curriculum is to meet the social need, set up special curriculum and specialty which the society needs; In Chinas universities, during quite long period of time, the establishment of specialty curriculum lacks the change and couldnot follow social demand.

In order to adapt the society, the American universities has established many specialties and curriculum of choice for students; The students choose or transformate specialties and schools according to own interest and hobby. The American higher education system is extremely diverse and flexible, which is solo in the world higher education; In China, the student may choose the specialty according to own interest and hobby, but change of specialty in the school is not easy, and transformation of school is more difficult.

When American school inspects the result of student, they emphasize more on the ability to analyze and solve the question but not the ability of memory or description. The American students donot need the mechanical memorizing, but display creative thought as far as possible; This can cultivate students study interest, raise the ability of doing it byself and make the study be one kind of creative action.Many teachers still adopted old teaching ways in the Chinese universities, thus take a test which needs mechanical memorizing.

Due to the development of science and technology, connections between higher education and national politics, economy, science,culture, military relation is day by day closer. The higher education is vigorous and upward, and it not only simply performances for the growth of quantity, but especially has had the huge change in the nature[1]. The advanced level of higher education has become a thesymbol of national strength.

We should clarify the difference of higher education between China and American, at the same time absorb the advantges to profit from the American higher education so as to faster the reform andthe development of our higher education.

As important as Spring Festival .It is usually celebrated in September or

October. This festival is to celebrate the harvest and to enjoy the beautiful

moon light. To some extent, it is like Thanks Giving day in western countries.

On this day, people usually get together with their families and have a nice

meal.

After that, people always eat delicious moon cakes, and watch the moon. The

moon is always very round on that day, and makes people think of their relatives

and friends. It is a day of pleasure and happiness. Hope you have a wonderful

Mid Autumn festival!

The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day

long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the

living, on the graves of the dead! All white save the river, that marked its

course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees,

that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and

intricacies of their branches. What silence, too, came with the snow, and what

seclusion! Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and

musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of

the sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children.

一、音乐智能。

我班幼儿的节奏感都比较好，但有些孩子决乏自信，不能在集体面前大胆自编动作，这方面本学期要加强。训练幼儿用不同速度、力度、音乐变化来表现歌曲的形象、内容和情感，唱出不同节拍歌曲的感觉，初步学会独立地接唱和与他人对唱，获得快乐唱歌的经验;按音乐的节奏做简单的上、下肢联合的基本动作，模仿动作和舞蹈动作，了解一些创编韵律动作组合的规律，能大胆地在集体面前表演;学习改编儿歌，并培养幼儿养成集中注意看指挥和对指挥的要求作出积极反应的习惯;同时，初步掌握前奏、间奏、尾奏、乐段、乐句的开始和结束，唱准歌曲的弱起小节，初步知道什么是音乐结构中的重复，学会打3拍子和4拍子。

二、空间智能

在空间智能中培养幼儿能运用多种工具和材料，用线条、色彩来表现自己的生活感受和想象，在绘画的过程中，帮助幼儿逐步积累经验，掌握正确的绘画姿势、握笔方法和集中注意地完成作品等良好的绘画习惯;鼓励幼儿大胆下笔，大胆想象，大胆创作，通过自己动手操作感受色彩的变化，能与他人共同协商，合作作画;在手工活动中，教幼儿用画、剪、贴等方法塑造和制作不同形态的手工制品，学习利用废物进行立体造型，能和老师、小伙伴们一起布置环境，锻炼幼儿手的动作协调和灵巧，有干净、整洁、有序等良好的手工活动习惯;欣赏的各种美术作品，自然景物和周围环境，懂得发现美、创造美、感受美，能用语言、动作、表情等表达自己的审美感受。

三、身体运动智能

我班幼儿在身体动动方面发展得比较好，但有一小部份幼儿的自理能力还要进一步加强。通过日常中的反复练习，引导幼儿熟练地进行穿脱衣服、整理床铺、整理玩具等，有一定的生活自理能力，鼓励幼儿参加一些力所能及的事情，有爱整洁的好习惯;挑食是现今每一个孩子的共同缺点，因此，在日常中，教师要具体、形象地向幼儿讲解粗浅的健康知识，通过“看、摸、尝”的亲身经验，了解各种食物的营养价值，培养幼儿爱吃各种食物，并知道喜欢吃的东西也不宜吃得太多，身体超重也会影响健康。

在学习徒手操和轻器械操的同时，能听老师的指示进行队形队列的变化;为了使幼儿能愉快地掌握各个技能动作，老师要用游戏的形式进行活动，提高幼儿练习的兴趣，在轻松、愉快的条件下开展活动并达到锻炼身体和增强体质的目的，提高动作的敏捷性，在游戏的过程中培养幼儿的合作、互助等良好品质。老师进行示范动作时，动作要正确、优美，Ji发幼儿参与练习的愿望，从而使幼儿学习各种技能动作，促进幼儿大小肌肉的发展及动作的协调发展。

四、自我认识智能。

在身我认识智能方面，主要培养幼儿积极创造性地参加集体游戏，能从中体验游戏的快乐，并积极参与集体表演，体验在活动中交流与合作的乐趣;能够为班集体做力所能及的事，愿意克服困难完成任务，积极思考获得解决问题的方法，获得完成任务的成就感;乐于探索并大胆说出自己的发现。

五、人际关系智能

把幼儿对现实感知放在首位。这是根据幼儿身发展特点定的，幼儿的生活范围较狭窄，生活经验少，对于许多社会现象，社会事件缺乏了解。丰富的认知和情感是社会的动力和基础，现实的社会现象、事件又为幼儿提供了行为的楷模和行为表现的机会。在日常生活中，利用各种活动，培养幼儿懂得关心、理解、体验、帮助别人等良好习惯，学习用适当的方式表达对同伴的喜爱，在和同伴交往中，引导幼儿懂得尊重别人，体会到倾听的重要性。通过节日的活动，引导幼儿体会节日的欢乐气氛和与人分享节日祝福的喜悦。

六、自然观察智能

让幼儿亲身对周围物质世界进行感知、观察、操作、发现问题、寻求答案的探索活动，运用合适的指导来满足幼儿的好奇心。在引导幼儿认识五官时，首先让幼儿体会感官的作用，体验感官的协调能力。通过用眼睛观察事物，能运用视觉感受颜色的变化，提高幼儿内心的观察力，体会视觉暂留现象。并能运用视觉以外的感觉途径探索事物如：触觉、味觉、嗅觉。了解重量的概念，学习使用称，知道邮局内相关设施，了解古时候和现在的传递信息的方式，认识邮票，培养幼儿的观察、实验的精神和探索的热情。

七、数理逻辑智能

数学教育能培养和锻炼人的思维能力。在这学期里，老师将引导幼儿通过感官与具体经验学习的数与量、逻辑与关系，图形与空间的关系。运用各种各样的操作材料引导幼儿认识数1~10，正确感知10以内的数量，知道它们能表示相应数量的物体;运用“一一对应”比较两组物体的多少，会用“多”、“少”、“一样多”的词语;能按物品的属性分类，学习比较物体的远近、深浅、高矮、厚薄等，让幼儿通过生活中的经验来体会和认识速度，如;比较走和跑、两种车子行走的快慢等，并能通过线索对事情发生的顺序做合理的推论，增进逻辑思考能力，通过平时的操作练习，培养幼儿乐意操作活动及动手能力，提高观察能力。引导幼儿感知时间的概念，认识不同面额的货币及币值;通过游戏活动和生活经验学会估算，逐步建立等量的观念。

在这学期里，我班努力创设出一个良好语言的环境以及氛围，让幼儿在交往、交流中，想说、能说、会说，在活动中逐步加强语言能力;本学期强抓幼儿说普能力，在教学中，坚持以普通话教学，培养幼儿的倾听意识和倾听行为技能;培养幼儿大胆和同伴交流，会用完整的语言表达自己的情感，有一定的自我表达能力;在游戏中培养倾听能力、注意力;能围绕着主题进行讲述，有顺序地讲述图片内容，能用不同的词语进行表达，能较完整把故事的主要情节正确讲述出来;能在原有的基础上仿编儿歌，鼓励幼儿多观察周围事物，能用恰当的语言表达自己的情感大胆在集体面前讲述自己的意见，积极参加讨论。

The tomb sweeping day is one of the traditional festivals in China. On

April 5th, people start to visit their ancestors’ tombs. Generally speaking,

people will bring the home-made food, some fake money and paper-made mansion to

their ancestors. When they start to honour their ancestor, they will light up

some candles and incense, put some flowers around the tombs. The most important

thing is to put the home-made food in front of the tombs. The food, also known

as sacrifices, is usually made up with a chicken, a fish and some pork. It’s a

symbol of the offspring’s respect to the ancestors. People believe that the

forbears will share the food with them. The children dedicate the food and money

to their forbears in order to show their love and caring. The young offspring

will go down on their knees and pray for their ancestors. They can say their

wishes in front of the tombs and the ancestors will make their dreams come

true.

In some provinces of China, people use different activities to commemorate

this day, for instance, spring-outing, swinging, tree planting and making

special food. One special food is Ay Tsao rice balls. It looks like Tang-yuan,

but its colour is green. Mix the ay tsao juice with the rice powder, then make

it into small balls. The Ay Tsao rice ball is done. People believe that eating

ay tsao rice balls can get rid of the bad luck and everything will go smoothly.

Other activities such as spring outing, tree planting are the other ways to

commemorate the forbears. For one thing, it is a sign that people should look

into the future and embrace the hope; for another thing, we do hope our ancestor

rest in peace.

It was Mother’s Day. Sun Zheng thought he should do something for his mother.

He decided to help his mother do some housework. After school he went to a shop

to buy some food on his way home.

When he got home, he did his best to cook some nice food,though he couldn’t

do the cooking well. Thenhe cleaned the room. He felt very tired, but he was

very happy.

When his father and his mother came back and saw the clean rooms and dishes

which weren’t so nice, they were very happy.They had their supper together. His

mother said, "Thank you,my child!"

This illustration depicts_________ (图画中的人物)with______________(补充说明)Recently

it has become commonfor people in many ways of life to_____________(进一步阐释) It

seems to me that thecartoonist is sending a message about _______(图画主题)，which

is______________(进一步的说明)He seems to be sayingthat_____________(给出细节)In my

opinion，___________(个人阐述)This simple picture is a wakeup call for

______(所涉群体，如thewhole of the human race)Therefore，it is imperative for us totake

drastic measures to put an end to ___________(问题所在)One the one hand，we

must_________________(建议一)It is clear that the drawerof the illustration is

urging us to _________(进一步说明)On the other hand，_______________(建议二)Onlyin this

way can we___________(展望前景)

这几天我非常难过，因为本来我们是要去广州旅游的，就是因为武汉爆发的这个新型冠状病毒，害的我们不能去玩了。

Im very sad these days, because we were going to travel to Guangzhou.

Because of the outbreak of this new coronavirus in Wuhan, we cant play

anymore.

昨天晚上妈妈给我讲了这个新型冠状病毒的`绘本，从里面我知道了这个病毒本来是长在野生动物身上的，但是因为有些人吃野生动物，捕杀野生动物，使这个新型冠状病毒跑到我们人类身上安家落户了。虽然这个病毒很危险，但是人们还是有办法对付它的，尤其是那些医生们很努力地在治疗被感染的病人们，有的病人已经康复出院了。我和外公、外婆、爸爸、妈妈、弟弟都待在家里，不敢出门，如果有人要出去买菜，我一定会提醒他：“别忘了带上口罩!”

Last night, my mother told me about the picture book of the new

coronavirus. I learned from it that the virus was originally grown on wild

animals, but because some people eat wild animals and kill wild animals, the new

coronavirus ran to our human beings and settled down. Although the virus is very

dangerous, there are still ways to deal with it, especially those doctors who

are working hard to treat the infected patients, some of whom have recovered and

left the hospital. I stay at home with my grandfather, grandmother, father,

mother and brother. I dare not go out. If someone wants to go out to buy food, I

will remind him: "dont forget to put on the mask!"

病毒给人类带来了很大的灾难，我想对大家说：“加油!我们有办法对付这个病毒，我们一定会胜利的!”

The virus has brought great disaster to human beings. I want to say to you,

"come on! We have a way to deal with this virus, we will win! "

Dear Tim,

With Spring Festival drawing near, I’d like to invite you to my home to experience the festival.

When you come, we can enjoy traditional Chinese food together, and then put up Spring Festival couplets. As a traditional custom, the couplets are always posted on the door of a house. Written on red paper, a couplet is composed of two lines of poetry, which rhyme with each other. Not only do the couplets add some joyous atmosphere to the festival, but also they express people’s wishes for a better life.

I would appreciate it if you could accept my invitation. Looking forward to your coming.

Yours,

Li Hua

Education is culture, and different educations show different societies’ culture. Americans regard education as the means by which the inequalities among individuals are to be erased and by which every desirable end is to be achieved. While Chinese education is for foundation education, but students may be not learn much. But all in all, different education systems account for the different phenomenon, because different society backgrounds and different culture helps human create a different country in the world.

The different society structure plays an important part in the education system. In China, all those who can enter the University have received an elite education and before enrollment they have devoted themselves to hard studying. Therefore, they are good at getting high marks on mathematics, psychics and so on. However, they are lack of chances to practice skills in real world thus having no social experiences. In that case, after graduation, most students find it difficult to find a satisfactory job though many of them get a job through the relationship net.

While in America, the education system pays more attention to social skills than to marks .Students have developed the ability to be independence in life and work. After university, they show great capability of thinking, innovation and creation which make them keep pace with the modern world. They are competent for the challenging work and can gain a good job in America with ease.

There is a huge gap on education between America and China, but we can’t say which one is right or wrong, ‘cause each of the education system is based on the different backgrounds, American education should be following the American’s culture, meanwhile, Chinese education has to follow Chinese culture. A good education model for China is very important to the learning process, and also is very hard. But the most important thing we need is the modern education which is internationalization education system and localization education systems unite for China and America, this is also what the education itself needs.

Today is New Years Eve morning， firecrackers sounding snap snap away. As long as you take a look at the outside， red firecrackers everywhere， come together to form a Red Sea. The family have their own homes going up in the beautiful， it seems like in the match. My family is no exception， sweeping， glass， cabinets， such as rubbing. Prepare the arrival of the New Year. 今天是除夕，上午，鞭炮声劈啪劈啪的响个不停。只要你向外面看一看，到处都是红红的鞭炮，汇成了一条红海。各家人都把自己家打扮的漂漂亮亮的，好像在比美似的。我家也不例外，扫地、擦玻璃、擦柜子等。准备新年的到来。 Afternoon， we posted in accordance with the custom of the Chinese New Year couplets， father and a good paste， and then said to me： "I paste you posted， I looked at the high level you say rich， said that if the lower rising good you "， I asked my father why? Dad said： "The plan is a lucky，" "Oh， I understand，" We posted on the Alliance are： evil Hongfu family happy is： wang gas people to come into everything. 下午，我们就按过年的习俗贴春联，爸爸和好浆糊，然后对我说：“我贴你看着高低我贴高了你就说‘发财’，如果低了就说‘高升’好吗”，我问爸爸为什么呢?爸爸说：“就是图个吉祥”，“噢我懂了”我们贴的上联是：家有宏福千般喜，下联是：人来 旺气万事成。 End paste New Year， we began dumplings. Good luck to Tim， we are still a dumpling in a bag of coins. Dinner， my folder， a Dumpling， one to eat， "cough，" the voice of a coin吃出for my whole family applauded， and say that I am lucky this year. After dumplings， we saw the Chinese New Year Festival， my favorite essay nd "yellow soybeans." Liu Qian first a one-dollar coins into the cup， then into the host egg rings. "Bean yellow" in a person to "take off clouds" that they "Li Xiangyun" really funny. No wonder people say： "Spring Festival Evening Show" is a cultural feast. 贴完春联，我们就开始包饺子。为了添吉祥，我们还在一个饺子里包了一个硬币。吃晚饭时，我夹了一个饺子，一吃 “咯”的一声，吃出一个硬币全家人都为我鼓掌，说我今年有福气。吃完饺子，我们又

My father is the best person in the world. He cares about me so much. No

matter how busy he is, he always makes out some time to play with me. Now

Father’s Day is coming soon. I want to give him a surprise. So from now on, I

need to save some money. When the time is coming, I can surprise him.

Boundless sea to look forward to, give people the beauty, give a person

warm motherly love.

The sea is like a poem; it jumps; like a picture, rich in meaning; and like

a symphony, vast and mighty...... It is like a mirror; sometimes calm, sometimes

filled with rage, overwhelming, to sail the boat overturned. In my mind, the sea

is blue world, is also the cradle of life. Pregnant with many free and small

life. The sea is so mysterious, so charming!

Now the sea has changed. The sea is no longer clear, it becomes muddy and

dirty. Washed up on the beach, left is no longer alive and kicking the fish

shrimp, instead of the piles of rubbish, but also mixed with a lot of dead fish

shrimp, stinking. Why is that? Its all because of us. When people admire the

beauty of the seaside, they throw the foul rubbish into the sea. There are also

people living on the beach, the toilet drain pipe to the bottom of the sea.

Whats worse is that the factory waste water flows into the sea in large stocks,

and the sea is dyed in a strange color. Led to the birth of a lot of lack of

brains, low IQ infants, our next generation - bright eyes [voice tender], the

face of the next generation of red, will never see the beautiful blue sea.

Someone once did an experiment. He compared a basin of water to the ocean,

and dropped a drop of ink into the sea. Immediately, the ink slowly spread out,

became shallow and disappeared. The sea water was almost as clean as ever. If

the ink kept dropping, the color of the sea would be deeper and darker, and

eventually it would become a basin of black water. 6 billion people on the earth

produce large quantities of living waste water and industrial pollution every

day. Like ink, it has been injected into the clear sea water. It has become a

polluted lake.

To the health of our human beings, to see the beautiful blue sea for our

children and grandchildren. Let us act now, love the ocean as much as we love

life, and love the common blue home of mankind.

In the young generation, their lifestyle is different from the old

peoples. They like to stay up and join many night activities, then they wake up

very late. The new expression of brunch fits them so much, which means the

people to have a meal combining with breakfast and lunch. But their health is

under threat. Some young peoples stomach hurts and cant digest food well. In

order to keep healthy, we need to do some exercise and eat food regularly.

Whats more, the balanced diet is very important, as the saying that an apple a

day, keeps the doctor away, so we need to eat properly. The healthy lifestyle

makes us live happily.

This year, the Dragon Boat Festival is on the fifth day of the fifth lunar

month.

Everyone knows that Dragon Boat Festival can dragon boat and eat seeds. But

this year, Im not the same.

In the morning I opened my eyes and caught my brother in a noisy voice.

Come out, theyre eating the seeds! I couldnt wait to brush my teeth and grab a

seed to eat. At noon, my brother and I took a "healthy bath". Soon I and my

brother were in the water.

Even though I didnt have the grass. But I had an interesting Dragon Boat

Festival.

What is healthy diet? To the most people, healthy diet means more green foods, no junk foods. The green food is those pollution-free, high quality and nutrient food, including the organic vegetables and meats, fruits, eggs and so on. The meals of healthy diet should be cooked with fewer salt and oil. And the junk food is those low nutrition, high calorie, processed food with much salt or oil, such as the fries, fried chickens, salted eggs and so on. These foods will cause one get weight and increase the risk of many diseases. We should keep a healthy diet, abandon the junk food to keep ourselves healthy.

什么是健康饮食?对于大多数人来说，健康饮食就意味着多吃绿色食品，不要吃垃圾食品。绿色食品就是那些无污染、高品质和营养的食物，包括有机蔬菜和肉类、水果、鸡蛋等等。健康饮食的膳食应该用更少的盐和油制作。而垃圾食品是指那些低营养、高热量、再加工的高盐重油食品，例如薯条、炸鸡和咸蛋等等。这些食品会导致一个人发胖，并增加疾病的风险。为了保持健康，我们应该保持健康饮食，抛弃垃圾食品。