初中英语说明文思维导图（精彩20篇）

说明文是对事物形状、性能、特点、成因等进行的理解式表达表述的文章。其形式多为文字提示或图表。这种文体使用比较广泛。科普文、产品介绍、国情或民俗介绍都属于这类文体。说明文是陈述客观事实，谓语动词通常用一般现在时态。说明文具有以下特点：

1. 科学性。介绍事物或解说事理必须揭示其本质特征。做到概念准确，判断恰当，分类清楚。

2. 客观性。写说明文时，要按照事物的本来面目如实地加以介绍、说明和解释。不能带有个人愿望或主观倾向。

3. 知识性。说明文以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁的语言介绍事物或阐明事理，使人们获得关于某一事物的知识和道理。

4. 解说性。说明文的目的就是在于把事物、现象或道理解释、介绍清楚，让读者明白。

几点写作注意

写说明文要注意以下几点：

1. 抓住中心，分清主次。首先根据要仔细阅读文字提示或观察图表，确定文章的中心内容。再根据内容把文章文分成几个段落，每段都要拟定一个主题句。然后确定中心人称和主体时态。

2. 列全要点，扩编句子。以拟定的主题句为中心，选择恰当的词和句型组织材料，编写句子，形成段落。

3. 布局谋篇，连段成文。按照一定的逻辑顺序，用适当的过渡词把已经写好的段落串连成一篇完整的文章。

具体写作实例

例如：根据下列提示，写一篇介绍你们学校的短文。

1. 位于市中心。

2. 有50多年的历史。

3. 现有60个教学班，近3000名学生。

4. 校园美丽，教学设备先进。

5. 教师经验丰富，工作努力。

6. 已为国家培养了许多高素质人才。

7. 本校为全市最好的学校之一。

要求：词数100左右。

写作示范：

Our school is located in the center of the city. I t has a history for more than 50years. Now, there are nearly 3000 students studying hard here, who were divided into 60 classes. I t has a beautiful campus and modern teaching facilities. The teachers are well experienced and they all put their hearts into teaching. Many students with high quality have been educated since the founding of the school. It is now one of the best schools in the city.

I am a shy girl, when my teachers ask me the questions, I will always low

down my head and answer them with small voice. Because of my character, I miss

the chances to make myself stand out and I also don’t have many friends. I

really want to change my situation, I don’t want to be a stand by anymore, I

want to be part of the group. So I force myself to join the class activities, I

find I enjoy them and I talk to my classmate a lot. I become active and start to

try more things, I take part in the debate competition and show my ability, I

find my stage.

Hi! Peter,

I’m glad to know you are having a good time in Chengdu.

TheSpring Festival is the most important festival in China. It is a custom to give lucky money to children. I get lucky money every year. I will put most of it in the bank, and spend the rest on some books. This year is no exception(也不例外) and I also got lucky money.With it, I bought some school things for several poor students in Ningxia，hoping the things can bring some happiness to them.

For you, I think it’s a good idea to buy a gift with the lucky money for your hostfamily before you leave China. You can also buy some Chinese gifts for your parents and friends in England. Or, just keep it as good memories.

I hope what I said can help you.

Yours,

Li Hua

找不到初中英语的名言警句吗?小编为您收集以下的名言警句，欢迎参考。

初中英语名言警句

A bad conscience is a snake in ones heart. 做贼心虚。

A bad workman quarrels with his tools. 拙匠常怨工具差。

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。

A bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk. 闻其歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。

A blind man who leans against a wall imagines that its the boundary of the world. 坐井观天。

Absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it. 相聚爱益切，离别情更深。

A burnt child dreads the fire. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。

Accidents will happen. 天有不测风云。

A clean hand wants no washing. 身正不怕影子斜。

A clear conscience is a soft pillow. 问心无愧，高枕无忧。

A clear conscience is a sure card. 光明磊落，胜券在握。

A clear conscience laughs at false accusations. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。

A clear fast is better than a dirty breakfast. 宁为清贫，不为浊富。

A close mouth catches no flies. 病从口入，祸从口出。

A cock is valiant on his own dunghill. 夜郎自大。

A common danger causes common action. 同仇敌忾。

A contented mind is perpetual feast. 知足常乐。

Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜於雄辩。

Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public.

在私底下要忠告你的朋友，在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。

A fair face may hide a foul heart. 人不可貌相。

A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

After a storm comes a calm. 否极泰来。

After black clouds, clear weather. 否极泰来。

After death, the doctor. 放马後炮。

A good appetite is a good sauce. 饥不择食。

A good example is the best sermon. 身教胜似言教。

A good face is a letter of recommendation. 好的相貌就是一封推荐的介绍信。 A good fame is better than a good face. 好的名望胜於好的相貌。

A good friend is my nearest relation. 良友如近亲。

A good marksman may miss. 智者千虑，必有一失。

A good maxim is never out of season. 至理名言不会过时。

A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。

A good winter brings a good summer. 瑞雪兆丰年。

A happy heart makes a blooming visage. 心花怒放，笑逐颜开。

A hero is known in the time of misfortune. 时势造英雄。

A lazy youth, a lousy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Ale will make a cat speak. 酒後吐真言。

A little is better than none. 聊胜於无。

A little leak will sink a great ship. 千丈之堤溃於蚁穴。

A little neglect may breed great mischief. 小不忍则乱大谋。

A little spark kindles a great fire. 星星之火，可以燎原。

My bedroom is not big but it is bright. Becauseeveryday the sunshine will come in. my bedroom is very simple. There just is abed, a desk and a wardrobe.

But I never feel my bedroom is empty, because it isthe place belongs to myself and full of my passion.

When I feel happy, I canlaugh in my bedroom. When I am sad, I can cry in it. I know that no one willbother me, as it is my private place. And every morning the sunshine comes in, Ifeel warm in my heart just seems that I see my promising future. I like mybedroom.

我的卧室不大但是很明亮。因为每天的阳光会照射进来。我的卧室很简单。这只有一张床，一张桌子和一个衣柜。但我从不觉得我的卧室是空的，因为它是属于我自己的地方，充满了我的喜怒哀乐。当我感到高兴，我可以在我的卧室大笑。当我感到伤心时，我可以在我的卧室里面哭。我知道没有人会来打扰我，因为这是我的私人地带。每天清晨的阳光照射进来时，我感到我的心都暖起来了，就像看到了我充满了希望的未来。我喜欢我的卧室.

[初中英语作文：我的卧室

learning is a daily experience and a lifetime mission. this is a proverb full of logic. in other words, learning is significant in our whole life. indeed, we can learn many things from it. if you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you’ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.

there are many reasons which can explain this phenomenon and the following are the typical ones. the first reason is that learning can light our road in the coming future. there is no denying the fact that the society is developing increasingly fast and we are often easily surpassed by the people around. the only way to avoid this is to learn to improve ourselves. as an illustration, i’d like to take myself as an example. after graduation from college, my life has been full of working pressure, which contributes to my decision of pursuing further education. that’s why i can make my own way in such a competitive society.

the effect of learning can be boiled down to two major ones. first, with the spirit of learning, we are more capable of overcoming the difficulties in the future. more importantly, we can enrich our spare time life by learning. no matter who you are, you must remember that learning is the basic skill in our life.

These are lots of books in our daily life. Some are about history, some are novels, and some are even about the dream in the future. I think its useful to read stories, because it can be used sometimes. Once, there was a very difficult question in an important history exam history, which wasnt mentioned in our history books, even our teacher has never told us about it. But I remembered clearly that I had read it in a history story, so I answered the question without difficulty and became the only student in our class who answered the question correctly. In my view, its useful to read stories.

My Plan for Winter Holiday

How time flies. This term ends quickly and the winter holiday is coming. I make a general plan for it. Firstly, my teachers leave us some homework, so I must earnestly finish them on time. I plan to finish them before the Spring Festival, and then I can enjoy the festival with all my heart. Secondly, I will spend some time with my friends. Generally, we study together but have little time to play. During the holiday, we want to have fun together. Finally, I will visit my grandparents with my parents, and then we will spend the Spring Festival with them. I haven’t seen them for a long time. I miss them very much. This is my winter holiday plan. What is yours?

With the improvement of living conditions, more and more people can live

longer. However, many old people always suffer from loneliness, which is one of

the major problems in today’s society. To make the old people live better, some

good advice must be followed. Firstly, the young should spare more time to talk

and communicate with their parents, so as to relieve their loneliness. Secondly,

the old ought to understand the work pressure and family burden of the young.

Furthermore, the society are supposed to organize more activities for the old,

so that they can make more friends and have more joys and happiness in their

life.

乐于助人

Helping Others

In school, I work very hard and I rank in the top of my class. Therefore, my classmates would like to ask me some questions about study when they do not ask for teachers. I like helping others. Firstly, when others need help,初中英语I want to give them a hand. They come to me, because they trust me. This makes me happy. Secondly, I can get help from others, too. Once you did some favors to them, they are more likely to help you. Finally, helping others is helping myself, too. When I solve problems, I get improvement at the same time.

通过上面对之乐于助人的学习，相信同学们已经很好的阅读了吧，希望给同学们的学习很好的帮助。

比较级和最高级可用哪些词修饰

1. 比较级的修饰语有 far, even, still, a great deal, a bit, rather, three times, any 中考, no, very much 等。如：

This is very much cheaper. 这个便宜得多。

Do you feel any better today? 你今天感觉好点儿了吗?

This one is even more expensive. 这个更贵些。

2. 最高级的常见修饰语有 (by) far, much, nearly, almost, not quite, second 等。如：

He is by far the best of all the students. 他是所有这些中最好的。

He is almost the tallest here. 他差不多是这儿最高的。

This is much the worst book of all. 这是所有书中最最糟糕的一本。

very不能修饰比较级，却可修饰最高级，但它与一般的修饰最高级的副词有所不同，即它要放在最高级前的定冠词之后，而不是之前：

This is the very best one. 这是最最好的。

另外，second, third等也要放在定冠词之后：

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河流

初中作文 少壮不努力老大徒伤悲

Almost everyone knows the famous Chinese saying：A young idler，an old beggar. Throughout history，we have seen many cases in which this saying has again and again proved to be true.

It goes without saying that the youth is the best time of life，during which ones mental and physical states are at their peaks. It takes relatively less time and pains to learn or accept new things in a world full of changes and rapid developments. In addition，one is less likely to be under great pressure from career，family and health problems when young. Therefore，a fresh mind plus enormous energy will ensure success in different aspects of life.

Of course，we all know：no pains，no gains. If we dont make every effort to make good use of the advantages youth brings us，it is impossible to achieve any goals. As students，we should now try our best to learn all the subjects well so that we can be well prepared for the challenges that we will face in the future.

详解阅读题--我懂他的话

While eating in a restaurant, I reprimanded my four-year-old son for speaking with his mouth full . "Mump umn Kmpfhm," was all I heard.

"Drew," I scolded, "no one can understand a word youre saying.

"He says he wants some ketchup," my husband said calmly

A woman sitting nearby leaned over and asked, "How in the world did you understand him?"

"Im a dentist," my husband explained.

Notes:

(1) reprimand v.申斥

(2) scold v.责备

(3) ketchup n.番茄酱

(4) How in the world did you understand him？你究竟如何明白他的话的呢？句中“ in the world”用来表示强调，加强语气。

Exercises:

根据短文回答下列问题：

① Where did the story take place?

② How old was the son?

③ Why did the mother scold her son?

④ What did the father say the boy want?

⑤ Why could the father understand the son?

102.我懂他的话

在饭店吃饭的时候，我申斥我4岁的儿子，因为他满嘴食物在说话。“喔、呢”，我听到的就是这些。

“祖，”我责备道，&ldquo 中考;没人明白你在说什么。”

“他说他要一些番茄酱，”我丈夫平静地说。

坐在旁边的一位妇女靠过来问道：“你究竟如何明白他的话的呢？”

“我是牙医。”我丈夫解释道。

练习参考答案：

① In a restaurant.

② He was four years old

③ Because he had spoken with his mouth full.

④ Some ketchup.

⑤ Because he was a dentist.

浅谈名词的可数性及其修饰语

名词根据其可数性可分类可数名词和不可数名词。在使用时要注意它们的以下特点：

◎可数名词有复数形式，而不可数名词一般没有复数形式。

◎可数名词前可以直接用不定冠词修饰，而不可数名词前不可以直接用不定冠词修饰。

◎可数名词可以在前面直接加数词表示数量，而不可数名词不能直接在前面用数词表示数量，若要表示数量需要用a piece of之类的结构。

◎可数名词前可用each, either, neither, another, these, those, both, (a) few, several, many, a great / good many, a large number of, scores of, dozens of等修饰，但不可数名词前不可用这些修饰语，而不可数名词前可用(a) little,

much, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等修饰，但可数名前不能用这些词修饰；不过，可数名词和不可数名词前均可用some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 初三, a large quantity of, quantities of等修饰。

以上几点是关于名词可数性的几个基本用法要点，初学者应重点注意！

初三英语学习的三大对策

尽早进入状态

初三是初中学习生活的关键年级，学习内容多，要求高，强度大。一年后（实际上约10个月）同学们就要参加中考，进入状态越早，就会越主动，效果就会越好。

初三的状态是指：树立明确的人生目标，拥有足够的学习动力，具有强烈的自信心；变“要我学”为“我要学”，时间安排合理，学习效率高；学习得法，不搞题海战术，既会学习，又会考试。

抓好三个环节

预习：初三学习忙，时间紧，但预习工作不可忘。课前要熟悉课文中生词的音和义，基本搞懂课文内容，尤其要记下难于理解的问题。带着这些问题，有的放矢地听课，听课的效率就会提高。

听课：课堂是获取知识和培养能力的主渠道，学习时间大多是在课堂中度过的。因此掌握科学的听课方法，提高听课效率，是提高课堂学习效率和学习成绩的关键所在。在课前预习的基础上，可以明确听课目标，掌握听课的主动性，从而提高学习效率。课堂上，通过听、说、读、写的训练，掌握词、句、段、篇等基本知识，培养听、说、读、写的基本能力。因此上课不仅要认真听，更要多说，多读，多写，多思。也要捕捉讲课重点，尽可能当堂消化。

复习：温故而知新，课后复习可以加深对课堂所学知识的消化和理解，并强化记忆，达到熟练掌握灵活运用。

复习要及时。艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线告诉我们，在学习开始的一段时间，不仅遗忘得快，而且遗忘的内容也多，因此趁热打铁，及时复习非常必要。对课文中的重点，难点、关键句可用有色笔注上记号，以便经常复习。

初中英语学习积累英语词汇十个技巧

【—学习积累英语词汇十个技巧】同学们是否还在为记忆单词而感到烦恼呢？下面是老师为大家推荐的方法总结。

十个窍门积累英语词汇

Connect：将单词的记忆建立在一个常用主题的基础上更容易记忆单词。建立你自己的单词间的联系还可以用蜘蛛网的方式组织单词。

Write：实际使用词汇能帮助在脑海中真正记住单词。用新的词汇造句或用一组单词或表达方式编故事。

Draw：激发出你自身的艺术性画那些和那些新学单词有关部门的图片。你的图片能在今后帮助你激发记忆。

Act：将你新学的单词或表达方式用动作表达出来,初中数学。或者，想象并表演出你可能会使用到那些单词的场景。

Create：用英语设计你的单词卡并在空闲的时间学习。每周都要制作新的单词卡，但是要不停的回顾所有的单词。

Associate：不同的单词指定不同的颜色。这种联系方式能在今后帮助你回忆单词。

Listen：想一想有没有什么听起来和你新学到的单词接近的单词，特别是一些复杂的单词。将你的新单词和其他单词联系起来以帮助你记住发音。

Choose：记得你感兴趣的话题要更容易学习。因此，仔细选择你认为有用的或有趣的单词。就算是选择单词的过程也是一种记忆的手段！

Limit：不要试图一天之内记下一本单词！每天限制你自己记忆15个单词，你就会不断的增添自信而不是感到没有办法应付。

Observe：当阅读或是听英语的时候注意那些你正在学习的单词。

上述的十种方法同学们是否掌握了呢？如果还有不明白的可以参考！

[初中英语乐于助人作文

July 10 20XX

I am planning to spend my summer holiday on sports this year. Playing basketball is always my favourite, so some of my classmates and I will form a small team and play basketball together. Sometimes we may have a match against some other teams and I do enjoy the sense when we win the game.

Mother is the most important person to us. Now people celebrate Mother’s

Day every year. It has become more and more popular. This day is on the second

Sunday in May. On that day, children often send their mother flowers to express

their love. And some children make small gifts for their mothers.

In last years Mothers Day, I didnt spend it with my mother because she

was in the hometown and I was at school, which made me feel ashamed. At night, I

called my mother. At that time, I left my tears, and my mother told me that I

should study hard at school. In the end, I said to her “Happy Mother’ Day, I

love you" and she was very surprised and happy.

从近年来全国各地的语文中考试题看，说明文在整个试卷中所占的比例也逐年增大。其难度也在逐年提高。下面是小编帮大家整理的初中语文说明文阅读基本知识及答题技巧，希望大家喜欢。

一、说明文基本知识

1、概念：说明文是以“说明”为主要表达方式，用来介绍或解释事物的状态、性质、构造、功用、制作方法、发展过程以及内在事理的一种实用文体。

2、与其它文体的区别：议论文以理服人，哲理性是它的主要特点；记叙文以情感人，形象性是它的主要特点；说明文以知授人，知识性是它的主要特点。

3、说明文的分类

事物说明文：如《苏州园林》，说明“务必使游览者无论站在哪个点上，眼前总是一幅完美的图画”的特征。

事理说明文：如《死海不死》，科学的说明了死海不死的原因在于“海水的咸度很高”。

二. 阅读技巧

(一)阅读说明文要注意从以下几个方面入手：

第一招：善于找准说明对象。

第二招：善于概括说明对象的特点。

第三招：善于分析说明顺序。

第四招：善于分析说明方法及其作用。弄清楚了说明方法的特点，分析它们在文章中的具体作用。

第五招：善于分析说明文的语言。

第六招：善于分析引用古籍或名言的目的。先要理解所引古籍或名言的含义，现联系说明的内容，看看这两者间有何内在联系，就能领悟其引用的目的了。在说明的开头文段或中间叙述有关的故事，究竟起何作用：在文章开头叙述故事，其目的往往是为了引起读者阅读的兴趣，或者是为了引出说明对象。在文章或段落中间叙述故事，往往是为了增强说明文的可读性，同时也为了说明事物的来源或作用。

第七招：善于完成开放性问题。中考说明文阅读，根据“新课标”中要求“注意领会作品中所体现的科学精神和科学思想方法”的要求，说明文阅读考查的题目势必要引导学生关注人类、关注自然、关注生态环境、关注科技进程、关注未来发展，有利于培养学生的科学态度、科学思想、科学品质、科学精神和科学方法。

（二）说明文阅读一般涉及11种题型：

1、考查说明对象：

答题技法：其一，要看懂题目，不少说明文题目本身就表示说明对象，如《中国石拱桥》、《苏州园林》等。其二，抓住首括句和中心句。说明文往往需要运用首括句和中心句来提示说明重点，包括说明事物的特征。反之，如果需要为说明文的语段加一个标题，也可以用说明对象作为标题。

回答时形成一个短语：本文介绍了……的……(对象加特征)。

例：《看云识天气》介绍云和天气的关系及怎样看云识天气。

2、被说明事物的特征：

答题技法：尽量从原文中找原词原句，若没有，则注意段意、中心句。

例：《中国石拱桥》三大特点：历史悠久、形式优美、结构坚固。

3、说明方法：1、常见的说明方法有：举例子、分类别、下定义、摹状貌、作诠释、打比方、列数字、列图表、引用说明。

2、常见说明方法的作用：

①、举例子：通过举具体的实例对事物的特征/事理加以说明，从而使说明更具体，更有说服力。

②、分类别：对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。

③、作比较：把__________和__________加以比较，突出强调了事物的特征/事理。

④、作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。

⑤、打比方：将__________比作__________，从而形象生动地说明了事物的特征/事理。

⑥、摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹，使说明更具体形象。

⑦、下定义：用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。

⑧、列数字：用具体的数据对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更准确更有说服力。

⑨、列图表：用列图表的方式对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更简明更直观。

⑩、引用说明：引用说明有以下几种形式——

A、引用具体的事例；（作用同举例子）

B、引用具体的数据；（作用同列数字）

C、引用名言、格言、谚语；作用是使说明更有说服力。

D、引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性。

（引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。）

4、说明顺序：有条有理地把事物的特征或事理介绍清楚。

时间顺序：即以事物发生、发展的时间先后来安排说明顺序，从而写出事物的发展变化情况。这种顺序一般用于人物的生平介绍、科学观察记录，说明事物或事理发生、发展或制作过程一类的说明文。

空间顺序：即按照事物的空间存在形式，或从外到内，或从上到下，或从前到后，或由远及近依次进行说明。这种说明顺序，一般用于说明事物的形状、构造特征。

逻辑顺序；即按照事物或事理的内部联系成人们认识事物的过程来安排说明顺序。由总到分（或由分而总）、由主而次、由现象到本质、由原因到结果、由个别到一般（或由一般到个别）、由抽象到具体、由整体到局部（或由局部到具体）等。

说明建筑物、景点等通常按照空间顺序说明。介绍事物各阶段的特点或制作过程时，往往采用时间顺序。介绍抽象事理时，则往往需要采用逻辑顺序。

近几年说明文选段多为科技类说明文，此类说明文一般是事理说明文居多，故多用逻辑顺序。

5、段意概括：

句式：说明了……介绍了……

方法：找中心句；结合本段说明特征概括，摘要联合，结合标点，尤其注意分号，认真提炼。

6、“这样”的指代义：指代上文距其最近的一句或几句内容。

7、段落语句顺序：

为什么不能调换段落顺序？

不能调换：原文采用由……到……的顺序介绍事物，调换后不合逻辑。

《向沙漠进军》5、6段照应上文游击战、阵地战顺序。

总分关系中分说部分与前文总说部分顺序相照应。《看云识天气》

8、语言准确性：类型1、加点字词有何作用？抓住说明文语文准确这一特点答题。

对策：答：准确/生动形象/地说明了事物“……”的特征/事理。 类型2、能否替换为另一个词语？并说明理由。

对策：答：（1）不可以。（2）原词的意思或内容。（3）所换词语的意思或内容。（4）换了后意思有何改变，与不符合实际。

类型3、限制性词语能否删去？

对策：答：（1）表态（删还是不删）。（2）定性。如：“比较”“几乎”“相当”等词表程度修辞；“大约”“可能”“左 右” 等表估计，“多”“有余”等表数量。（3）若删去，原来什么样的意思就变成了什么样的意思了，不符合实际，太绝对了。（4）xx词体现了语言的准确 性、周密性、科学性。

类型4、从文章中找出一个能体现说明文语言“准确”特点的词句，并体会。

类型5：指代——“这些条件”、“这种现象”“同样道理”等在文中具体指代什么。对策：一般指的就是代词前面的那句话，找最近的一句话。有时要注意可能不是整句话，而是其中的一部分。

9、说明文的结构。

说明文的结构常见的形式有：“总——分”式、“总——分——总”式、“分——总”式、并列式、递进式等。

10、考查能否从阅读材料中捕捉重要信息，对段落的内容进行归纳；对全文要点进行概括。

技法：认真仔细阅读原文，一般都能从原文中找到答案。

（例：“死海之变”中“死海已发生了哪些巨大的地质变化？

答：（1）海水水体的分层结构消失（2）海水中的硫化氢消失（3）盐的沉积增多。

11、发散创新：近几年，开放性试题以它答案的多元性和不唯一性成为培养学生创新精神和实践能力的一种重要形式，在考试中所占的比例也越来越大。综合各地开放型试题我们可以看出。这类试题大概从以下方面考查：

（1）对说明内容进行创新性的表述。

（2）对某种现象发表自己独特的看法和见解。

（3）结合实际对某个问题谈自己的认识。

（4）根据文章内容进行合理性的推断和大胆想象。

（5）由文章内容延伸到现实生活，对现实生活中相关现象进行解释。

（6）对人类关注的环境问题等提出解决的方法，拟写警示性标语、建议、广告等。这种题考查的是学生的综合能力。考查的是学生对生活的关注情况。做好这类题首先要让学生对所给材料有准确地把握，然后充分调动已有的知识和经验。再迁移到文段中来。开放性试题，虽然没有规定唯一的答案，可以各抒己见。但在答题时要从三个角度作答：

（1）是就材料回答问题。不一定按标准答案作答，意思答对就给满分；

（2）是阅读材料后受到的启示、感想。这样的答案也是具有个性化的；

（3）是从材料出发，或提出自己不同的看法。或扩散联想到其它方面。

总之。这类试题在训练理解能力的同时。训练表达能力，对答案的表述不能只靠一个符号或一个词语来完成，要写成一句或一段完整的话。在答题的同时有助于增加学生主体参与意识，扩大学生独立发表见解的余地，鼓励学生的创新意识和探究精神。

（三）对说明对象的把握。

看题目、首括句、尾结句或提问式语句。如果是事物说明文，被说明的事物既是说明对象。如果是事理说明文，说明对象则是对象加特征，答案形成一个短语：介绍了……的……。如：《看云识天气》，介绍了云和天气的关系及怎样看云识天气。

考察对说明事物特征的把握。

答题技巧：尽量从原文中找原句作答，若没有，则注意段意、中心句。如《中国石拱桥》中关于它的三大特点：历史悠久、形式优美、结构坚固。

（四）说明文写法分析

1、结合说明方法谈

规范性的答题模式如下：

这篇文章主要运用了……的说明方法，说明了……（内容：事物特征或事理），使说明……（作用：参考前面说明方法，明确其作用）

2、结合修辞手法谈

规范性的答题模式如下：

这是一篇生动地说明文，大量地使用了各种修辞手法，说明了……（内容），使文章的说明形象生动。

3、结合表达方式谈

记叙、描写使说明更具体形象；抒情、议论使说明更有感情。那么，从这个角度分析说明文的写法，答题的规范性格式如下：

这篇文章综合运用多种表达方式，除了说明外，还有……（从“记叙、描写、说明、议论”根据内容选择），如……（具体举例），就是……（表达方式）的运用，使说明更具体形象/充满感情。

（五）说明语段的作用

（1）、结构、内容作用：引出下文、承上启下、总结全文/前文。

有时在文章在开头，还起着引出说明对象/说明事理的作用。

（2）、结合说明方法谈。

通过……的说明方法，说明了……（事物特征或事理），使说明……（作用）。

"Qingming Festival is one of the most important traditional festival China.

It is not only the people pay homage to their ancestors, cherish the memory of

their ancestors Festival, is also the Chinese nations link to find ones

origin, is a hiking outing, close to nature, protecting the new spring

ceremony."

As an important content of the festival Ching Ming Festival sacrifice,

outing custom comes from the cold food festival, Shangsi festival. The cold food

festival and the understanding of the nature of the. In China, cold food after

the rebirth of the new fire is a kind of new transition ceremony, said the

seasonal alternation information, a symbol of starting the new season, new hope,

new life, new cycle. Then there is the "thanksgiving" means, more emphasis on

the "past" Remembrance and gratitude. Cold food observance ban fire cold food

festival tomb sweeping outing travel, take new fire. Before the Tang Dynasty,

cold and clarity is the two successive but the theme of different festivals, the

former Qiu Xin Memorial nostalgia, the nursing students; Yin and Yang, a breath

of life, the two have close relationship with the. Fire ban is for fire,

sacrifice to the Archilife dead, it is cold and clear the inherent cultural

association. Tang Xuanzong, the court had to order in the form of folk customs

in the Ching Ming Festival fixed sweep the tombs of the cold food festival,

Hanshi and Qingming is closely connected with in time, cold food festival and

Qingming associated with early, sweep the tombs from the extended to the

Qingming cold food.

导语：一般来说朋友都能给人一种安全感以及依赖感，你的好朋友是什么样的人呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

I have a good friend, we met each other when I was five years old. She is my neighbor and the first time I saw her, she smiled at me. It was her smile that made me feel she was a nice person to get along with. Indeed, she was a reliable friend. When I was in trouble, she would be the first person to give me a hand. Once I lost my key, when she heard, she tried hard to help me remember where I lost it. I am so lucky to have her as my friend. It is hard to meet someone who can make you feel safe and she is the one. She is the angel in my life.

【参考翻译】

我有一个好朋友。我五岁的时候我们就认识了。她是我的邻居，我第一次看到她时，她就朝我微笑。她的微笑，让我觉得她是一个好相处的人。实际上，她是一个可信赖的朋友。当我有困难的时候，她会第一个来帮助我。曾经有一次，我弄丢了我的钥匙，她听说这个事情后，就努力帮助我想起在哪里丢失。我很幸运拥有她作为我的朋友。找到一个可以使自己有安全感的人并不容易，对于我来说，她就是这样的一个人。她是我生命中的天使。

It is well known that exercise is important. In our school, we have to do an hours exercise every day. Many students are very happy. In the one hour, some of us play basketball, football and ping pong, and some run around the playground. Everyone is talking and laughing. I love this activity very much. I also hope that there will be more and more sunlight sports in our life after school. That not only makes us happy, but also makes our body healthier.

说明文阅读解题方法

学习目标：

1、了解说明文阅读的常见考点。

2、理解并掌握说明文阅读的常见题型及答题技巧。

课前预习：

一、说明文阅读的常见考点

1、对说明对象及说明特征理解。

2、对说明方法辨识与理解。

3、对说明顺序的分析与理解。

4、对文章段落结构特点的分析。

5、对文意、层意、段意的概括。

6、对关键词语、重点句子含义及其表达作用的评析。

7、对说明语言准确性的体会

二、说明文阅读的常见题型及答题技巧

1、题型：指出说明对象

说明对象是一篇文章所要介绍的事物或事理，一般是一个名词或名词短语，可以从两个方面入手：一看文题二看首尾段。事物说明文指出被说明事物即可。事理说明文指出说明内容，形成一个短语：介绍了……的……(对象加内容)。

2、题型：概括说明对象的特点。

①抓住文段中的段落和层次，②从每段（或每层）中抓住关键词语加以整理。

一般情况下，文段的开头（或各段的第一句）和结尾（或各段最后一句）往往说明了对象的特点。

3、题型：考查说明方法及其作用

A．常见的说明方法有：

1.分类别：（即对说明事物分门别类的方法。例如：“如何获得食物?这有两种不同的途径和方法：一种叫自养，??另一种叫异养。”）

2.举例子：（即以具体事物为例的方法。例如：“这种书目专门记录其专题或学科的文献。如要查找中国古代文献，就要使用《四库全书总目提要》或《中国古籍善本总目》等。”）

3.打比方：（即用比喻来说明事物的方法。例如：“桥洞不是普通半圆形，而是像一张弓。”）

4.列数字：（即是运用数据说明事物的方法。例如：“哪里知道，这条天河淹没了一千万颗以上的星星啊!一千万，你一口气数下去，得数一千多年。”）

5.作比较：（即用另一个事物与说明事物相比，以说明事物特点的方法。例如：“永定河发水时，来势很猛，以前两岸河堤常被冲毁，但是这座桥却从没出过事，足见它的坚固。”）

6.下定义：（即指明某一名词概念的含义。例如：“统筹方法，是一种安排工作进程的数学方法。”）

7、作诠解：作诠释，用于解释被说明内容的成因及内在联系。

8、.引资料：如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话等

B．说明方法的作用：

1、分类别：条理清晰地说明了?。

2、举例子：具体形象的说明了??的?特点，便于读者理解。

3、打比方：生动形象地说明了?的?特点，增强文章的趣味性。

4、列数字：科学准确具体的说明了??的??特点

5、作比较：通过?和?的比较，突出了?的?特点（地位、影响等）。

6、下定义：完整、科学、准确地说明?本质特点，使之与其他事物区别开来。

7、作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。

下定义与作诠释的区别是：定义要求完整，而诠释并不要求完整，对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。可以颠倒。

8、引资料：能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力，如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用：能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。

4、题型：对说明顺序的分析与理解。

说明顺序：时间顺序(程序顺序)、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。在答题时可答得具体些。如：时间顺序则是说明事物发展、演变，例如介绍工作程序的文章。

空间顺序(从上到下，从里到外，总到分，外到内，前到后，左到右，整体到局部，都可反之等，常用方位词如介绍建筑物或实体)。

逻辑顺序(先结果后原因，层层递进，现象到本质，因到果，果到因，主到次，浅入深，个别到一般等，常用表因果、表事理顺序的词，如"因为、所以""首先、其次")。

掌握答题格式：本文使用了（）的说明顺序对（）加以说明，使说明更有条理性，便于读者理解。(第一空应该填具体的说明顺序，第二空应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。如果是事理性说明文，但又不能准确表述，可用"事理"、"科学事理"等模糊性的语言表述。)

5、题型：分析说明文的结构

说明文常见的形式有："总--分"式(或由总到分，或由分到总，或总分总)、并列式、递进式等。分析文章结构，抓中心句及连接词，如"首先""其次""还""也""此外"等词语

中心句：出现的位置开头或结尾，有时在句中。判断，多为概括性较强的句子。叙述句、描写句、阐释句、疑问句一般不宜作中心句。

6、题型：根据说明的内容，怎样理清选文的思路：

技法指导：首先要对每一段的内容了解，并能对其进行归纳和概括，然后，再对每一段的内容进行比较分析，理清其行文思路，结构特点（因为有的是采用总分式，有的是总分总式，还有的又是分总式），就能说出其思路了。

7、题型：文章从那几方面进行说明？

先将文章分成几部分然后再加以概括

8、题型：考查全篇文章或某一段落的说明内容

①用原文回答：（要理清文章或段落的层次）。

找出全文的中心段或某段的中心句，（这往往就是问题的答案）。

②无适合的原文时，可用“点面结合”的方法总结概括。“点”：各段的说明对象，“面”：整篇文章的主体说明对象，两者结合组成完整的句子便可

9、说明句子或语段的作用

这种题目答题的角度有二：

（1）、结构、内容作用：引出下文、承上启下、总结全文/前文。

有时在文章在开头，还起着引出说明对象/说明事理的作用。

（2）、结合说明方法谈。

通过……的说明方法，说明了……（事物特征或事理），使说明……（作用）。

10、题型：说明文语言风格

a准确平实

b生动形象（如果使用了大量描写句、修辞句、神话传说等）

11、题型：加点词有何作用?抓住说明文语文准确这一特点答题。

对策：答：（）准确/生动形象/地说明了事物"……"的特征/事理。

12、题型：加点词语能否替换为另一个词语?并说明理由。

对策：答：(1)不可以。

(2)原词的意思或内容。

(3)所换词语的意思或内容。

(4)换了后意思有何改变，不符合实际。

13、题型：加点词语能否去掉？

这类词语主要是修饰限制性词语如：大约、左右、最、几乎、仅仅等

答题要点：

a.不能b.加点词语起修饰、限制、强调作用c.说明原句意思是……d.如果去掉，则……e.加点词语体现了说明文语言的准确性，严密性

14、题型：从文章中找出一个能体现说明文语言"准确"特点的词句，并体会。

15、代词指代什么内容

①瞻前顾后法（往前找、往后找）②自己概括、检验法（代入法或置换法）

16、题型：给文段补充一个过渡句：主要是结合上段的内容来考虑，方法是抓住上段说明的内容，以设问句的形式提出“为什么会（要）??,呢？”这就能自然地引出下文了。

17、题型：说明文中开放性试题、类型及答题要点

①提建议、方法、措施类要具体尽量符合实际情况

②拟广告语、设计标语等a.要切题b.语言简练、凝练、生动、有感染力c.有创意/有提示作用

③探究题，提取信息、获取信息类要参考全文，概括文章内容

④读了全文，谈认识类要结合原文，具体谈看法、谈认识

18、题型：“据科学家分析”“据资料表明”“据统计”一类词句的作用。

要点：表明信息的来源，增强说明内容的可信度，体现了说明文语言的科学性、准确性

19、开头的作用

①引出说明对象

②激发读者的阅读兴趣

③开头有描写性语言：生动形象地引出将要说明的事物（事理）

20、结尾的作用

①总结全文，点明写作目的

②表明希望，提出号召③想像远大前景（补充结尾是可参考）

21、描写在说明文中的作用？（从内容和语言的两个角度分析）

要点：描写了………内容，突出了………；语言上生动形象，激发读者的阅读兴趣。

22、说明文中引用古诗、传说、俗语、故事等的作用

要点：为文章增添文学色彩，增强说明文的生动性。读来耐人寻味；激发读者的阅读兴趣（吸引读者）

温馨提示：说明文最简单，答案大多在文中，读完后先理清层次，找出每段说明了什么内容。

"Love education" this book let me know a lot of human reason, make my benefit bandit shallow.

I think amway is a filial child, is also a kind of children. He is innocent, lively, active, there are a lot of care in his life his good friend, always encourage him, comfort him, so he can grow up smoothly, also can obtain experience.

Give me the deepest memory is second grades student Betty, he in order to protect a giulio was struck by the carriage is not a grader, is too late to dodge, crushed the foot bone by carriages, after the walk on crutches only. Students to help others in our life, there is, but like his sacrifice themselves to protect others students, we would not have met. See this story, I thought about the newspaper report: a ninety - year - old woman fell to the sidewalk. 20 minutes, not a passer-by to raise her up. Until 120 the ambulance arrived, the old lady had died for about 20 minutes. Also is two people to help, but the results are completely different, a received rescue, lay down his life for his people died a long time to be discovered. The pedestrian to give save ROM. Betty is good as a mile.

It is because the amway division side there are so many good partners, he can understand the world is full of love. It makes me feel this book is very meaningful, let me realize what is unable to destroy the friendship between classmates, what is a meticulous care between teachers and students, what is parents endless love! I believe that if you have these qualities, know what is true, the good and the beautiful people, must be the most beautiful and good life in the world!

《爱的教育》这本书让我知道了许多做人的道理，令我收益匪浅。

我觉得安利科是个孝顺的孩子，也是个善良的孩子。他天真、活泼、好动，在他生活中有许多关怀他的好朋友，时常鼓励他，安慰他，所以他才可以顺利成长，也可以从中获取经验。

给我记忆最深的是二年级的学生罗贝蒂，他为了保护一个一年级的小学生朱利奥不被马车撞到，自己却来不及躲开，被马车把脚骨压碎了，经后只能靠拐杖行走了。在我们的生活中，帮助别人的同学是有的，但像他这样了为保护别人而牺牲自己的同学，我们就不一定有幸遇到了。看到这一个故事，令我想到了报纸上的一则报道：一位九十多岁的老太太倒在人行道上。20分钟里，竟没有一个路人上前搀扶。等到120急救车赶到时，老太太已经去世约20分钟了。同样是两个值得帮助的人，但是遇到的结果却完全不同，一个得到了别人舍命相救，一个去世了很久才被人发现。这些行人跟舍身救人的罗贝蒂简直是差之千里。

正是因为安利科身边有这么多善良的伙伴，他才可以明白这个世界处处充满爱。这让我觉得这本书很有意义，让我体会到什么是同学之间无法摧毁的友谊，什么是师生之间无微不至的关怀，什么是父母永无止境的爱!我相信如果有了这些品质，知道了什么是真、善、美的人，一定是世界上生活的最美好的人!

When I lived in my hometown, I could play a lot of games with my friends.

Such as I could catch fish in the river, and I could play the game of hide and

seek in the mountain. I like living in the countryside so much, the closeness to

the nature brings me much pleasure. There is a tree in front of my house,

someday, I found bird’s nest in it. So I asked a couple of my friends to climbed

up the tree. We wanted to catch the little bird. But when I saw these lovely

creature, I changed my idea. I did not mean to hurt them. I gave up my plan, I

realized that every life was precious.

This afternoon, my father took me to the Olympic swimming, I was very happy, because for the first time I go to, have been very much looking forward to, every time my dad said, but did not go into, finally can go this time. But then I thought: "our two people will be bored, so I invited my brother and uncle to play."

I went swimming with my brother in the swimming pool. Has begun! First I was in the front, then I was a little tired, my brother was speeding up the "overtaking", and finally I couldnt get over it, I lost!

Then, my brother and I against uncle and father, I took my gun "embedded" underwater, brother to guide dad and uncle to come over, I suddenly emerged from the water, with water gun against them. We have a method, is "a diversion" we are currently using to a place where water spray nozzle, uncle and father went away in the past, we attack from behind them. The attack succeeded.

In the end, we won 2-1! We are so happy! Ill be back next time. I had a great time this summer vacation

今天下午，爸爸带我去奥体游泳，我高兴极了，因为我第一次去，一直很期待，每次爸爸都说去，可是都没有去成，这次终于可以去了。可是我又一想：我们两个人玩会无聊的，所以我就邀请了哥哥和叔叔一起来玩。

进了游泳池我和哥哥比赛游泳。开始了!首先我在前面，后来我有点累了，哥哥马上加速“超车了”，最后我一直反超不了，我输了!

然后，我和哥哥对战叔叔和爸爸，我拿着水枪“埋入”水底，哥哥把叔叔和爸爸引过来，我突然从水里冒出来，用水枪攻击他们。我们又有了一个方法，就是“声东击西”我们现用水枪向一个地方喷水，叔叔和爸爸就走了过去，我们从他们的背后攻击。攻击成功了。

最后，我们2比1的分数赢了!我们十分的开心!下次我还要来。今年的暑假我过得十分欢乐

It was a sunny day today,when i got up in the morning,i decided to see my

grandparents.so i took the bus and got there at noon,they were happy to see

me,and i was very happy,too.

In the afternoon,my farther asked me to help him water the plant,and i was

happy to see the flowers smiling in the wind.

In a word,today is a unforgetive day.because i saw my relatives and helped

people.