英语写作素材之常用经典名言【汇总20篇】

导语：说到底，感恩教育是孩子的品德教育，是个人品行修养的润物细无声教育，必然有个潜移默化、“身教大于言教”的环境影响过程。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

近日，一段朔州市实验小学的学生们集体痛哭的视频在网上热传。该学校校长赵志杰表示，源于该校近期组织了一次“学会感恩、励志前行”的主题教育，此举是为了帮助学生学会感恩，属于学校个体行为。也有不少网友在看过视频后表示不解，并指责这种行为的背后，是一种营销套路。

我们的孩子到底需不需要感恩教育?

答案应该是肯定的。

因为多年计划生育“只生一胎”政策的执行，涌现了一大批“衣来伸手、饭来张口”的“小皇帝”“小公主”，一些孩子缺乏现实生活体验，导致自私自利、以自我为中心，基本礼仪、感恩意识淡薄也是不争的事实.

但纵观时下热门的一些所谓“感恩教育”，无病呻吟式的致父母一封信、帮父母洗脚、在父母面前下跪、集体痛哭感恩等等，热热闹闹你方唱罢我登场，看似孩子“深受触动、感激流涕”，而事实上将感恩教育“一阵风”化了，不禁令人质疑：如此强压硬塞式的感恩教育果真能奏效?

也许学校有良善的初衷，也许学校真的意识到感恩教育的必要，邀请一些打着漂亮旗号，抑或“挂羊头、卖狗肉”的所谓专家进行感恩主题教育，用煽动性语言、做作的表情，惹得孩子们纷纷“深感愧疚、潸然泪下”，那么，如此一地一时的心灵洗礼有持久影响力么?孩子们对什么是感恩、如何感恩有理性全面的认识么?

当然是不可能做到的。说穿了，这就是一种表演式感恩教育，就是学校感恩教育的一种功利化、形式化表现罢了。

说到底，感恩教育是孩子的品德教育，是个人品行修养的润物细无声教育，必然有个潜移默化、“身教大于言教”的环境影响过程。

学校与其大费周章，花高价聘请所谓专家学者予以大动声势的“言教”，不如先从“学高为师、身正为范”的教师自身做起、从学校生活的点滴做起，去持续的影响、带动孩子们知道感恩、学会感恩，这显然比“快餐式”的感恩宣教来的更自然，效果也会更持久。

1.朋友之间保持一定的距离，而使友谊永存。--查理士

2.阴险的友谊虽然允许你得到一些微不足道的小惠，却要剥夺掉你的珍宝-独立思考和对真理纯洁的爱!--(俄)别林斯基

3.真正的朋友不把友谊挂在口上，他们并不为了友谊而互相要求点什么，而是彼此为对方做一切办得到的事。-(俄)别林斯基

4.仁爱的话，仁爱的诺言，嘴上说起来是容易的，只有在患难的时候，才能看见朋友的真心。(俄)克雷洛夫

5.不论是多情诗句，漂亮的文章，还是闲暇的欢乐，什么都不能代替无比亲密的友谊。-(俄)普希金

6.真正的朋友应该说真话，不管话多么尖锐......-(前苏)奥斯特洛夫斯基

7.友谊，以互相尊重为基础的崇高美好的友谊，深切的同情，对别人的成就决不恶意嫉妒，对自己培养一种集体利益高于一切的意识。-(前苏)奥斯特洛夫斯基

8.真正的朋友，在你获得成功的时候，为你高兴，而不捧场。在你遇到不幸或悲伤的时候，会给你及时的支持和鼓励。在你有缺点可能犯错误的时候，会给你正确的批评和帮助。-(前苏)高尔基

9.没有彼此的敬重，友谊是不可能有的。--(苏)马卡连柯

10.人的生活离不开友谊，但要获得真正的友谊并不容易，它需要用忠诚去播种，用热情去浇灌，用原则去培养。--(苏)奥斯特洛夫斯基

11.友谊不再增长的时候，它马上会开始下降--对于一个人的友谊总是不进则退，两者之间没有静止和平衡状态。--(美)亨利、詹姆斯

12.若不能原谅彼此的小缺点便不能让友谊长存。--(法)拉布吕耶尔

13.友谊是宁神药，是兴奋剂;友谊是大海中的灯塔，沙漠里的绿洲。--吴乔

14.择友宜慎，弃之更宜慎。--(美)富兰格林

15.朋友是抵抗忧愁、不愉快和恐惧的保卫者，是友爱与信赖的罐子。--《五卷书》

16.人生离不开友谊，但要得到真正的友谊才是不容易;友谊总需要忠诚去播种，用热情去灌溉，用原则去培养，用谅解去护理。-马克思

17.真实的十分理智的友谊是人生最美好的无价之宝。-(前苏)高尔基

18.友谊像清晨的雾一样纯洁，奉承并不能得到友谊，友谊只能用忠实去巩固它。-马克思

19.有很多良友，胜于有很多财富。-(英)莎士比亚

20.友谊的基础在于两个人的心肠和灵魂有着最大的相似。-(德)贝多芬

21.友谊永远是一个甜柔的责任，从来不是一种机会。——纪伯伦

22.真友谊像磷火——在你周围最黑暗的时刻显得最亮。——D.M.

23.真正的友情,是一株成长缓慢的植物。———华盛顿

24.挚友如异体同心。——亚里士多德

25.世间最美好的东西，莫过于有几个头脑和心地都很正直的严正的朋友。——爱因斯坦

26.没有朋友也没有敌人的人，就是凡夫俗子。——拉法特

27.对众人一视同仁，对少数人推心置腹，对任何人不要亏负。——莎士比亚

28.友谊是人生最大的快乐。--(英)休谟

29.友谊不用碰杯，友谊无需礼物，友谊只不过是我们不会忘记。--王蒙

30.友谊--是使青春丰富多彩的，清纯的生命的旋律，是无比美丽的青春赞歌。--(日)池田大作31.友谊是一种相互吸引的感情，因此它是可遇而不可求的。--罗兰

32.人之间的友谊，并非由于说不尽的好处，倒是说不出的要好。--钱钟书

33.最牢固的友谊是共患难中结成的，正如生铁只有在烈火中才能锤炼成锅一样。--(英)科尔顿

34.幸福的时候需要忠诚的友谊，患难的时刻尤其需要。--(古罗马)塞涅卡

35.如果说，友谊能够调剂人的感情的话，那么友谊的又一种作用则是能增进人的智慧。--(英)培根

36.人生离不开友谊，但要得到真正的友谊才是不容易;友谊总需要忠诚去播种，用热情去灌溉，用原则去培养，用谅解去护理。--马克思

37.真挚的友谊犹如健康，不到失却时，无法体味其珍贵。--(英)培根

38.在友谊里，不用言语，一切的思想，一切的愿望，一切的希冀，都在无声的欢乐中发生而共享了。--(黎)纪伯伦

39.既不请求别人也不答应别人去做卑鄙的事情，为友谊的一项原则。--(古罗马)西塞罗

40.柔和的态度对于一颗被人轻蔑的心的确是很大的安慰。--(法)罗曼、罗兰

41.以赠品收买朋友，则他也可能被他人收买。--(英)莎士比亚

42.长期在一起同甘共苦共患难，才能有莫逆之交。--(古罗马)西塞罗

43.友谊的最大努力并不是向一个朋友展示我们的缺陷，而是使他看到自己的缺陷。--(法)拉罗什夫科

44.一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。——毛泽东

45.朋友间的不和，就是敌人进攻的机会。——伊索46.真实的十分理智的友谊，是人生最美好的无价之宝。——高尔基

47.友谊需要—-忠诚去播种，热情去灌溉，原则去培养，谅解去护理。——德国谚语

48.在背后称赞我们的人就是我们的良友。——(西)塞万提斯

49.事实上，每个人的朋友中都有先进与落后的，问题在于我们怎样去帮助后进朋友，使他进步，切莫跟着他随波逐流，这才是真正的“够朋友”。——谢觉哉

50.友情在我过去的生活里就像一盏明灯，照彻了我的灵魂，使我的生存有了一点点光彩。——巴金

导语：Cease to struggle and you cease to live. 生命不止，奋斗不息。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

英文：You have to believe in yourself . Thats the secret of success.

译文：人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。

英文：You can’t have a better tomorrow if you don’t stop thinking about yesterday.

译文：如果你无法忘掉昨天，就不会有一个更好的明天。

英文：While there is life there is hope.

译文：一息若存，希望不灭。

英文：When there’s no expectation, losing won’t bring hurt, gaining makes you surprised.

译文：不去期望。失去了不会伤心，得到了便是惊喜。

英文：What today will be like is up to me , I get to choose what kind of day I will have.

译文：今天什么样，完全由我决定，今天怎样度过，由我选择。

英文：The man who has made up his mind to win will never say "impossible ".

译文：凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。

英文：The road of life is like a large river,because of the power of the currents,river courses appear unexpectedly where there is no flowing water.

译文：人生的道路就像一条大河，由于急流本身的冲击力，在从前没有水流的地方，冲刷出崭新的意料不到的河道。

英文：There will be no regret and sorrow if you fight with all your strength.

译文：只要全力地拼搏，就不会有遗憾，没有后悔。

英文：Time is a bird for ever on the wing.

译文：时间是一只永远在飞翔的鸟。

英文：Time will never change and stop for any person.

译文：时间不给任何人情面，也不会为谁而停留。

英文：Today, give a stranger one of your smiles. It might be the only sunshine he sees all day.

译文：今天，给一个陌生人送上你的微笑吧。很可能，这是他一天中见到的唯一的阳光。

英文：Victory wont come to me unless I go to it.

译文：胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。

英文：Walk the road you want to walk and do what you want to do , keep moving ahead and that’s not the silence of failure.

译文：走自己想走的路，干自己想干的事，勇敢向前，这就是你不败的沉默。

英文：We all have moments of desperation. But if we can face them head on, that’s when we find out just how strong we really are.

译文：我们都有绝望的时候，只有在勇敢面对时，我们才知道我们有多坚强。

英文：We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.

译文：我们必须接受失望，因为它是有限的，但千万不可失去希望，因为它是无穷的。

英文：The future is scary but you can’t just run to the past cause it’s familiar.

译文：未来会让人心生畏惧，但是我们却不能因为习惯了过去，就逃回过去。

英文：The first step is as good as half over.

译文：第一步是最关键的一步。

英文：The failures and reverses which await men - and one after another sadden the brow of youth - add a dignity to the prospect of human life, which no Arcadian success would do.

译文：尽管失败和挫折等待着人们，一次次地夺走青春的容颜，但却给人生的前景增添了一份尊严，这是任何顺利的成功都不能做到的。

英文：Success is the continuous journey towards the achievement of predetermined worth while goals .To live your life in your own way .To reach the goals , you’ve set for yourself . To be the person, you want to be ——that is success .

译文：成功是不断向领先确定的有价值的目标前进的过程，用自己的方式生活，达到自己定下的目标，做出自己想做的人——这就是成功。

英文：Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.

译文：成功是，你即使跨过一个又一个失敗，但也沒有失去热情。

英文：Never, never, never, never give up.

译文：永远不要、不要、不要、不要放弃。

英文：Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.

译文：并不是你面对了，任何事情都能改变。但是，如果你不肯面对，那什么也变不了。

英文：Nothing for nothing.

译文：不费力气，一无所得。

英文：Nothing in the world will stop me from loving you.

译文：在世界上，没有任何事物能阻挡我对你的爱。

英文：Nothing is impossible!

译文：没有什么不可能!

英文：One has no reason to end his life .Living is itself happiness.

译文：一个人没有理由的结束自己的生命，或者本身就是一种幸福。

英文：One thing I know,that is I know nothing.

译文：我所知道的一件事就是我一无所知。

英文：Ones real value first lies in to what degree and what sense he set himself.

译文：一个人的真正价值首先决定于他在什么程度上和在什么意义上从自我解放出来。

英文：People neeed some courage in life, just like climbing a cliff .Although there are stemp ahead, you still fell some timorous and dare not go ahead. But when you conquer the timidity and reach the peak, you will feel the importance of courage as you enjoy the beautiful scenes. It is the same with life.

译文：人生需要一点勇气和胆量，就如登一座悬崖峭壁的山峰，虽然上面都有云梯、搭好的台阶，可你就是有点胆怯，不敢向前，但你战胜了自我，到达了顶峰，看到了山顶的景色，你就会感到勇气和胆量是成功的标准人生何尝不是如此呢?

英文：Real dream is the other shore of reality.

译文：真正的梦就是现实的彼岸。

英文：Sharp tools make good work.

译文：工欲善其事，必先利其器。

英文：Sometimes your plans don’t work out because God has better ones.

译文：有时候，你的计划不奏效，是因为上天有更好的安排。

英文：Standing firm is to challenge difficult courageously and to leave the smile after sccess to oneself.

译文：坚强，就是勇敢的向困难挑战，把成功的微笑留给自己。

英文：Never underestimate your power to change yourself!

译文：永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

英文：Never give up, Never lose the opportunity to succeed

译文：不放弃就有成功的机会。

英文：Never allow yourself to get discouraged and think that your life is insignificant and can’t make a change.

译文：永远别让自己气馁，不要认为自己的生命微不足道且无法改变

英文：May I be strenuous, energetic and persevering !May I be patient! May I be able to bear and forbear the wrongs of others! May I ever keep a promise given!

译文：愿我努力精进，勤奋不懈;愿我有耐心能容忍并宽恕别人的过错，愿我能信守自己立下的诺言。

英文：Make yourself a better person and know who you are before you try and know someone else and expect them to know you.

译文：在你想了解别人也想让别人了解你之前，先完善并了解自己。

英文：I don’t long for luxurious life and gorgeous appearance , but I need a complete in habitation for sentiment.

译文：我不渴望奢侈的生活，不追求华丽的外表，但我需要一个完整的情感栖息地。

英文：I love it when I catch you looking at me then you smile and look away.

译文：我喜欢这样的时刻：我抓到你正在看我，你笑了，然后害羞地别过脸去。

英文：I will greet this day with love in my heart.

译文：我要用全身心的爱来迎接今天

英文：If they throw stones at you, don’t throw back, use them to build your own foundation instead.

译文：如果别人朝你扔石头，就不要扔回去了，留着作你建高楼的基石。

英文：If you find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn’t lead anywhere.

译文：太容易的路，可能根本就不能带你去任何地方。

英文：Its great to be great , but its greater to be human.

译文：成为伟人固然伟大，但成为真正的人更加伟大.

英文：Its never too late to mend.

译文：过而能改，善莫大焉(亡羊补牢，犹未晚也)

英文：Life is a candle . If burned out , there will not chance for you to start again . Let’s value life.

译文：生命像一根蜡烛，烧完了就没有机会了，从头开始。所以让我们珍惜生命吧!

英文：Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take breath away.

译文：生命的尺度不是寿命的长短，而是一生中有多少激动人心的时刻

英文：Life without sinuations and frustrations is life the flower in greenhouse, which can not stand the challenge from wind and rain , frost and snow ,and will srely die away in the end .

译文：不经历挫折和坎坷的生命，犹如温室里娇艳的花，经不起风霜傲雪的洗礼就会逐步走向自己的坟墓。

英文：Make a note to yourself to start thinking more about what you have than what you want . If you do , your life will start appearing much better than before . For perhaps the first time in your life , you’ll know what it means to feel satisfied.

译文：记住从现在开始，多想想你拥有的，而不是你想要的。如果你这样做，你的生活就会比以前更美好，或许你生平第一次懂得了心满意足的含义。

英文：I can make it through the rain. I can stand up once again on my own.

译文：我可以穿越云雨，也可以东山再起

英文：I am a slow walker,but I never walk backwards.

译文：我走得很慢，但是我从来不会后退。

英文：Having a calm smile to face with being disdained indicates kind of confidence.

译文：被轻蔑的时候能平静的一笑，这是一种自信。

英文：A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step.

译文：千里之行，始于足下。

英文：Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.

译文：有所成就是人生唯一的真正乐趣。

英文：All things come to those who wait.

译文：苍天不负有心人

英文：An idle youth，a needy age.

译文：少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

英文：Cease to struggle and you cease to live.

译文：生命不止，奋斗不息。

英文：Challenge is needed for success.

译文：成功需要挑战。

英文：Dare and the world always yields. If it beats you sometimes, dare it again and again and it will succumb.

译文：你勇敢，世界就会让步。如果有时它战胜你，你要不断地勇敢再勇敢，它就会屈服。

英文：Diligence is the mother of good plough deep while shuggards sleep,you will have corn to sell and to keep.

译文：勤奋是幸运之母;如果懒汉睡觉的时候你深耕土地，你就会有谷物出售和储存。

英文：Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort.

译文：不要只因一次挫败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。

英文：Do what you say,say what you do.

译文：做你说过的，说你能做的

英文：Dont try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to.

译文：不要着急，最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。

英文：Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.

译文：做你想做的梦吧，去你想去的地方吧，成为你想成为的人吧，因为你只有一次生命，一个机会去做所有那些你想做的事。

英文：Every body is a star in the sky.

译文：每个人都是天空中的一颗星。

英文：Getting out of bed in winter is one of life’s hardest mission.

译文：冬天，将自己从被窝里掏出来，是人生最难的任务之一了。

英文：Great minds have purpose, others have wishes.

译文：杰出的人有着目标，其他人只有愿望。

英文：A person in the world must have his own business , no matter big or small . Only with recognition from the society can your life is meaningful.

译文：人生在世总要做出一番事业，不管事业是大是小，总要让社会承认你的价值才不算枉活一世。

英文：A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.

译文：只要一个人还有追求，他就没有老。直到后悔取代了梦想，一个人才算老。

1、All things in their being are good for something.

天生我才必有用。

2、Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people.

困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。

3、Failure is the mother of success.——Thomas Paine

失败乃成功之母。

4、For man is man and master of his fate.

人就是人，是自己命运的主人。

5、The unexamined life is not worth living.——Socrates

混混噩噩的生活不值得过。——苏格拉底

6、None is of freedom or of life deserving unless he daily conquers it anew.——Erasmus

只有每天再度战胜生活并夺取自由的人，才配享受生活的自由。

7、Our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. So let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness.——R.M. Nixon

命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。因此，让我们毫无畏惧，满心愉 悦地把握命运。——尼克松

8、Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.——John Ruskin

生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。-- 罗斯金

9、What makes life dreary is the want of motive.——George Eliot

没有了目的，生活便郁闷无光。——乔治·埃略特

10、Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks regions hitherto unexplored.——Lincoln

卓越的天才不屑走旁人走过的路。他寻找迄今未开拓的地区。

11、There is no such thing as a great talent without great will - power.——Balzac

没有伟大的意志力，便没有雄才大略。——巴尔扎克

12、A man cant ride your back unless it is bent.你的腰不弯，别人就不能骑在你的背上。

13、Although again sweet candy, also has a bitter day.即使再甜的糖，也有苦的一天。

14、Sharp tools make good work.工欲善其事，必先利其器。

15、Never put off what you can do today until tomorrow.今日事今日毕!

16、Wasting time is robbing oneself.浪费时间就是掠夺自己。

17、The greatest test of courage on earth is to bear defeat without losing heart.世界上对勇气的最大考验是忍受失败而不丧失信心。

18、A mans best friends are his ten fingers.人最好的朋友是自己的十个手指。

19、Only they who fulfill their duties in everyday matters will fulfill them on great occasions.只有在日常生活中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。

20、The shortest way to do many things is to only one thing at a time.做许多事情的捷径就是一次只做一件事。

21、Theres only one corner of the universe you can be sure of improving, and thats your own self.这个宇宙中只有一个角落你肯定可以改进，那就是你自己。

22、The first step is as good as half over.第一步是最关键的一步。

23、Do one thing at a time, and do well.一次只做一件事，做到最好!

24、Believe that god is fair.相信上帝是公平的。

25、Wealth is the test of a mans character.财富是对一个人品格的试金石。

26、The best hearts are always the bravest.心灵最高尚的人，也总是最勇敢的人。

27、Dont aim for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.如果你想要成功，不要去追求成功;尽管做你自己热爱的事情并且相信它，成功自然到来。

28、All things come to those who wait.苍天不负有心人。

29、Victory wont come to me unless I go to it.胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。

30、A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.只要一个人还有追求，他就没有老。直到后悔取代了梦想，一个人才算老。

以下是小编整理的2015中考英语写作素材:名言警句类，希望能帮的到您。

01. Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧.

02. Time is money.

时间就是金钱

03. Easier said than done.

说来容易做来难

04. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者事竟成.

05. Look before you leap.

三思而后行.

06. Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量

07. God helps those who help themselves.

自助者天助.

08. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.

心之所愿，无事不成

09. It’s never too old to learn.

活到老，学到老

10. No pains, no gains.

不劳无获

11. Once in a blue moon.

千载难逢

12. To make the impossible possible.

将不可能变为可能

13. Failure is the mother of success.

失败乃成功之母

14. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真情

15. First things first.

先做重要之事

16. Great minds think alike.

英雄所见略同

17. Rome was not built in a day.

成功并非一朝一夕的事

18. All that glitters is not gold.

闪光的未必都是金子

19. East or west, home is the best.

金窝银窝不如自家草窝

20. Time and tide wait for no man.

时间不等人

21. There is but a secret to success—Never give up!

成功只有一个秘诀—永不放弃!

22. Where there is life, there is hope.

有生命必有希望

23. Beauty will buy no beef.

漂亮不能当饭吃

24. Better late than never.

迟做总比不做好

25. Every little helps.

点滴都有用;积少成多

26. The shortest answer is doing.

最简短的回答就是行动

27. No news is good news.

没消息，就是好消息

28. Well begun, half done.

好的开始是成功的一半

29. All for one, one for all.

人人为我，我为人人

30. One false step will make a great difference.

失之毫厘，谬以千里

31. Facts speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩

32. As the tree, so the fruit.

种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆

33. To live is to learn; to learn is to better live.

活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着

34. Like and like make good friends.

趣味相投

35. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只学习不玩耍聪明的孩子也变傻.

导语：2016年已经到来，关于小升初写作素材，小编收集了一些关于读书的名言希望对打击有所帮助!

1、书是人类进步的阶梯。

2、一日不读口生，一日不写手生。

3、我扑在书上，就像饥饿的人扑在面包上。——高尔基

4、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游

5、读一本好书，就如同和一个高尚的人在交谈——歌德

6、读一切好书，就是和许多高尚的人谈话。——笛卡儿

7、学习永远不晚。——高尔基

8、少而好学，如日出之阳;壮而好学，如日中之光;志而好学，如炳烛之光。——刘向

9、学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆。——孔子

10、读书给人以快乐、给人以光彩、给人以才干。——培根

11、读书，这个我们习以为常的平凡过程，实际是人的心灵和上下古今一切民族的伟大智慧相结合的过程。高尔基

12、读书，这个我们习以为常的平凡过程，实际上是人们心灵和上下古今一切民族的伟大智慧相结合的过程。高尔基

13、我们读书时，是别人在代替我们思想，我们只不过重复他的思想活动的过程而已，犹如儿童启蒙习字时，用笔按照教师以铅笔所写的笔画依样画葫芦一般。我们的思想活动在读书时被免除了一大部分。因此，我们暂不自行思索而拿书来读时，会觉得很轻松，然而在读书时，我们的头脑实际上成为别人思想的运动场了。所以，读书愈多，或整天沉浸读书的人，虽然可借以休养精神，但他的思维能力必将渐次丧失，此犹如时常骑马的人步行能力必定较差，道理相同。叔本华

14、读书对于我来说是驱散生活中的不愉快的最好手段。没有一种苦恼是读书所不能驱散的。孟德斯鸠

15、三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿读书时;黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。(唐)颜真卿

16、读书是最好的学习。追随伟大人物的思想，是最富有趣味的一门科学。普希金

17、少年读书，如隙中窥月;中年读书，如庭中望月;老年读书，如台上玩月。皆以阅历之深浅，为所得之深浅耳。张潮

18、读书贵能疑，疑乃可以启信。读书在有渐，渐乃克底有成。《格言联壁》

19、古今来许多世家，无非积德。天地间第一人品，还是读书。《格言联璧》

20、读书如吃饭，善吃者长精神，不善吃者长疾瘤。(清)袁牧

21、读书勿求多，岁月既积，卷帙自富。(清)冯班

22、读书必专精不二，方见义理。(明)薛煊

23、或作或辍，一曝十寒，则虽读书百年，吾未见其可也。(明)吴梦祥

24、读书譬如饮食，从容咀嚼，其味必长;大嚼大咀，终不知味也。(宋)朱熹

25、读书之法无它，惟是笃志虚心，反复详玩，为有功耳。(宋)朱熹

26、为学之道，莫先于穷理;穷理之要，必先于读书。(宋)朱熹

27、读书要玩味。(宋)程颢

28、学乃身之宝，儒为席上珍。君看为宰相，必用读书人。《神童诗·劝学》

29、天子重英豪，文章教儿曹。万般皆下品，惟有读书高。《神童诗·劝学》

30、读书不知味，不如束高阁;蠢鱼尔何如，终日食糟粕。(清)袁牧

31、凿壁偷光，聚萤作囊;忍贫读书，车胤匡衡。(元)许名奎

32、外物之味，久则可厌;读书之味，愈久愈深。(宋)程颢

33、读书当将破万卷;求知不叫一疑存。《对联集锦》

34、立品直须同白玉;读书何止到青云。《对联集锦》

35、勤者读书夜达旦;青藤绕屋花连云。《对联集锦》

36、自家慢诩便便腹，开卷方知未读书。(清)张月楼

37、人家不必论富贵，唯有读书声最佳。(明)唐寅

38、磋砣莫遗韶光老，人生惟有读书好。《宋诗纪要》

39、立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本。(宋)郑耕老

40、读书之乐何处寻，数点梅花天地心。(宋)朱熹

41、读书欲精不欲博，用心欲专不欲杂。(宋)黄庭坚

42、腹有诗书气自华，读书万卷始通神。(宋)苏轼

43、早知今日读书是，悔作从前任侠非。(唐)李欣

44、读书即未成名，究竟人高品雅。修德不期获报，自然梦稳心安。《对联集锦》

45、求学将以致用;读书先在虚心。《对联集锦》

46、至乐莫如读书，至要莫如教子。《增广贤文》

47、贫寒更须读书，富贵不忘稼穑。(清)王永彬

48、读书志在圣贤，为官心存君国。(清)朱用纯

49、行万里路，读万卷书。

50、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。

51、读书破万卷，下笔如有神。

励志的名言是我们写作中常用到的，下面请看语文迷为大家带来的励志英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

Well begun is half done.

好的开端是成功的一半。

East, west, home is best.

金窝、银窝，不如自己的草窝。

There is no royal road to learning.

学无坦途。

Look before you leap. First think, then act.

三思而后行。

No man is born wise or learned.

人非生而知之。

Action speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.

勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

United we stand, divided we fall.

合即立，分即垮。

There is no smoke without fire.

无风不起浪。

Many hands make light work.

人多好办事。

Reading makes a full man.

读书长见识。

The best horse needs breeding, and the aptest child needs teaching.

最好的马要驯，最伶俐的孩子要教。

Learn young, learn fair.

学习趁年轻，学就要学好。

Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。

Once bitten, twice shy.

一次被咬，下次胆小。

Sound in body, sound in mind.

有健全的身体才有健全的精神。

Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

Dogs wave their tails not so much in, love to you as your bread.

狗摇尾巴，爱的是你的面包。

Money is a good servant but a bad master.

要做金钱的主人，莫作金钱的奴隶。

It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.

无风难驶船。

The path to glory is always rugged.

通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

Quality matters more than quantity.

质重于量。

It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

Light come, light go.

来得容易，去得快。

Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真交。

Great hopes make great man.

远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。

After a storm comes a calm.

雨过天晴。

All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

Art is long, but life is short.

人生有限，学问无涯。

Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.

只要人有恒，万事都能成。

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。

A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口。

It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.

前车之鉴。

Keeping is harder than winning.

创业不易，守业更难。

Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.

船到桥头自然直。

More haste, less speed.

欲速则不达。

No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

Where there is life, there is hope.

生命不息，希望常在。

An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

We must not lie down, and cry, "God help us."

求神不如求己。

A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

花有重开日，人无再少年。

God helps those who help themselves.

自助者，天助之。

What may be done at any time will be done at no time.

明日待明日，明日不再来。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

Truth is the daughter of time.

时间见真理。

Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves.

积少自然成多。

No man is wise at all times.

智者千虑，必有一失。

当今社会，公务员考试越来越成为许多大学生的选择之一。公务员考试中的申论写作也就成了越来越多的人关注的焦点话题。语文迷小编今天为您带来申论常用名言，希望对大家有所帮助!

( 1 ) 千夫诺诺，不如一士之谔谔。——苏轼《讲田友直字序》

( 2 ) 构大厦者先择匠而后简材，治国家者先择佐而后定民。——《意林》

( 3 ) 正其本者万事理，劳于永者逸于使。——张九龄《对嗣鲁王道坚所举道侔伊吕科·第一道》

( 4 ) 为之于未有，治之于未乱。——《老子》

( 5 ) 民安土重迁，不可卒变，易以顺行，难以逆动。——《三国志·魏书·袁涣传》

( 6 ) 治身莫先于孝，治国莫先于公。——苏轼《司马温公行状》

( 7 ) 利莫大于治，害莫大于乱。——《管子·正世》

( 8 ) 知屋漏者在宇下，知政失者在草野，知经误者在诸子。——王充《论衡·书解篇》

( 9 ) 宽则得众，信则人任焉。——苏辙《新论下》

( 10 ) 理国要道，在于公平正直。——吴兢《贞观政要·公平》

( 11 ) 先民有言，询于刍荛。——《诗经·大雅·板》

( 12 ) 天下犹人之体，腹心充实，四支虽病，终无大患

( 13 ) 大者不能，小者不为，是弃国捐身之道也。

( 14 ) 求木之长者，必固其根本;欲流之远者，必浚其泉源;思国之安者，必积其德义。

( 15 ) 智者不为非其事，廉者不为非其有。

( 16 ) 召远在修近，闭祸在除怨——《管子·版法》

( 17 ) 人生天地之间，若白驹之过隙，忽然而已。——庄周

( 18 ) 人生照例是一场值得一搏的争衡，然而它的奖品是拼斗。——拉尔夫·詹

( 19 ) 居安思危，思则有备，有备无患——《左传·襄公十一年》

( 20 ) 人生就像奕棋，一步失误，全盘皆输。——弗洛伊德

( 21 ) 人生的价值，即以其人对于当代所做的工作为尺度。——徐玮

( 22 ) 天下犹人之体，腹心充实，四支虽病，终无大患。——《三国志·魏书·杜畿传》

( 23 ) 利莫大于治，害莫大于乱。——《管子·正世》

( 24 ) 求木之长者，必固其根本;欲流之远者，必浚其泉源;思国之安者，必积其德义。——吴兢《贞观政要·君道》

( 25 ) 人生意义的大小，不在乎外界的变迁，而在乎内心的经验。人生的意义就在这个过程上。你要细细体认和玩味这个过程中的每节，无论它是一节黄金或一节铁;你要认识每节的充分价值。——周庄

( 26 ) 为之于未有，治之于未乱。——《老子》

( 27 ) 人生是伟大的宝藏，我晓得从这个宝藏里选取最珍贵的珠宝。人生不售来回票，一旦动身，绝不能复返。人生的价值，应当看他贡献什么，而不应当看他取得什么。人生不是一种享乐，而是一桩十分沉重的工作。——列夫托尔斯泰

( 28 ) 构大厦者先择匠而后简材，治国家者先择佐而后定民。——《意林》

( 29 ) 人生应该如蜡烛一样，从顶燃到底，一直都是光明的。——树烈

( 30 ) 貌言华也，圣言实也，苦言药也，甘言疾也。明主者务闻其过，不务闻其善。

( 31 ) 但得官清吏不横，即是村中歌午时。

( 32 ) 构大厦者先择匠而后简材，治国家者先择佐而后定民。

( 33 ) 谄谀在侧，善议阻塞，则国危矣。

( 34 ) 乃知国家事，成败固人心。

( 35 ) 但立直标，终无屈影。

( 36 ) 居安思危，思则有备，有备无患。

( 37 ) 为人臣者，以富乐民为功，以贫苦民为罪。

( 38 ) 政通人和，百废俱兴。

( 39 ) 欲影正者端其表，欲下廉者先己身。

( 40 ) 者，民之表也。表正，则何物不正!

( 41 ) 正其本者万事理，劳于永者逸于使。

( 42 ) 计疑无定事，事疑无成功。

( 43 ) 大臣法，小臣廉。

( 44 ) 君之所以明者，兼听也;君之所以暗者，偏信也。

( 45 ) 居安思危，思则有备，有备无患。——《左传·襄公十一年》

( 46 ) 夫民，别而听之则愚，合而听之则圣。——《管子·君臣上》

( 47 ) 民者，国之根也，诚宜重其食，爱其命。——《三国志·吴书·骆统传》

( 48 ) 有理而无益于治者，君子弗言;有能而无益于事者，君子弗为。——《尹文子》

( 49 ) 治事不若治人，治人不若治法，治法不若治时。——苏轼《应制举上两制书》

( 50 ) 民惟邦本，本固邦宁。——《尚书·五子之歌》

( 51 ) 政贵有恒。——《尚书·毕命》

( 52 ) 不以一己之利为利，而使天下受其利;不以一己之害为害，而使天下释其害。——黄宗羲《原君》

( 53 ) 苟利于民，不必法古;苟周于事，不必循旧。——《淮南子·泛论训》

( 54 ) 政纲虽举，必求益其所未至;德泽虽布，必思及其所未周。——《宋史·薛极传》

( 55 ) 莫三人而迷。——《韩非子·内储说上七术》

( 56 ) 天下犹人之体，腹心充实，四支虽病，终无大患。——《三国志·魏书·杜畿传》

( 57 ) 享天下之利者，任天下之患;居天下之乐者，同天下之忧。——苏轼《赐新除中大夫守尚书右丞王存辞免恩不允诏》

( 58 ) 求木之长者，必固其根本;欲流之远者，必浚其泉源;思国之安者，必积其德义。——吴兢《贞观政要·君道》

( 59 ) 可怀以德，难屈以力。——《三国志·魏书·三少帝纪》

( 60 ) 虑于民也深，则谋其始也精。——欧阳修《偃虹堤记》

( 61 ) 上安下顺，弊绝风清。——周敦颐《拙赋》

( 62 ) 积力之所举，即无不胜也;众智之所为，即无不成也。——《文子·下德》

( 63 ) 召远在修近，闭祸在除怨。——《管子·版法》

( 64 ) 天下顺治在民富，天下和静在民乐，天下兴行在民趋于正。——明·王廷相《慎言·御民篇》

( 65 ) 居之以强力，发之以果敢，而成之以无私。——苏辙《新论中》

( 66 ) 达人无不可，忘己爱苍生。——王维《赠房卢氏琯》

( 67 ) 为国者以富民为本，以正学为基。——王符《潜夫论·务本》

导语：善长于沟通的管理者，也可能善长于掩饰真正的问题。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的有关沟通的中考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、道理论据：

1、做一个好听众，鼓励别人说说他们自己。——戴尔·卡耐基

2、最理想的朋友，是气质上互相倾慕，心灵上互相沟通，世界观上互相合拍，事业上目标一致的人。——周汉晖

3、只要有可能，资料应该从发送者直接传递给接收者。——当劳L.柯克派崔克

4、在太空时代，最重要的空间是存在于耳朵与耳朵之间。——汤玛斯J·巴楼

5、在交谈中，判断比雄辩更重要。——格拉西安

6、愈坏的消息，应该用愈多的气力沟通它。——安德鲁S.葛洛夫

7、与人交谈一次，往往比多年闭门劳作更能启发心智。思想必定是在与人交往中产生，而在孤独中进行加工和表达。 ——列夫·托尔斯泰

8、有许多隐藏在心中的秘密都是通过眼睛被泄露出来的，而不是通过嘴巴。——爱默生

9、有效的沟通取决於沟通者对话题的充分掌握，而非措词的甜美---葛洛夫

10、有时你必须保持沉默，以便令人听到你的话语。——史丹尼斯罗J.列克

11、一个人必须知道该说什么， 一个人必须知道什么时候说， 一个人必须知道对谁说， 一个人必须知道怎么说。——现代管理之父德鲁克

12、一场争论可能是两个心灵之间的捷径。——哈·纪伯伦

二、事实论据：

1、日本的礼貌训练学校。日本兴办了一种新的学校——礼貌训练学校。许多公司把他们的新雇员，尤其是年轻的女职员派到这里来受训，学习如何对不同的采用不同的的敬语，如何接受名片，如何保持优雅物坐姿，如何礼貌以欢送客人等。他们聘请担任这些课程的教师是日本航空公司退役的空中小姐。

2、吴起言必信。战国时著名的军事家吴起，为人极守信用。有一天，他遇见老朋友，约请他到家里吃饭，并说：“我等你一起吃。”结果，一直到晚上朋友也没有来，吴起就一直饿着肚子等着。第二天，他派人把朋友请了来，才和他一起吃了饭。吴起守信到这种程度，这大概就是他能统率好千军万马的原因。

3、微笑和妙语化解发矛盾。公共汽车上曾发生过这样一件事：司机骤然刹车，一位男青年立足不稳，身体前倾拥靠到一位妙龄少女身上。尽管男青年微笑着表示歉意，姑娘还是杏眼圆睁，怒气气冲冲地斥责他：“德性能”眼看一场争吵就要发生，全车人都盯着他俩。谁知男青年并不动气，仍微笑着答道：“不是德性，是惯性。”乘客们爆发出一阵笑声，连姑娘也情不自禁地笑了。

​

导语：要写好作文，必须有很好的积累，文采丰富自然可以拿到高分，小编整理了一些关于谦虚的名言，想要高分的同学，快来YJBYS作文网吧!

若要精，人前听。

喜欢吹嘘的人犹如一面大鼓，响声大腹中空。

强中更有强中手，莫向人前自夸口。

请教别人不折本，舌头打个滚。

人唯虚，始能知人。 满招损，谦受益。 满必溢，骄必败。

知识贮藏在谦虚的大海中。

学问多深也别满足，过失多小也别忽略。

懂得自己无知，说明已有收获。

水满则溢，月满则亏;自满则败，自矜则愚。

不实心不成事，不虚心不知事。

虚心的人，常想己之短;骄傲的人，常夸己之长。

自赞就是自轻。

如果有了胡子就算学识渊博，那么，山羊也可以讲课了。

成就是谦虚者前进的阶梯，也是骄傲者后退的滑梯。

吹嘘自己有知识的人，等于在宣扬自己的无知。

言过其实，终无大用。

越是成熟的稻穗，越懂得弯腰。

虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

谦虚是学习的朋友，自满是学习的敌人。

宽阔的河平静，博学的人谦虚。

山不厌高，水不厌深。

骄傲来自浅薄，狂妄出于无知。

说大话的人像爆竹，响一声就完了。

满足现在的成就，就窒息了未来。

赶脚的对头是脚懒，学习的对头是自满。

讷讷寡言者未必愚,喋喋利口者未必智。

当我们是大为谦卑的时候，便是我们最近于伟大的时候。——泰戈尔

真正的谦虚只能是对虚荣心进行了深思以后的产物。——柏格森

骄傲是跌跤的前奏。

知识愈浅，自信愈深。

骄傲是失败的开头，自满是智慧的尽头。

不自是者博闻，不自满者受益。

我们不要把眼睛生在头顶上，致使用了自己的脚踏坏了我们想得之于天上的东西。——冯雪峰

我们不能一有成绩，就像皮球一样，别人拍不得，轻轻一拍，就跳得老高。成绩越大，越要谦虚谨慎。——王进喜

一个骄傲的人，结果总是在骄傲里毁灭了自己。——莎士比亚

凡过于把幸运之事归功于自己的聪明和智谋的人多半是结局很不幸的。——培根

自负对任何艺术是一种毁灭。骄傲是可怕的不幸。——季米特洛夫

无论在什麽时候，永远不要以为自己已知道了一切。——巴甫洛夫

我们各种习气中再没有一种象克服骄傲那么难的了。虽极力藏匿它，克服它，消灭它，但无论如何，它在不知不觉之间，仍旧显露。——富兰克林

有了一些小成绩就不求上进，这完全不符合我的性格。攀登上一个阶梯，这固然很好，只要还有力气，那就意味着必须再继续前进一步。——安徒生

大多数的科学家，对于最高级的形容词和夸张手法都是深恶痛绝的，伟大的人物一般都是谦虚谨慎的。——贝弗里奇

构成我们学习最大障碍的是已知的东西，而不是未知的东西。——贝尔纳

懒于思索，不愿意钻研和深入理解，自满或满足于微不足道的知识，都是智力贫乏的原因。这种贫乏通常用一个字来称呼，这就是"愚蠢"。——高尔基

伟大的人是决不会滥用他们的优点的，他们看出他们超过别人的地方，并且意识到这一点，然而绝不会因此就不谦虚。他们的过人之处越多，他们越认识到他们的不足。——卢梭

我们的骄傲多半是基于我们的无知!——莱辛

当我历数了人类在艺术上和文学上所发明的那许多神妙的创造，然后再回顾一下我的知识，我觉得自己简直是浅陋之极。——伽利略

要在座的人都停止了说话的时候，有了机会，方才可以谦逊地把问题提出，向人学习。——约翰·洛克

不谦虚的话只能有这个辩解，即缺少谦虚就是缺少见识。——富兰克林

一切真正的和伟大的东西，都是纯朴而谦逊的。——别林斯基

自负对任何艺术是一种毁灭。骄傲是可怕的不幸。——季米特洛夫

真正的谦虚只能是对虚荣心进行了深思以后的产物。——柏格森

将拒谏则英雄散，策不从则谋士叛。——黄石公

不傲才以骄人，不以宠而作威。——诸葛亮

一个人如果把从别人那里学来的东西算作自己的发现，这也很接近于虚骄。——黑格尔

自卑虽是与骄傲反对，但实际却与骄傲最为接近。——斯宾诺莎

显而易见，骄傲与谦卑是恰恰相反的，可是它们有同一个对象。这个对象就是自我。——休谟

我首先要求诸君信任科学，相信理性，信任自己，并相信自己。——黑格尔

卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。——徐特立

任何人都应该有自尊心自信心独立性，不然就是奴才。但自尊不是轻人，自信不是自满，独立不是弧立。——徐特立

无论是别人在跟前或者自己单独的时候，都不要做一点卑劣的事情：最要紧的是自尊。——毕达哥拉斯

最盲目的服从乃是奴隶们所仅存的唯一美德。——卢梭

蠢材妄自尊大，他自鸣得意的，正好是受人讥笑奚落的短处，而且往往把应该引为奇耻大辱的事，大吹大擂。——克雷洛夫

无论在什么时候，永远不要以为自己已经知道了一切。不管人们把你们评价的多么高，但你们永远要有勇气对自己说：我是个毫无所知的人。——巴甫洛夫

决不要陷于骄傲。因为一骄傲，你们就会在应该同意的场合固执起来;因为一骄傲，你们就会拒绝别人的忠告和友谊的帮助;因为一骄傲，你们就会丧失客观标准。——巴甫洛夫

不管我们的成绩有多么大，我们仍然因该清醒地估计敌人地力量，提高警惕，决不容许在自己的队伍中有骄傲自大安然自得和疏忽大意的情绪。——斯大林

最大的骄傲于最大的自卑都表示心灵的最软弱无力。——斯宾诺莎

骄傲的人必然嫉妒，他对于那最以德性受人称赞的人便最怀忌恨。——斯宾诺莎

由于痛苦而将自己看得太低就是自卑。——斯宾诺莎

自卑虽是与骄傲反对，但实际却与骄傲最为接近。——斯宾诺莎

无论是别人在跟前或者自己单独的时候，都不要做一点卑劣的事情：最要紧的是自尊。——毕达哥拉斯

礼仪不良有两种：第一种是忸怩羞怯;第二种是行为不检点和轻慢;要避免这两种情形，就只有好好地遵守下面这条规则，就是，不要看不起自己，也不要看不起别人。——约翰·洛克

九牛一毫莫自夸，骄傲自满必翻车。历览古今多少事，成由谦逊败由奢。——陈毅

不满足是向上的车轮。——鲁迅

念高危，则思谦冲而自牧;惧满盈，则思江海下百川。——魏徵

好说己长便是短，自知己短便是长。——申居郧

放荡功不遂，满盈身必灾。——张咏

虚已者进德之基。——方孝孺

满盈者，不损何为?慎之!慎之!——朱舜水

人生大病，只是一“傲”字。——王阳明

不骄方能师人之长，而自成其学。——谭嗣同

人生至愚是恶闻已过，人生至恶是善谈人过。——申居郧

盛满易为灾，谦冲恒受福。——张廷玉

骄傲自满是我们的一座可怕的陷阱;而且，这个陷阱是我们自己亲手挖掘的。——老舍

昂着头出征，夹着尾巴回家，是庸驽而又好战的人的常态。——冯雪峰

我们不要把眼睛生在头顶上，致使用了自己的脚踏坏了我们想得之于天上的东西。——冯雪峰

1.1词汇方面

如果把写英语作文比作建楼房的话，英语词汇在英语写作中起着砖、瓦的作用，是句子的最基本的组成部分，所以词汇是我们高中英语教学中的重点，单词听写是课堂教学必不可少的一个环节，但学生的词汇量毕竟有限，遇到问题时，便会用汉语词汇去补充英语词汇的空缺。

例如：交通十分繁忙。误：The traffic is busy. 正：The traffic is heavy.

她和一位教授结婚了。误：She married with a professor.

正：She married a professor.

英语词语的词义往往比较复杂，并和汉语有着一定区别。这种不同就会会导致学生仅把写作当作一词一句的翻译来做，结果是事倍功半。

1.2语法方面

英语中难点就是时态，语态的掌握。英语中常用时态共十六种，语态分为主动语态与被动语态，语气有陈述语气与虚拟语气之分。不同的时态有它特有的句法结构。如现在进行时态使用be＋v－ing形式来表示。现在完成时则用have／has ＋p．p来表示。一般将来时则用shall／will／be going to＋v来表示。英语中时间意义的表达是通过动词的时和体来加以反映，而汉语中不存在时、体等，汉语则依靠表示时间的副词（如“曾经”、“正在”、“已经”、“将要”）作状语，或利用虚词“了”、“着”、“过”等作补语这一语法手段来体现，动词本身无任何变化。在英语中，“already”和“ever”常常用在完成时态之中，不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。学生常常把上述句子错译成“Yesterday I have been to the park．”“Five years ago，they have known each other．”又如在英语中，我们常常用否定前置来

英语写作想要拿高分，经典的句型不可少。下面是语文迷整理的8种英语句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四.举例句型

1.Lets take...to illustrate this.2.lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3. Here is one more example. 4.Take … for example. 5.The same is true of….6.This offers a typical instance of….7.We may quote a common example of….8.Just think of….

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。

3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...，但以下是最典型的。

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。

5. The reasons are as follows.

八 因果推理法常用句型

1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight. 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 吃太多导致超重。

导语：朝着一定目标走去是“志”，一鼓作气中途绝不停止是“气”，两者合起来就是“志气”。一切事业的成败都取决于此。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的关于励志的中考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

关于积极进取的励志名言【1】

1.没有一种不通过蔑视、忍受和奋斗就可以征服的命运。

2.一个人在科学探索的道路上，走过弯路，犯过错误，并不是坏事，更不是什么耻辱，要在实践中勇于承认和改正错误。——爱因斯坦

3.所有坚忍不拔的努力迟早会取得报酬的。——安格尔

4.石可破也，而不可夺坚;丹可磨也，而不可夺赤。《吕氏春秋·诚廉》

5.欲望以提升热忱，毅力以磨平高山。

6.取得成就时坚持不懈，要比遭到失败时顽强不屈更重要。——拉罗什夫科

7.每一种挫折或不利的突变，是带着同样或较大的有利的种子。——爱默生

8.人的生命似洪水在奔流，不遇着岛屿、暗礁，难以激起美丽的浪花。——奥斯特洛夫斯基

9.时间是我的财产，我的田亩是时间。——歌德

10.只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。——曹学《蜀中广记·上川南道彭山县》

11.上天完全是为了坚强我们的意志，才在我们的道路上设下重重的障碍。——泰戈尔

12.别因为落入了一把牛毛就把一锅奶油泼掉，别因为犯了一点错误就把一生的事业扔掉。

13.宿命论是那些缺乏意志力的弱者的借口。 ——罗曼·罗兰

14.知识是从刻苦劳动中得来的，任何成就都是刻苦劳动的结果。——宋庆龄

15.卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬

16.不因幸运而故步自封，不因厄运而一蹶不振。真正的强者，善于从顺境中找到阴影，从逆境中找到光亮，时时校准自己前进的目标。——易卜生

17.忍耐和坚持虽是痛苦的事情，但却能渐渐地为你带来好处。——奥维德

18.给多多提供尝试机会也是实施挫折的有机组成部分。一旦被剥夺了尝试的机会，也就等于被剥夺了犯错误和改正错误的机会，因此也不可能迈向成功之路。—德国着名专家舒马赫

19.我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基

20.时间是由分秒积成的，善于利用零星时间的人，才会做出更大的成绩来。——华罗庚

21.如果你浪费了自己的年龄，那是挺可悲的。因为你的青春只能持续一点儿时间——很短的一点儿时间。——王尔德

22.我们唯一不会改正的缺点是软弱。 ——拉罗什福科

23.困难是欺软怕硬的。你越畏惧它，它愈威吓你。你愈不将它放在眼里，它愈对你表示恭顺。——宣永光

24.凡是想获得优异成果的人，都应该异常谨慎地珍惜和支配自己的时间。——克鲁普斯卡娅

25.浪费时间是所有支出中最奢侈及最昂贵的。——富兰克林

26.发奋忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至。——《论语》

27.困难只是穿上工作服的机遇。

28.岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。——《论语·子罕》

29.成熟的人不问过去;聪明的人不问现在;豁达的人不问未来。

30.论命运如何，人生来就不是野蛮人，也不是乞讨者。人的四周充满真正而高贵的财富——身体与心灵的财富。——霍勒斯·曼

关于积极进取的励志名言【2】

1.不要等待机会，而要创造机会。

2.光景不待人，须臾发成丝。——李白

3.理论是将简单的东西复杂化，理念是将复杂的东西简单化。

4.卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬

5.路是脚踏出来的，历史是人写出来的。人的每一步行动都在书写自己的历史。

6.人类学会走路，也得学会摔跤，而且只有经过摔跤他才能学会走路。——马克思

7.伟人之所以伟大，是因为他与别人共处逆境时，别人失去了信心，他却下决心实现自己的目标。

8.走得最慢的人，只要他不丧失目标，也比漫无目的地徘徊的人走得快。——莱辛

9.一口吃不成胖子，但胖子却是一口一口吃来的。

10.人格的完善是本，财富的确立是末。

11.傲不可长，欲不可纵，乐不可极，志不可满。——魏徵

12.在人之上，要把人当人;在人之下，要把自己当人。

13.锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂。——《荀子·劝学》

14.真者，精诚之至也，不精不诚，不能动人。——《庄子·渔夫》

15.我觉得坦途在前，人又何必因为一点小障碍而不走路呢?——鲁迅

16.对时间的慷慨，就等于慢性自杀。——奥斯特洛夫斯基

17.成功不是将来才有的，而是从决定去做的那一刻起，持续累积而成。

18.天下之事常成于困约，而败于奢靡。——陆游

19.企业家收获着梦想，又在播种着希望;原来一切辉煌只代表过去，未来永远空白。

20.一个最困苦、最卑贱、最为命运所屈辱的人，只要还抱有希望，便无所怨惧。——莎士比亚

21.志当存高远。——诸葛亮《诫外生书》

22.不敢生气的是懦夫，不去生气的才是智。

23.把活着的每一天看作生命的最后一天。——海伦·凯勒

24.简单的生活之所以很不容易，是因为要活的简单，一定不能想的太多。

25.一朵鲜花打扮不出美丽的春天，一个人先进总是单枪匹马，众人先进才能移山填海。 ——雷锋

26.人要是惧怕痛苦，惧怕种种疾病，惧怕不测的事情，惧怕生命的危险和死亡，他就什么也不能忍受了。——卢梭

27.朝着一定目标走去是“志”，一鼓作气中途绝不停止是“气”，两者合起来就是“志气”。一切事业的成败都取决于此。——卡耐基

28.凡是挣扎过来的人都是真金不怕火炼的;任何幻灭都不能动摇他们的信仰：因为他们一开始就知道信仰之路和幸福之路全然不同，而他们是不能选。

29.一个人在科学探索的道路上，走过弯路，犯过错误，并不是坏事，更不是什么耻辱，要在实践中勇于承认和改正错误。——爱因斯坦

30.天才并不是自生自长在深林荒野里的怪物，是由可以使天才生长的民众产生、长育出来的，所以没有这种民众，就没有天才。 ——鲁迅

关于积极进取的励志名言【3】

1.少壮不努力，老大徒悲伤。——汉乐府古辞《长歌行》

2.不为外撼，不以物移，而后可以任天下之大事。吕坤《呻吟语·应务》

3.天下之事常成于困约，而败于奢靡。——陆游

4.精诚所加，金石为开。——《后汉书·光武十王列传》

5.困难与折磨对于人来说，是一把打向坯料的锤，打掉的应是脆弱的铁屑，锻成的将是锋利的钢刀。——契诃夫

6.骄傲自满是我们的一座可怕的陷阱;而且，这个陷阱是我们自己亲手挖掘的。——老舍

7.对于害怕危险的人，这个世界上总是危险的。——肖伯纳

8.人生像攀登一座山，而找寻出路，却是一种学习的过程。

9.成功，从失败的土壤中顽强生出。

10.人生像攀登一座山，而找寻出路，却是一种学习的过程，我们应当在这过程中，学习稳定、冷静，学习如何从慌乱中找到生机。——席慕蓉

11.航海者虽比观望者要冒更大的风险，但却有希望到达彼岸。

12.选择一条适合自己的路坚持走下去，只要坚持，就会取得成功。

13.美丽的空想比不上踏实地做事，只要开始行动，就算再晚也不迟。

14.怕吃苦的人苦一辈子，不怕吃苦的人苦一阵子。

15.随时保持自信，认识自己的价值，做一个能真正坚定自己的珍宝商。

16.只有满怀勇气，不畏艰辛，才能获得更大的成功。

17.在无人喝彩的时候，我们不要放弃努力，要学会为自己鼓掌。

18.用乐观的心态迎接困难，因为能打败你的，只有你自己。

19.创造机会的人是勇者，等待机会的是愚者。

20.准备种子，就收获果实;准备努力，就收获成功;准备今天，就收获明天。

21.你要求的次数越多，你就越容易得到你想要的东西，而且也会享受到更多的乐趣。

22.成功离你很近，只要再多一点点坚持，你就会尝到胜利的果实。

23.面对困难，许多人带了放大镜，但和困难拼搏一番，你会觉得困难不过如此。

24.学习的敌人是自己的满足，要认真学习一点东西，必须从不自满开始。对自己，“学而不厌”，对人家，“诲人不倦”，我们应取这种态度。——毛泽东

25.知识是从刻苦劳动中得来的，任何成就都是刻苦劳动的结果。——宋庆龄

26.人的一生，总是难免有浮沉。不会永远如旭日东升，也不会永远痛苦潦倒。反复地一浮一沉，对于一个人来说，正是磨练。因此，浮在上面的，不必骄傲;沉在底下的，更用不着悲观。

27.必须以率直、谦虚的态度，乐观进取、向前迈进。 —— 松下幸之助

28.形成天才的决定因素应该是勤奋。……有几分勤学苦练是成正比例的。 —— 郭沫若

29.在人生的旅途中，一定要学会自己拯救自己，这样才能在逆境中奋勇前行。

30.所谓天才，只不过是把别人喝咖啡的功夫都用在工作上了。——鲁迅

31.天行健，君子以自强不息。——《周易·乾·象》

32.如果你被幸运之神遗忘，请不要悲伤，相信阳光总会有一天会照耀在你的身上。

33.做人也要像蜡烛一样，在有限的一生中有一分热发一分光，给人以光明，给人以温暖。——萧楚女

34.人生没有不可逾越的天堑，只要一步步走过去，前方就是幸福的彼岸。

35.一堆沙子是松散的，可是它和水泥、石子、水混合后，比花岗岩还坚韧。

36.我们都有足够的力量来忍受别人的不幸。——拉罗什富科

37.苦难是人生的老师，通过苦难，走向欢乐。——贝多芬

38.失败也是我需要的，它和成功一样对我有价值。——爱默生

39.我发现生活是令人激动的事情，尤其是为别人活着时。——海伦·凯勒

40.医院是一个使人终于把命看得比钱更重的地方。

导语：我们阅读练习的文章当中不仅能够积累与学习优美的语言，同时还能够在素材的积累及运用上也有所借鉴，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

从我们阅读练习的文章当中不仅能够积累与学习优美的语言，同时还能够在素材的积累及运用上也有所借鉴，教师讲授写作方法的时候，强调作文中要以小见大，这也是在阅读练习中能够学习到的，此处以两个例子做一说明。

如毕淑敏的一篇文章《青虫之爱》(秋季班第一堂课)，这篇文章要表达的是母爱的主题，然而全文是围绕着如何克服恐惧虫子的心理来展开的。这篇文章就告诉我们的同学，那些非常抽象的情感是可以表现在一些非常细微的事物上的，而这个事物可能是非常美好，让你感觉到心生向往的事物，也有可能是一个非常恐怖的事物。选择后者作为情感的承载体更能显示出选材的独特性。因为正是在面对这个恐怖事物的过程中，你真正明白了那份沉甸甸的情感，不管是亲情也好，友情也罢。比如一个同学非常怕黑，但是某一天他爸爸出差之后，他突然发现自己的妈妈也非常怕黑，此时他认为自己应该作为一个男子汉来让妈妈克服这个心理，结果那一天他表现得非常地勇敢，怕黑的心理也从此销声匿迹了。这是很多人会碰到的事情，而很少人会想到望着方面写，或者《青虫之爱》这篇文章可以给大家一些借鉴。

再如王众盛的《嚼一片苹果皮》，这里将母爱凝聚在一片苹果皮上，当然这里描写的是经济困难时期的事情，现在的孩子可能不会再遇见这样的事。但是凝聚在苹果皮上的亲情，现在仍旧是可以看到的。它表现在母亲给你削苹果的过程当中，在那个过程当中，母爱丝丝缕缕地存在。

最后，推荐一篇2010年北京中考满分作文，题为《凝聚》，主要是母子二人如何希望能够跟对方一起分享一个芒果，而最终芒果坏掉。但这个自始自终萦绕全文的芒果，无疑是亲情的凝聚。这是初中生的写作是有启示的。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：我们可以把“压力”理解为“责任”,肩上有责任,心中定有压力。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一艘货轮卸货后在返航途中遇到了可怕的风暴。水手们惊慌失措,经验丰富的老船长果断地命令水手们立刻打开货舱,往里面灌水。“船长是不是疯了,往船舱里灌水只会增加船的压力,使船下沉,这不是自寻死路吗?”一个年轻水手嘟囔道。看着船长严厉的脸色,水手们还是照做了。随着船里的水位越升越高,随着船一寸一寸地往下沉,依旧猛烈的狂风巨浪对船的威胁却在一点儿一点儿地减小,货轮渐渐平稳了。船长望着松了一口气的水手们说:“百万吨的巨轮很少有被打翻的,被打翻的常常是根基轻的小船。船在负重的时候是最安全的;空船时则是最危险的。”在某山区的着名旅游景点，有一段被当地人称为“鬼谷”的危险路段,路窄坡陡,两边是万丈深渊。每当导游们带队来到这里时,一定要游客们挑点儿或者扛点儿什么东西。“这么危险的地方,我不拿东西都两腿颤抖,再负重前行,那不是更危险吗?”游客不解。导游小姐嫣然一笑:“这里以前发生过好几起事故,都是迷路的游客在毫无压力的情况下一不小心掉下去的。当地人每天都从这条路上挑着东西来来往往,却从来没出过事。当你意识到危险时,再负重前行,反而会更安全。”

【温馨提示】材料中的两个事例说的都是同一现象,即“压力效应”。我们可以把“压力”理解为“责任”,肩上有责任,心中定有压力。只有胸怀大志,背上有沉甸甸责任感的人,才能从历史的风雨中坚定地走过“鬼谷”;而那些得过且过没有一点儿责任感的人,就像风暴中没有载货的船,往往一场人生的狂风巨浪便会把他打翻。除了从材料中提炼观点外,你还可以搜罗历史上的人物来证明观点或演绎故事。这则材料适用于“责任”、“成长与压力”、“经验”、“信心”、“心态”、“智慧”等话题。

导语：读书，这个我们习以为常的平凡过程，实际上是人们心灵和上下古今一切民族的伟大智慧相结合的过程。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.读书要玩味。——(宋)程颢。

2.敏而好学，不耻下问。——孔子

3.业精于勤，荒于嬉;行成于思，毁于随。——韩愈

4.学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——孔子

5.知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。——孔子

6.三人行，必有我师焉 。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。——孔子

7.兴于《诗》，立于礼，成于乐。——孔子

8.己所不欲，勿施于人。——孔子

9.读书破万卷，下笔如有神。——杜甫

10.读书有三到，谓心到，眼到，口到。——朱熹

11.立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本。——欧阳修

12.读万卷书，行万里路。——刘彝

13.黑发不知勤学早，白发方悔读书迟。——颜真卿

14.书卷多情似故人，晨昏忧乐每相亲。——于谦

15.书犹药也，善读之可以医愚。——刘向

16.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。——《汉乐府·长歌行》

17.莫等闲，白了少年头，空悲切。——岳飞

18.发奋识遍天下字，立志读尽人间书。——苏轼

19.鸟欲高飞先振翅，人求上进先读书。——李苦禅

20.立志宜思真品格，读书须尽苦功夫。——阮元

21.非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远。——诸葛亮

22.勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为。——刘备《三国志》

23.熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙《唐诗三百首序》

24.书到用时方恨少，事非经过不知难。——陆游

25.问渠那得清如许，为有源头活水来。——朱熹

26.旧书不厌百回读，熟读精思子自知。——苏轼

27.书痴者文必工，艺痴者技必良。——蒲松龄

28.读书百遍，其义自见。——《三国志》

29.千里之行，始于足下。——老子

30.路漫漫其修道远，吾将上下而求索。——屈原

31.奇文共欣赏，疑义相如析。——陶渊明

32.读书之法，在循序而渐进，熟读而精思。——朱熹

33.吾生也有涯，而知也无涯。——庄子

34.非学无以广才，非志无以成学。——诸葛亮

35.玉不啄，不成器;人不学，不知义。——《礼记》

36.读书无疑者，须教有疑，有疑者，却要无疑，到这里方是长进。——朱熹。

37.教育!科学!学会读书，便是点燃火炬;每个字的每个音节都发射火星。——雨果。

38.欲高门第须为善;要好儿孙必读书。——《格言对联》。

39.劝君莫将油炒菜，留与儿孙夜读书。——《增广贤文》。

40.养子莫徒使;先教勤读书。——《对联集锦》。

41.“先生不应该专教书，他的责任是教人做人;学生不应该专读书，他的责任是学习人生之道。”——陶行知。

42.无限相信书籍的力量，是我的教育信仰的真谛之一。——苏霍姆林斯基

43.养心莫若寡欲;至乐无如读书。——郑成功。

44.三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿读书时;黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。——(唐)颜真卿。

45.读书在于造成完全的人格。——(英国)谚语。

46.三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿读书时;黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。——(唐)颜真卿。

47.读书是最好的学习。追随伟大人物的思想，是最富有趣味的一门科学。——普希金。

48.读书贵能疑，疑乃可以启信。读书在有渐，渐乃克底有成。——《格言联壁》。

49.古今来许多世家，无非积德。天地间第一人品，还是读书。——《格言联璧》。

50.读书如吃饭，善吃者长精神，不善吃者长疾瘤。——(清)袁牧。

心灵上的疾病比身体上的疾病更危险。小编收集了关于健康的英语名言，欢迎阅读。

a healthy mind is in a healthy body.

juvenal, ancient roman satirist 健康的思想寓于健康的身体之中。

古罗马讽剌家 朱文诺尔

a light heart lives long.

william shaakespeare, british dramatist 英国剧作家莎士比亚.w.

a man needs a purpose for real health.

sherwood anderson, american novelist 有目标的人才能有真正的健康。

美国小说家安德森.s.

an apple a day keeps the doctor away.

anonymous 每日一个苹果胜过灵丹妙药。

无名氏

an irritable man is like a hedgehog rolled up the wrong way, torment-ing himself with his own prickles.

thomas hood, british poet 易怒的人像一只反过来卷缩的刺猬，用自己的刺折磨自己。

英国诗人胡德

。.t.bath twice a day to be really clean. once a day to be passably clean, once a week to avoid being a public menace.

nthony burgess. british novelist 一天洗两次澡是真干净，一天洗一次澡也说的过去，一周洗一次只是避免对公共场合造成污染。

英国小说家伯吉斯.a.

bitter pills may have blessed effects.

anonymous 良药苦口利于病。

无名氏

cheerfulness is the promoter of health.

joseph addison, british writer 心情愉快是健康的增进剂。

英国作家阿狄生。j.

diseases of the soul are more dangerous than those of the body.

m. t cicero.ancient roman orator and statesman

心灵上的疾病比身体上的疾病更危险。

古罗马演说家、政治家西塞罗.m.t.

early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

benjamin franklin, american president

早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪明。

美国总统富兰克林。b.

good health is a corollary of having good habits.

anonymous

健康的身体是良好生活习惯的结果。

无名氏

happiness lies, first of all, in health.

g.w. curis, american writer

幸福首先在于健康。

美国作家寇第斯。g.w.

health is better than wealth.

john ray, american naturalist 健康胜过财富。

美国博物学家雷伊，j.

health is certainly more valuable than money, because it is by health that money is procured.

samuel johnson. british writer, critic 健康当然比金钱更为重要，因为我们赖以获得金钱的就是健康。

英国作家、批评家约翰.s.

if you believe the doctors, nothing is wholesome; if you believe the soldiers, nothing is safe.

robert salisbury, british statesman 要是相信医生的话，什么也不卫生;要是相信士兵的话，什么也不安全。

英国政治家索尔兹伯里。r.

laugh, and the world laughs with you;snore and you sleep alone.

anthony burgess, british novelist 笑，全世界都跟你笑;打鼾，只有你自己独自睡觉。

英国小说家伯吉斯.a.

mischief comes by the pound and goes away by the ounce.

anonymous 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。

无名氏

no animal ever invented anything so bad as drunkness----- or so good as drink.

gibert keith chesteerton, british writer

没有动物发明过的像喝醉这样糟糕的事——也没有发明过像饮酒这样美好的享受。

英国作家切斯特顿.g.k.

none so old that he hopes not for a year of life.

john ray, american naturalist 寿星也不会嫌寿长。

美国博物学家雷伊.j.

one cannot help being old, but one can resist being aged.

h.l.samusel.british philosopher and writer 一个人无法不变老。但是他可以抵制衰朽。

英国哲学家、作家塞缪尔。h.l.

physicians of all men are most happy; most good success so ever they have, the world proclaimth,

and what faults they commit, the earth coverth.

静，是一种感觉，一种美丽。

喜欢静，喜欢一个的静，尤其是喜欢晚的静，是一种透心砌肺的静。

静，是一种享受。每当夜深人静万籁俱寂时，总喜欢一个静静地坐在草坪上，看彩云追月，看繁星满天，让思绪在无边的空中遨游。远处，重重叠叠的山峦，在朦胧的色中若隐若现，起伏不已;近处，万家灯火，灯光璀璨，一切都是那么的安详静谧。偶尔有几丝风穿过树林，发出“沙沙”的响声，却更加重了夜晚的宁静。柔柔夜色，点点星光，习习凉风，在这样的氛围中，你可以什么都想，又可以什么都不想，只要静静地享受这一刻，就是一种最大的幸福了。

静，是一种思考。远离白天的喧嚣，远离都市的浮华，在静寂中回一回首，倾听一下生命流逝的声音。让匆忙的脚步不再奔波，让疲惫的灵魂不再漂泊，思想在静寂中得到洗涤，灵魂在静寂中得到升华。反省过去，剖析现在，展望明天，未来的道路，因为思考而显得更清晰明了。

静，是一种喧泄。越是在人群中，你越容易失自己，只有当你一个独处时，才是最真实的你。面对夜晚的静，我们不需要再刻意地伪装自己，不必再故作的快乐与洒脱。其实，我们同样有着最坚强的外表，最脆弱的心灵，同样有着太多的失落、迷惘与空虚。让所有的心事在天空下暴露无遗，夜晚的静是我们最忠实的听众。

静，是一种力量。不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹?不经历寒冬，怎有生机勃勃的春天!经过夜晚的沉寂，在静寂中默默积蓄力量，等待新的挑战与奋发。竹叶青青不肯黄，枝条楚楚耐寒霜。始苏万物春风里，更有笋尖出土忙。

静，是一种感觉，一种源于灵魂深处的感觉。忙碌的生活中，别忘了在心灵植一方静土，你会发觉，生活有着另一种的美丽，一种无以言传。只能用心慢慢去品味的美丽!

导语：周恩来，他的才干与风度，勤勉与忠诚;他忍辱负重，唾面自干，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已;他无论对信仰和“爱人同志”都从一而终;他无子嗣，却收养了一群革命烈士的遗孤……下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

周恩来——纯洁与忠诚的象征

在这个日益喧嚣的社会，在这个容易浮躁的年代，年轻的我们有着太多无法解释的困惑和无法摆脱的迷惘，我们需要一种精神，一种能够给我们以方向和力量的精神。周恩来，集中华民族广博的智慧于一身，扬炎黄子孙完美的魅力于中外，成为值得我们世代学习的楷模。

重温周恩来，绝不仅是一种缅怀。我们提起的，是一个毫不褪色的人格话题;我们将透过随着时代巨变已经不可同日而语的人们的价值取向和生活观念，去触摸一种跨越时空的人格精神，感受作为一个中华儿女的自豪。

作为生活在新世纪的人，我们不相信灵魂的存在，但我们却坚定地认为，总理一直在以慈父般的宽容注视着我们。总理在等待，等待我们走出浮躁与迷惘，以一个后辈学人的身份，带着一颗不染世俗风气的心，与他进行灵魂深处的对话。

我们永远需要这种爱，我们的民族永远需要这种精神——周恩来像一本厚厚的书，读懂他，将使我们看到自己心灵深处的卑微，直面繁杂的人生;周恩来像一盏高悬的明灯，光芒穿越时空，照耀着我们前行!

周恩来生于江苏淮安。淮安是个文化发达、经济繁华的地方。周恩来“少游江淮，纵览名胜”，热爱祖国的山河和历史上的英豪，怀有强烈的民族自豪感。

周恩来的母亲万氏，精明强干，周恩来从小就耳濡目染。他在不满一周岁时过继给了叔父。养母陈氏知识丰富，会诗文书画，教周恩来认字诵诗，从小培育了他丰富的感情。他的乳母蒋氏，使他懂得劳动人民的艰苦生活。

在他不到10岁的时候，本来已经衰落的封建官僚家庭堕入了清贫困苦的境地。两个母亲相继去世，父亲为了生活而长年在外谋事，幼小的周恩来不得不去向富户叩门借债，或是送衣物进当铺典押。

1910年春天，12岁的周恩来随三堂伯周贻谦到奉天(今沈阳)，进银川(今铁岭)银冈书院读书，半年后，转入沈阳东关模范丙等小学堂。这一年，日本军国主义正式吞并中国的邻邦朝鲜。在东北当年日俄战争的战场上，留下过少年周恩来的足迹。“忆甲辰年兮神往，想日俄战兮心酸。”一次，校长在课堂上问大家为什么读书时，周恩来慷慨答道：“为了中华之崛起!”这一誓言，此后贯彻在他的一生中，渗透在他的各项活动中。他是看到民族危亡、山河破碎而自觉参加革命的。

1917年夏，周恩来中学毕业，准备去日本留学。他给同学赠言说：“愿相会于中华腾飞世界时。”这句话表明了他的一贯志愿。但是，怎样才能使中华腾飞?当时中国国大地上有教育救国说、实业救国说，甚至军国主义救国说等等。周恩来是一个扎实、谨慎的青年，他需要认真考察一番。俄国十月社会主义革命爆发了。他开始接触马克思主义，科学社会主义影响着周恩来的思想，周恩来的思想开始变化，正如他在诗句中所说：“人间的万象真理，愈求愈模糊;模糊中偶然见着一点光明，真愈觉姣妍。”

五四时期，周恩来已经在系统地宣传马克思的学说。他是我国马克思主义早期传播者之一。

周恩来深深感到苦难的中国需要有根本的改造，而改造必须有更加强大的社会力量，要“到民间去”，进行“农工组织之运动”。而且必须有正确的思想、理论来指导。周恩来后来谈到自己的共产主义信仰时，说道：自己的“思想是颤动于狱中”，一种革命意识的萌芽，“是从这个时候开始的”。

1920年11月，周恩来来到法国，进一步研究马克思主义，考察和学习欧洲无产阶级革命斗争的经验。他说：“虔心考察以求了解彼邦社会真相暨解决诸道，而思所以应用之于吾民族间者。”

周恩来初到欧洲的时候，对于采取什么主义来救中国，思想上还没有最后确定。他辨析了工团主义、社会主义、无政府主义等各派思潮，终于认定：中国应该走社会主义的道路。

1924年7月下旬，周恩来回国。随后，他出任黄埔军校教官，11月任黄埔军校政治部主任;同时又是中共广东区委常委兼军事部部长。他根据法、俄革命经验，在国民革命军中创建了许多全新的制度，成为中国军队中革命政治工作的最早开拓者。

1927年至1931年间，周恩来实际上主持中共中央日常工作，他是党的白区工作的政策制定者、秘密保卫工作的创建者。在长征途中，于1935年召开的遵义会议上，他拥护毛泽东领导全党，自己此后几十年间一直自愿担任辅佐。

抗日战争期间，周恩来长期在国民党统治区主持统战工作，并兼管秘密战线的斗争。1946年回延安后，他作为中央军委副主席兼总参谋长，伴随毛泽东转战陕北，并协助指挥全国解放战争。

全国解放后，周恩来成了共和国的总管家，担子之重，事务之繁，无人能比。周恩来在二十多年的时间里日理万机，为党和人民鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。这是周恩来为党和国家献身的忠诚誓言。这八个字贯穿了他的一生。 1976年1月7日晚，周恩来微睁双眼，对病床前的医生吴阶平说：“我这里没有什么事了，你们还是去照顾别的生病的同志，那里需要你们。”这是周恩来所说的最后一句话，他心里想的仍然是别人。

1976年1月8日9时57分，一代伟人周恩来溘然长逝，终年78岁。“巨星殒落，人们相告不成声，欲言泪复垂。”亿万人民和国际友人沉痛悼念周恩来。他一生的追求，一生的奋斗，都是为了人民的利益，为了祖国的富强，为了最终实现共产主义这一崇高的目标。

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英语作文虽然不像语文作文在考试

高三英语作文写作技巧：练习

“没有规矩，不成方圆，英语作文写作技巧。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里;二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

高三英语作文写作技巧：背诵

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作文，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（commit the highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

高三英语作文写作技巧：重点词汇

美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：

emotional strength 情感的力量

the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感

no thought of gain不计得失

the lamp of love爱心之灯

help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者

donate whatever they can倾囊相助

help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞

be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手

—When we use the word "love"， we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex， which is a very narrow definition of the word。 Love is emotional strength， which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes。 In fact， throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions。

As an example of the power of love， we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year。 Although their incomes are still low by international standards， people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens。 Moreover， they do this with no thought of gain for themselves。

In my opinion， the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are。 We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble， no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers。 In this way， we can help to make the world a better place， for the darker the shadows of sorrow become， the more brightly the lamp of love shines。

当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释，小学生作文《英语作文写作技巧》。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。

说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助——不管是钱还是物——帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

[高三英语作文写作技巧